Metal Aqueous Ion Limited NaOH Excess Excess Na2CO3 HCl

Limited NH3 NaOH NH3

Fe2+ [Fe(H2O)6] 2+
Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 FeCO3
Green Solution Green Green
Precipitate• Precipitate
Cu2+ [Cu(H2O)6]2+ Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ CuCO3 [CuCl4]2-
Blue Solution Blue Precipitate Deep Blue Blue-Green Yellow-Green
Solution Precipitate Solution
Co2+ [Co(H2O)6]2+ Co(H2O)4(OH)2 [Co(NH3)6]2+ CoCO3 [CoCl4]2-
Pink Solution Blue Precipitate Yellow-Brown Pink Precipitate Blue Solution
Solution°
Fe3+ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Purple Brown Brown Precipitate
Solution Precipitate CO2 Effervescence
Al3+ [Al(H2O)6]3+ Al(H2O)3(OH)3 [Al(OH)4]- Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Colourless White Colourless White Precipitate
Solution Precipitate Solution CO2 Effervescence
Cr3+ [Cr(H2O)6]3+ Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 [Cr(OH)6]3- [Cr(NH3)6]3+ Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Violet Solution Green Green Violet Solution Green Precipitate
Precipitate Solution* CO2 Effervescence
•
Goes brown in air or H2O2: Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+
°Goes brown in air or H2O2: Co2+ is oxidised to Co3+
*Goes yellow in H2O2: Cr3+ oxidised to CrO42- (then the dichromate equilibrium is established)