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3 - Irc 112 - Flexure
3 - Irc 112 - Flexure
DESIGN OF BRIDGES
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BRIDGE DESIGN
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
1. Purpose: To establish common procedures for design and construction of concrete road bridges including foot bridges in India.
2. Aim: To achieve construction of Safe, Serviceable, Durable and Economical bridges.
3. Aspects covered: Design principles, detailed designed criteria and practical rules, material specifications, workmanship, quality
control, all such aspects which affect characteristics/ability of bridge to meet the aims.
4. Assumptions:
Choice of structural system and design carried out by competent personnel
Execution carried out by competent personnel
Adequate supervision and quality control
Construction material and products used are as per relevant standards
Intended properties considered for design are available
Use as intended & Adequate maintenance
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LSM
ULS SLS
Internal Fatigue
Equilibrium Stresses
Other
Crack Width Secondary
Effects
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Un-tensioned
Steel
Prestressing
Steel
Clauses relevant to Design of RCC T-Beam Bridge
Superstructure
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Un-Confined Concrete
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship
SIMPLIFIED RECTANGULAR
Simplified
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es
es
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Where, α = 0.67, factor for effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time [ref. 6.4.2.2(2)]
γm = Partial factor of safety for material = 1.5 for Basic & Seismic combination
= 1.2 for Accidental combination
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
1.5 9
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
es
1 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐3
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 0.5 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝜂𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3
2 2 2
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 𝜀2
− − 𝑐3
2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝛽 =1− 2 6 𝛽 = 𝜆/2
𝛽 =1− 𝜀 𝜀 2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 𝜀𝑐3
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 − 𝑐𝑢2 𝑐2
2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 −
𝑛+2 2
The average stress fav & centroid ratio β (depth to the centroid of the compressive force over
depth of compression zone) have been produced from above expressions 10
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Fe550
Cold-worked
Fe550D
Fe600
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Ductility = ft/fyk
E = 200 GPa
Mild Steel
fyk = yield strength for Mild Steel
= 0.2% proof strength for HYSD Hot rolled / Heat
treated HYSD Steel Cold Worked HYSD
Steel
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
For Design purpose, either idealized bilinear or simplified bilinear diagram can be used
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
ss 𝛾𝑠
Idealized Bilinear Diagram
Where, γs = Partial Factor for Material
ft
Factored Idealized Design
= 1.15 for Basic & Seismic Combination
fyk Bilinear Diagram = 1.00 for Accidental Combination
Simplified Bilinear Diagram
fyd=fyk/gs
Factored Simplified Design
Bilinear Diagram
euk es
0 fyd/Es eud = 0.9 euk
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
General
For simple geometry like beam, column and slab; we follow design approach wherein bending
moment + axial force & Shear + Torsion are dealt with separately.
These design models are not completely compatible but are acceptable for design.
However, for complex geometries such as shell, membrane element design has to be based on net
effect of all forces acting together, ensuring compatibility of strains.
ULS
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ULS – Flexure
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1 𝜀𝑐2
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 −
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2
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M
d reqd
0.1658 f ck b
Ru
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u
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b2
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
1. Assume a neutral axis depth and calculate the strains in the tension and compression reinforcement by assuming linear strain
distribution and a strain of εcu2 (or εcu3 as the case may be) at the extreme fiber of the concrete in compression.
2. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the steel stresses appropriate to the calculated steel strains.
3. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the concrete stresses appropriate to the strains associated with the assumed neutral
axis depth.
4. Calculate the net tensile and compressive forces at the section. If they are not equal, adjust the neutral axis depth and return
to step-1.
5. When net tensile force is equal to net compressive force, take moment about a common point in the section and determine
moment of resistance.
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Assume x = 200 mm
400−200
3 Nos – 25mm dia. Strain in steel εs = × 0.0035
200
f yk OK
e s , yield
g s .E s
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
300mm Distance of Compressive Force from extreme compression fibre (a) = β x = 0.4 x 200 = 80 mm
Compressive Force (Fc) = ηfcd . b . λx = 1x11.17 x 300 x 0.8 x 200 / 1000 = 536.16 kN
450mm 400mm Tensile Force (FS) = fyd x As = 435 x 1472 / 1000 = 640.00 kN
Here Fc ≠ Fs Revise Assumed Neutral Axis depth & re-calculate the forces from 1st Step.
3 Nos –
25mm dia.
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
As it can be seen, Strain Compatibility is an iterative method, is tedious for hand calculations.
Standard formulas for widely used sections such as Rectangular and Flanged-Tee are given in
subsequent slides.
Its imperative to mention here that, “special care must be taken regarding strain level in steel so as to
avoid brittle failure (when strain in concrete reaches it limiting value prior to steel)”
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
𝑥 1
≥
For compression steel to yield before concrete: 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑦𝑘
1−
𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
I. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is greater than the depth of flange
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐷𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 1
𝛾𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥 𝑑 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑 − = ≤
2 𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑘
+1
𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
II. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is less than the depth of flange
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ULS FLEXURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RCC T-BEAM BRIDGE
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