Salt Table PDF

Formulas, Charts, Tables
Salt Tables
The following salt tables came from three sources. The
potassium chloride table is from the CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 62nd edition. The sodium chloride
table is from Staples and Nuttall, Journal of Physical
Chemistry Reference Data, 1977, Volume 6. The calcium
chloride table is from Clarke and Grew, Journal of Physical
Chemistry Reference Data, 1985, Volume 14. The tables are
divided into the following columns.
1. Percent Wt = the anhydrous solute weight percent, g
solute/l00 g solution.
2. Specific Gravity = the ratio of the density of a body to
the density of an equal volume of water at 4°C. Specific
Gravity is dimensionless.
3. Density = the ratio of the mass of a sample to its volume
at the same temperature. The density of water is
assumed to be 8.33 lbm/gal.
4. lbm of salt/bbl of solution = the pounds of salt in a
barrel solution of the given density.
5. Gallons of water per barrel of solution = the gallons of
water to make up one barrel of solution of the given
density.
6. Salt, mg/L = the concentration of salt in 1 liter (L) of
solution.
7. Chlorides, mg/L = concentration of chlorides in 1 liter
(L) of solution.
8. Volume Increase Factor = the volume increase that
will occur when the specified weight of salt is added to
the specified volume of freshwater. The value in table
column 8a is used for retort corrections.
9. Crystallization Point, °F = the crystallization point of a
solution containing the specified concentration of salt.
10. AW = the activity of the solution. This value has also
been called Formation Activity Coefficient (F.A.C.) in
previous manuals. This value, regardless of the term
applied to it, is a measure of the fluid's potential to
absorb water. (See Chapter 3, Oil- and Synthetic-Base
Drilling Fluids.)
5-32 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Physical Properties of Potassium Chloride Solutions (at 20°C)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9
Percent Specific Density KCl H2 O KCl Chlorides Vol. Incr. Crystallization
Wt Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (mg/L) (mg/L) Factor Point (T)
1.0 1.005 8.37 3.5 41.8 10,000 4,756 1.005 31.2
2.0 1.011 8.42 7.1 41.6 20,200 9,606 1.009 30.3
3.0 1.017 8.47 10.7 41.4 30,500 14,506 1.013 29.5
4.0 1.024 8.53 14.4 41.3 41,000 19,499 1.017 28.6
5.0 1.030 8.59 18.1 51.1 51,500 24,493 1.022 27.8
Engineering Handbook
6.0 1.037 8.64 21.8 40.9 62,200 29,582 1.026 26.9
7.0 1.044 8.69 25.6 40.7 73,000 34,718 1.031 26.1
8.0 1.050 8.75 29.4 40.5 84,000 39,950 1.035 25.2
9.0 1.057 8.80 33.3 40.4 95,100 45,229 1.039 24.3
10.0 1.063 8.86 37.3 40.2 106,300 50,556 1.045 23.4
11.0 1.070 8.90 41.2 40.0 117,700 55,977 1.050 22.4
12.0 1.077 8.97 45.3 39.8 129,200 61,447 1.055 21.4
13.0 1.084 9.03 49.4 39.6 140,900 67,011 1.061 20.4
14.0 1.091 9.08 53.5 39.4 152,700 72,623 1.066 20.0
15.0 1.097 9.12 57.6 39.1 164,600 78,282 1.072 18.5

16.0 1.104 9.20 61.9 38.9 176,700 84,038 1.078 17.0
17.0 1.111 9.26 66.1 38.7 188,900 89,840 1.084 16.0
18.0 1.119 9.32 70.5 38.5 201,300 95,737 1.090 15.0
19.0 1.126 9.38 74.9 38.3 213,900 101,730 1.097 14.0
20.0 1.111 9.44 79.3 38.0 226,600 107,770 1.104 13.0
* Sacked KCl contains a trivial amount of water, therefore, the vol. increase from sack additions is the same as the retort correction factor.
Physical Properties of Potassium Chloride Solutions
5-33
Physical Properties of Potassium Chloride Solutions (at 20°C) (continued)
5-34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Percent Specific Density KCl H2 O KCl Chlorides Vol. Incr. Crystallization
Wt Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (mg/L) (mg/L) Factor Point (T)
21.0 1.140 9.51 83.9 37.8 239,500 114,000 1.111 22.0
22.0 1.147 9.56 88.4 37.6 252,400 120,040 1.117 34.0
23.0 1.155 9.64 93.1 37.4 265,700 126,473 1.125 48.0
24.0 1.162 9.68 97.7 37.1 278,900 132,643 1.132 59.0
METRIC CONVERSIONS:
KCl (g/L) = KCl (lbm/bbl) × 2.85714
H2O (ml/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
KCl (ppm) = % wt × 10,000
mg/L = ppm × specific gravity
Cl–(mg/L) = KCl (mg/L) × 0.476
KCl (mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 2.1 01
K+(mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 1.103
Cl–(mg/L) = K+ (mg/L) × 0.907

FORMULAS:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Vol. increase factor × Kl (lbm/bbl)
Specific gravity = 1.00056 +1.22832 (10-6) (Cl–, mg/L)
Volume increase factor = 1 + (2.775 × 10 7) (Cl–)1.105
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Physical Properties of Potassium Carbonate

Solutions
Wt S.G. Density K2CO3 K+ K2CO3 Water

CO3=
% (20°C) lb/gal mg/L mg/L lb/bbl gal/bbl
1 1.01 8.42 10,100 5,715 4,386 3.535 41.88
2 1.02 8.49 20,300 11,487 8,815 7.105 41.83
3 1.03 8.57 30,800 17,429 13,374 10.78 41.77
4 1.04 8.64 41,400 23,427 17,977 14.49 41.71
5 1.05 8.72 52,200 29,539 22,667 18.27 41.64
6 1.05 8.80 63,200 35,763 27,443 22.12 41.57
7 1.06 8.87 74,300 42,045 32,263 26.005 41.49
8 1.07 8.95 85,700 48,496 37,213 29.995 41.40
9 1.08 9.03 97,300 55,060 42,250 34.055 41.31
10 1.09 9.11 109,000 61,680 47,331 38.15 41.22
11 1.10 9.19 121,000 68,471 52,541 42.35 41.12
12 1.11 9.27 133,200 75,375 57,839 46.62 41.01
13 1.12 9.35 145,500 82,335 63,180 50.925 40.90
14 1.13 9.43 158,100 89,465 68,651 55.335 40.79
15 1.14 9.52 170,900 96,708 74,209 59.815 40.66
16 1.15 9.60 183,800 104,008 79,811 64.33 40.54
17 1.16 9.68 197,000 111,477 85,542 68.95 40.41
18 1.17 9.77 210,500 119,117 91,405 73.675 40.27
19 1.18 9.85 224,100 126,813 97,310 78.435 40.13
20 1.19 9.94 238,000 134,678 103,346 83.3 39.98
22 1.21 10.11 266,300 150,693 115,634 93.205 39.66
24 1.23 10.29 295,700 167,329 128,401 103.495 39.32
26 1.26 10.47 325,900 184,419 141,514 114.065 38.96
28 1.28 10.66 357,100 202,074 155,062 124.985 38.57
30 1.30 10.84 389,400 220,352 169,088 136.29 38.16
32 1.32 11.03 422,600 239,139 183,504 147.91 37.71
34 1.35 11.22 456,800 258,492 198,354 159.88 37.24
36 1.37 11.42 492,000 278,411 213,639 172.2 36.74
38 1.39 11.62 528,300 298,952 229,401 184.905 36.20
40 1.42 11.81 565,600 320,059 245,598 197.96 35.63
Engineering Handbook 5-35

5-36
Physical Properties of Sodium Chloride Solutions (at 20oC)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% Wt Specific Density NaCl H2O NaCl Chlorides Vol. Incr. Crystallization Aw
Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (mg/L) (mg/L) Factor Point (T)
1.0 1.007 8.40 3.5 41.87 10,070 6,108 1.003 31.0 0.996
2.0 1.014 8.46 7.1 41.75 20,286 12,305 1.006 30.0 0.989
3.0 1.021 8.52 10.7 41.63 30,630 18,580 1.009 28.8 0.983
4.0 1.029 8.58 14.4 41.46 41,144 24,957 1.013 27.7 0.976
5.0 1.036 8.65 18.2 41.34 51,800 31,421 1.016 26.5 0.970
6.0 1.043 8.70 21.9 41.10 62,586 37,963 1.020 25.3 0.964
7.0 1.050 8.76 25.8 41.02 73,500 44,584 1.024 24.1 0.957
8.0 1.058 8.83 29.7 40.86 84,624 51,331 1.028 22.9 0.950
9.0 1.065 8.89 33.6 40.70 95,850 58,141 1.032 21.5 0.943
10.0 1.073 8.95 37.6 40.54 107,260 65,062 1.036 20.2 0.935
11.0 1.080 9.01 41.6 40.38 118,800 72,062 1.040 18.8 0.927
12.0 1.088 9.08 45.7 40.19 130,512 79,166 1.045 17.3 0.919
13.0 1.095 9.14 49.9 40.00 142,350 86,347 1.050 15.7 0.910
14.0 1.103 9.20 54.1 39.85 154,392 93,651 1.054 14.1 0.901
15.0 1.111 9.27 58.4 39.66 166,650 101,087 1.059 12.4 0.892
16.0 1.118 9.33 62.7 39.44 178,912 108,524 1.065 10.6 0.882
17.0 1.126 9.40 67.1 39.25 191,420 116,112 1.070 8.7 0.872
18.0 1.134 9.46 71.5 39.03 204,102 123,804 1.076 6.7 0.861
Physical Properties of Sodium Chloride Solutions
19.0 1.142 9.53 76.0 38.85 216,980 131,616 1.081 4.6 0.850
20.0 1.150 9.60 80.6 38.64 229,960 139,489 1.087 2.4 0.839
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Physical Properties of Sodium Chloride Solutions (at 20oC) (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10
% Wt Specific Density NaCl H2 O NaCl Chlorides Vol. Incr. Crystallization Aw
Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (mg/L) (mg/L) Factor Point (T)
21.0 1.158 9.66 85.2 38.43 243,180 147,508 1.09 0.0 0.827
22.0 1.166 9.73 89.9 38.22 256,520 155,600 1.099 –2.5 0.815
23.0 1.174 9.80 94.6 37.97 270,020 163,789 1.106 –5.2 0.802
24.0 1.183 9.87 99.5 37.74 283,800 172,147 1.113 +11.4 0.788
25.0 1.191 9.94 104.4 37.50 297,750 180,609 1.120 +15.0 0.774
26.0 1.199 10.01 109.3 37.27 311,818 189,143 1.127 +25.0 0.759
METRIC CONVERSIONS:
NaCl (g/L) = NaCl (lbm/ft) × 2.85714
H2O (ml/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
NaCl (ppm) = % wt × 10,000
Cl– (mg/L) = NaCl (mg/L) × 0.6066
NaCl (mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 1.65
mg/L = ppm × specific gravity
FORMULAS:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Volume increase factor × NaCl (lbm/bbl)
Specific gravity = 1.0036 [0.99707 + 6.504 (10-3)(% wt NaCl)
-
+ 4.395(10-5)(% wt NaCl)2] or 1 + 1.94(10 6)(Cl–, mg/L)0.95
Volume increase factor = 1.00045 + 2.72232(10-3)(% wt NaCl)
+ 8.15591(10-5)(% wt NaCl)2 or 1 + 5.88 (10-8)(Cl–, mg/L)1.2
5-37
Aw = 0.99755 − 4.3547(10-3)(% wt NaCl) − 1.8205(10-4)(% wt NaCl)2
Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions
Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions at 20°C —›

Percent Specific Density MgCl2 • 6H20 H2 O
Wt Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl)
1.0 1.008 8.41 7.54 41.71
2.0 1.016 8.48 15.15 41.45
3.0 1.024 8.55 22.92 40.87
4.0 1.033 8.62 30.76 40.28
5.0 1.041 8.69 38.82 39.69
6.0 1.050 8.76 46.96 39.06
7.0 1.058 8.83 55.24 38.43
8.0 1.067 8.90 63.60 37.80
9.0 1.076 8.98 72.11 37.17
10.0 1.085 9.05 80.85 36.50
11.0 1.094 9.13 89.73 36.16
12.0 1.103 9.20 98.61 35.83
13.0 1.112 9.28 107.76 35.13
14.0 1.121 9.35 116.90 34.44
15.0 1.130 9.43 126.35 33.73
16.0 1.139 9.50 135.79 33.01
17.0 1.148 9.58 145.53 31.48
18.0 1.157 9.66 155.27 29.95
19.0 1.167 9.73 165.28 29.13
20.0 1.176 9.81 175.28 28.31
21.0 1.186 9.90 185.66 27.47
22.0 1.196 9.98 196.03 26.63
23.0 1.206 10.06 206.78 25.77
24.0 1.216 10.15 217.53 24.91
25.0 1.227 10.24 228.58 24.00
26.0 1.237 10.32 239.63 23.10
27.0 1.248 10.41 251.02 22.18
28.0 1.258 10.50 262.40 21.25
29.0 1.269 10.59 274.12 20.29
30.0 1.279 10.67 285.84 19.32
FORMULAS:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Volume increase factor × MgCl2 (lbm/bbl)
S.G. = 1.00038 + 7.95497(10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) + 4.38583(10-5)(% Wt MgCl2)2
*Volume increase factor =
0.999074 + 1.58008(10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) + 7.66303(10-5)(% Wt MgCl2)2
Aw = 0.986688 − 1.2334 (10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) − 4.16512 (10-4)(% Wt MgCl2 )2

Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions at 20°C (continued)

MgCl2 Chlorides Vol.* Incr. Fac. Vol.** Incr. Fac.
(mg/L) (mg/L) 100% MgCl2 from Salt AW
10,080 7,502 1.001 1.007 0.985
20,320 15,123 1.002 1.013 0.981
30,720 22,863 1.004 1.028 0.978
41,320 30,752 1.006 1.043 0.974
52,050 38,738 1.009 1.058 0.970
63,000 46,887 1.012 1.075 0.964
74,060 55,118 1.014 1.093 0.958
85,360 63,528 1.017 1.111 0.952
96,840 72,072 1.020 1.130 0.943
108,500 80,750 1.023 1.151 0.934
120,340 89,562 1.026 1.161 0.924
132,360 98,508 1.029 1.172 0.913
144,560 107,587 1.033 1.195 0.901
156,940 116,801 1.036 1.220 0.888
169,500 126,149 1.040 1.245 0.875
182,240 135,630 1.044 1.272 0.862
195,160 145,246 1.048 1.334 0.846
208,260 154,995 1.052 1.403 0.830
221,635 164,950 1.057 1.442 0.813
235,200 175,045 1.061 1.484 0.795
249,060 185,360 1.066 1.529 0.778
263,120 195,824 1.071 1.577 0.760
277,380 206,437 1.076 1.630 0.737
291,840 217,199 1.081 1.686 0.713
306,625 228,203 1.087 1.750 0.691
321,620 239,362 1.092 1.818 0.669
336,825 250,679 1.098 1.894 0.647
352,240 262,151 1.103 1.976 0.625
367,865 273,780 1.110 2.070 0.604
383,700 285,565 1.116 2.174 0.582
* Volume increase from 100% salt, i.e., from retort.

** Volume increase from salt and water in sacked salt.
METRIC CONVERSIONS:
MgCl2 (g/L) = MgCl2 (lbm/bbl) × 2.85714
H2O (mL/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
MgCl2 (ppm) = % Wt MgCl2 × 10,000
Cl– (ppm) = MgCl2 (ppm) × 0.7442

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions
Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions at 20°C —›

1 2 3 4a 4b 5a 5b
H20 H20
Using Using
100% 95% 100% 95%
% Specific Density CaCl2 CaCl2 CaCl2 CaCl2
Wt Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (gal/bbl)
1 1.009 8.42 3.53 3.72 41.93 41.91
2 1.017 8.49 7.13 7.50 41.85 41.81
3 1.026 8.56 10.78 11.35 41.78 41.71
4 1.034 8.63 14.50 15.26 41.69 41.60
5 1.043 8.70 18.27 19.23 41.60 41.48
6 1.051 8.77 22.11 23.27 41.49 41.35
7 1.060 8.84 25.99 27.36 41.38 41.22
8 1.068 8.91 29.94 31.52 41.27 41.08
9 1.077 8.98 33.95 35.74 41.14 40.93
10 1.085 9.05 38.03 40.03 41.01 40.77
11 1.094 9.13 42.18 44.40 40.90 40.63
12 1.103 9.20 46.39 48.83 40.76 40.47
13 1.113 9.28 50.69 53.36 40.65 40.33
14 1.122 9.36 55.05 57.95 40.53 40.18
15 1.132 9.44 59.49 62.62 40.40 40.02
16 1.141 9.52 63.98 67.35 40.25 39.85
17 1.151 9.60 68.55 72.16 40.10 39.67
18 1.160 9.68 73.18 77.03 39.95 39.49
19 1.170 9.76 77.91 82.01 39.80 39.31
20 1.180 9.85 82.72 87.07 39.65 39.13
21 1.190 9.93 87.59 92.20 39.48 38.93
22 1.200 10.01 92.53 97.40 39.31 38.73
23 1.210 10.10 97.55 102.68 39.14 38.52
24 1.220 10.18 102.62 108.02 38.95 38.30
25 1.231 10.27 107.82 113.49 38.76 38.08
26 1.241 10.36 113.09 119.04 38.57 37.86
27 1.252 10.44 118.44 124.67 38.37 37.62
28 1.262 10.53 123.85 130.37 38.16 37.38
29 1.273 10.62 129.39 136.20 37.96 37.14
30 1.284 10.71 135.00 142.11 37.75 36.90
31 1.295 10.81 140.70 148.11 37.53 36.64
32 1.306 10.90 146.48 154.19 37.30 36.38
33 1.317 10.99 152.32 160.34 37.06 36.10
34 1.328 11.08 158.25 166.58 36.81 35.81
35 1.340 11.18 164.32 172.97 36.57 35.53
36 1.351 11.27 170.47 179.44 36.32 35.24
37 1.363 11.37 176.76 186.06 36.06 34.95
38 1.375 11.47 183.13 192.77 35.81 34.65
39 1.387 11.57 189.53 199.50 35.53 34.33
40 1.398 11.67 195.99 206.31 35.23 33.99

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions at 20°C (continued)

6 7 8a* 8b** 9 10
Volume Volume
Increase Increase
Factor Factor Crystallization
CaCl2 Chlorides 100% 95% Point
(mg/L) (mg/L) CaCl2 CaCl2 (°F) Aw
10,085 6,454 1.002 1.002 31.1 0.998
20,340 13,018 1.004 1.004 30.4 0.996
30,765 19,690 1.006 1.007 29.5 0.993
41,360 26,470 1.008 1.010 28.6 0.989
52,125 33,360 1.011 1.013 27.7 0.984
63,060 40,358 1.013 1.016 26.8 0.979
74,165 47,466 1.016 1.019 25.9 0.973
85,440 54,682 1.018 1.022 24.6 0.967
96,885 62,006 1.021 1.026 23.5 0.959
108,500 69,440 1.024 1.030 22.3 0.951
120,340 77,018 1.027 1.034 20.8 0.942
132,360 84,710 1.030 1.038 19.3 0.933
144,625 92,560 1.034 1.041 17.6 0.923
157,080 100,531 1.037 1.045 15.5 0.912
169,725 108,624 1.041 1.049 13.5 0.900
182,560 116,838 1.044 1.054 11.2 0.888
195,585 125,174 1.048 1.059 8.6 0.875
208,800 133,632 1.051 1.064 5.9 0.862
222,300 142,272 1.056 1.068 2.8 0.847
236,000 151,040 1.060 1.073 –0.4 0.832
249,900 159,936 1.065 1.079 –3.9 0.816
264,000 168,960 1.069 1.084 –7.8 0.800
278,300 178,112 1.074 1.090 –11.9 0.783
292,800 187,392 1.078 1.097 –16.2 0.765
307,625 196,880 1.084 1.103 –21.0 0.746
322,660 206,502 1.089 1.109 –25.8 0.727
337,905 216,259 1.095 1.116 –31.2 0.707
353,360 226,150 1.100 1.124 –37.8 0.686
369,170 236,269 1.107 1.131 –49.4 0.665
385,200 246,528 1.113 1.138 –50.8 0.643
401,450 256,928 1.120 1.146 –33.2 0.620
417,920 267,469 1.126 1.155 –19.5 0.597
434,610 278,150 1.134 1.163 –6.9 0.573
451,520 288,973 1.141 1.173 +4.3 0.548
468,825 300,048 1.149 1.182 +14.4 0.522
486,360 311,270 1.156 1.192 +24.1 0.496
504,310 322,758 1.165 1.202 +33.4 0.469
522,500 334,400 1.173 1.212 +42.1 0.441
540,735 346,070 1.183 1.224 +49.6 0.413
559,200 357,888 1.192 1.236 +55.9 0.384

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions (at 20°C)

• When Using CaCl2 with purity other than 95%:
New CaCl2 (lbm/bbl) = 95 × 95% CaCl2 (lbm/bbl) ÷ % Purity
New H O H O New CaCl (lb /bbl) – 95% CaCl (lb /bbl)

2 2 2 m 2 m
= – -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gal/bbl) (gal/bbl) 8.345
Volume increase from salt = 42 ÷ New water

• Example: 35% CaCl2 brine using 78% CaCl2:
New CaCl2 (lbm/bbl) = 95 × 172.97 ÷ 78 = 210.67
210.67 – 172.97
New H 2 O (lb m /bbl) = 35.53 – --------------------------------------- = 31.01
8.345
Volume increase from 78% salt = 42 ÷ 31.01 = 1.354

• Metric Conversions:
CaCl2 (g/L) = CaCl2 (lbm/bbl) × 2.85714
H2O (mL/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
CaCl2 (ppm) = % Wt × 10,000
Cl– (ppm) = CaCl2 (ppm) × 0.639
mg/L = ppm × specific gravity (S.G.)
• Formulas:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Volume incr. factor × CaCl2 (lbm/bbl)
S.G. = 1.0036 [0.99707 + 7.923 (10-3) (% wt CaCl2)
+ 4.964(10-5) (% wt CaCl2)2]
+ 8.94922(10-5) (% wt CaCl2)2
Aw = 0.99989 − 1.39359 (10-3) (% wt CaCl2)
– 3.50352 (10-4) (% wt CaCl2)2
100% CaCl 2 (lb m /bbl) × % Purity CaCl2

% wt CaCl = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Specific Gravity × 350

Physical Properties of Ammonium Chloride Solutions
% Weight
Specific lbs NH4Cl bbls Water
Density Ammonium
Gravity per bbl per bbl
lb/gal Chloride
@ 60°F Brine Brine
(NH4Cl)
8.4 1.007 7.0 0.990 1.98
8.45 1.013 10.5 0.981 3.00
8.5 1.020 19.0 0.969 5.30
8.6 1.031 30.0 0.940 8.40
8.7 1.044 42.0 0.919 11.50
8.8 1.055 53.0 0.900 14.40
8.9 1.068 65.0 0.881 17.40
9.0 1.079 77.0 0.860 20.40
9.1 1.128 88.0 0.840 23.00
9.2 1.103 100.0 0.819 25.90
9.5 1.139 135.0 0.750 33.90

5-44
Preparation of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) Solutions Using Liquid 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2
Ve* 104 Density Specific bbl 11.6 bbl Water Chrystalliza- Weight %
lb/gal Gravity CaCl2 per per bbl tion Point, CaCl2
@ 68°F bbl Brine Brine °F
8.4 1.01 0.022 0.978 +31 1.0

8.5 1.02 0.052 0.948 +30 2.0
8.6 1.03 0.083 0.917 +28 4.0
8.7 1.04 0.113 0.887 +27 5.0
8.8 1.06 0.144 0.856 +25 6.0
8.9 1.07 0.174 0.826 +23 7.0
3.33 9.0 1.08 0.203 0.797 +21 9.0

9.1 1.09 0.233 0.767 +19 10.0
9.2 1.10 0.264 0.736 +17 11.0
9.3 1.11 0.294 0.706 +15 12.0
9.4 1.13 0.325 0.675 +12 14.0
3.00 9.5 1.14 0.356 0.644 +9 15.0

9.6 1.15 0.390 0.610 +6 16.0
Preparation of Calcium Chloride Solutions
9.7 1.16 0.420 0.580 +3 17.0

9.8 1.17 0.450 0.550 –1 19.0
9.9 1.19 0.480 0.520 –6 20.0
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Preparation of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) Solutions Using Liquid 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (continued)
Ve* 104 Density Specific bbl 11.6 bbl Water Chrystalliza- Weight %
lb/gal Gravity CaCl2 per per bbl tion Point, CaCl2
@ 68°F bbl Brine Brine °F
2.89 10.0 1.20 0.510 0.490 –11 21.0

10.1 1.21 0.540 0.460 –16 22.0
10.2 1.22 0.571 0.429 –22 23.0
* Determined by ASTM methods
10.3 1.23 0.601 0.399 –28 25.0
10.4 1.25 0.632 0.368 –34 26.0
2.6 10.5 1.26 0.663 0.337 –41 27.0
10.6 1.27 0.694 0.306 –48 28.0
10.7 1.28 0.724 0.276 –55 29.0
10.8 1.29 0.755 0.245 –51 30.0
10.9 1.31 0.785 0.215 –31 31.0
2.4 11.0 1.32 0.820 0.180 –15 32.0
11.1 1.33 0.850 0.150 0 33.0

11.2 1.34 0.880 0.120 +12 34.0
11.3 1.35 0.910 0.090 +23 35.0
Ve = expansion factor gal/gal/°F; used with density adjustment calculations.

11.4 1.37 0.940 0.060 +34 36.0
Add 10 × 0.264 = 2.6 bbl of 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 to 10 × 0.736 bbl of fresh water.
Example: To prepare 10 bbl of 11.0 lb/gal CaCl2 from 11.6 lb/gal liquid CaCl2:
2.39 11.5 1.38 0.970 0.030 +43 37.0
11.6 1.39 1.00 0.000 +53 38.0
5-45
Preparation of Potassium Bromide-Base Solutions

Using Granular Concentrated KBr
bbl Water bbl KBr Crystallization

Density
per bbl per bbl % KBr Point, °F
lb/gal
Brine Brine (LCTD)
8.3 1.000 – – 32
8.6 0.985 15.1 4.2 30
8.7 0.980 21.9 6.0 30
8.8 0.974 28.1 7.6 29
8.9 0.967 34.8 9.3 28
9.0 0.962 40.8 10.8 27
9.1 0.956 47.0 12.3 27
9.2 0.954 52.6 13.6 26
9.3 0.947 58.6 15.0 26
9.4 0.942 64.7 16.4 25
9.5 0.937 70.6 17.7 24
9.6 0.932 76.6 19.0 23
9.7 0.928 82.3 20.2 22
9.8 0.922 88.5 21.5 22
9.9 0.916 94.8 22.8 21
10.0 0.911 100.8 24.0 19
10.1 0.905 106.9 25.2 18
10.2 0.901 112.7 26.3 17
10.3 0.895 119.0 27.5 16
10.4 0.888 125.4 28.7 15
10.5 0.883 131.4 29.8 14
10.6 0.878 137.6 30.9 12
10.7 0.872 143.8 32.0 13
10.8 0.865 150.6 33.2 20
10.9 0.858 157.0 34.3 27
11.0 0.854 162.6 35.2 33
11.1 0.847 169.2 36.3 41
11.2 0.842 175.5 37.3 49
11.3 0.835 181.2 38.3 57
11.4 0.829 188.2 39.3 66
11.5 0.824 194.2 40.2 75
Example:
To prepare 10 bbl of 10 lb/gal KBr:
10 × 0.911 = 9.1 bbl water; 10 × 100.8 = 1,008 lbs KBr
Add 1,008 lbs KBr to 9.1 bbl water.

Calcium-Chloride / Calcium-Bromide Solution

Requirements Using 11.6 lbm/gal CaCl2 Brine, 14.2
lbm/gal CaBr2 Brine, and Sacked CaCl2.
(Formulation per 1 bbl)
Brine 11.6 14.2 94 to 97%

CaCl2 (lb) Crystallization
Density lbm/gal lbm/gal
(Flakes or Point
at 60oF CaCl2 CaBr2
Pellets) (o F )
(lbm/gal) (bbl) (bbl)
11.7 .9714 .0246 3.5 +45

11.8 .9429 .9429 6.9 +51
11.9 .9143 .0738 10.4 +52
12.0 .8857 .0984 13.9 +54
12.1 .8572 .1229 17.4 +55
12.2 .8286 .1475 20.8 +55
12.3 .8000 .1722 24.3 +56
12.4 .7715 .1967 27.8 +56
12.5 .7429 .2213 31.2 +57
12.6 .7143 .2459 34.7 +58
12.7 .6857 .2705 38.2 +58
12.8 .6572 .2951 41.7 +58
12.9 .6286 .3197 45.1 +59
13.0 .6000 .3443 48.6 +59
13.1 .5714 .3689 52.1 +60
13.2 .5429 .3935 55.5 +60
13.3 .5143 .4181 59.0 +60
13.4 .4851 .4432 62.6 +61
13.5 .4572 .4672 66.0 +61
13.6 .4286 4919 69.4 +62
13.7 .4000 .5165 72.9 +62
13.8 .3714 .5411 75.4 +63
13.9 .3429 .5656 79.8 +63

Calcium-Chloride / Calcium-Bromide
Solution Requirements (continued)
Brine 11.6 14.2 94 to 97%
Crystallization
Density lbm/gal lbm/gal CaCl2 (lb)
Point
at 60oF CaCl2 CaBr2 (Flakes or
(o F )
(lbm/gal) (bbl) (bbl) Pellets)
14.0 .3143 .5903 83.3 +64

14.1 .2857 .6149 86.8 +64
14.2 .2572 .6394 90.3 +64
14.3 .2286 .6640 93.7 +65
14.4 2000 .6886 97.2 +65
14.5 .1715 .7132 100.7 +65
14.6 .1429 .7378 104.2 +66
14.7 .1143 .7624 107.6 +66
14.8 .0858 .7869 111.1 +67
14.9 .0572 .8116 114.6 +67
15.0 .0286 .8361 118.0 +67
15.1 .0000 .8608 121.5 +68
Conversions
ppm CaCl2 = % wt × 10, 000
ppm Cl– = PPM CaCl2 × .64
Formulas
When using 78% CaCl2,
( lb /bbl ) = 95% CaCl 2 × 1.218

m
78% CaCl 2 95% CaCl 2

–
New H 2 O H2 O ( lb /bbl ) ( lb /bbl )
m m
= – ------------------------------------------------------------------
( gal/bbl ) ( gal/bbl ) 8.345

Preparation of Calcium Bromide-Base Solutions

Using Solid 94% CaCl2 and Liquid 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2.
CaCl2 / CaBr2 bbl 14.2 bbl Fresh

Density at 60oF lb CaCl2 per CaBr2 per Water
bbl Brine bbl Brine per bbl Brine
lb/gal lb/ft3
11.7 87.52 193.39 0.0254 0.8163
11.8 88.26 191.00 0.0507 0.7924
11.9 89.01 188.42 0.0762 0.7683
12.0 89.76 185.85 0.1016 0.7443
12.1 90.51 183.28 0.1269 0.7203
12.2 91.26 180.70 0.1524 0.6963
12.3 92.00 178.13 0.1778 0.6723
12.4 92.75 175.56 0.2032 0.6483
12.5 93.50 172.99 0.2286 0.6243
12.6 94.25 170.41 0.2540 0.6003
12.7 95.00 167.83 0.2794 0.5762
12.8 95.74 165.27 0.3048 0.5523
13.0 97.24 160.12 0.3556 0.5042
13.1 97.99 157.54 0.3810 0.4802
13.2 98.74 154.97 0.4064 0.4562
13.3 99.48 152.40 0.4318 0.4322
13.4 100.23 149.82 0.4572 0.4082
13.5 100.98 147.26 0.4826 0.3842
13.6 101.73 144.68 0.5080 0.3602
13.7 102.48 142.12 0.5334 0.3361
13.8 103.22 139.54 0.5589 0.3121
13.9 103.97 136.98 0.5842 0.2882
14.0 104.72 134.40 0.6069 0.2641
14.1 105.47 131.84 0.6351 0.2401
14.2 106.22 129.26 0.6604 0.2161
14.3 106.96 126.68 0.6858 0.1921
14.4 107.71 124.11 0.7113 0.1681
14.5 108.46 121.54 0.7366 0.1441
14.6 109.21 118.97 0.7620 0.1201
14.7 109.96 116.39 0.7875 0.0961
14.8 110.70 113.82 0.8128 0.0721
14.9 111.45 111.25 0.8382 0.0481
15.0 112.20 108.67 0.8637 00.241
15.1 112.95 106.10 0.8891 0.0000
Example:
To prepare 10 bbl of 13.0 lb/gal CaBr2 from minimum 94% solid CaCl2 and
14.2 lb/gal liquid CaBr2: Add 10 × 160.1 = 1600 lbs of solid CaCl2 to
10 × 0.35 = 3.5 bbl of 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 and 10 × 0.50 = 5.0 bbl of fresh water.

Preparation of Calcium Bromide-Base Solutions

Using 95% Dry CaBr2.
Brine Density bbl Fresh Water lb 95% CaBr2

per bbl Brine per bbl Brine
lb/gal lb/ft3
11.0 82.28 0.889 150.8
11.1 83.03 0.887 155.9
11.2 83.78 0.884 160.9
11.3 84.52 0.878 167.4
11.4 85.27 0.869 174.5
11.5 86.02 0.867 179.6
11.6 86.77 0.864 184.7
11.7 87.52 0.863 188.9
11.8 88.26 0.849 198.3
11.9 89.01 0.849 202.6
12.0 8976 0.848 207.0
12.1 90.51 0.840 214.1
12.3 92.00 0.831 225.8
12.4 92.75 0.830 230.3
12.5 93.50 0.821 237.7
12.6 94.25 0.819 242.4
12.7 95.00 0.810 250.0
12.8 95.74 0.808 254.8
12.9 96.49 0.797 266.5
13.0 97.24 0.796 267.4
13.1 97.99 0.794 272.3
13.2 98.74 0.791 277.3
13.3 99.48 0.789 282.4
13.4 100.23 0.778 290.4
13.5 100.98 0.775 295.6
13.6 101.73 0.772 300.8
13.7 102.48 0.761 309.0
13.8 103.22 0.758 314.3
13.9 103.97 0.755 319.7
14.0 104.72 0.751 325.1
14.1 105.47 0.748 330.5
14.2 106.22 0.744 335.9
14.3 106.96 0.740 341.5
Example:
To prepare 10 bbl of 13.0 lb/gal CaBr2 from 95% solid CaBr2:
Add 10 × 267.4 = 2,675 lbs of 95% CaBr2 to 10 × 0.796 = 7.9 bbl of fresh
water.

Preparation of Sodium Bromide-Base Solutions

Using 10.0 lb/gal NaCl Solution and 12.4 lb/gal NaBr
Solution
Density bbl 10.0 NaCl bbl 12.4 NaBr Crystallization

(lb/gal) per bbl Brine per bbl Brine Point (oF) (LCTD)
10.0 1.000 0.000 30

10.1 0.958 0.042 *
10.2 0.917 0.083 *
10.3 0.875 0.125 *
10.4 0.833 0.167 *
10.5 0.792 0.208 *
10.6 0.750 0.250 *
10.7 0.708 0.292 *
10.8 0.667 0.333 *
10.9 0.625 0.375 *
11.1 0.583 0.417 *
11.2 0.500 0.500 *
11.3 0.458 0.542 *
11.4 0.417 0.583 *
11.5 0.375 0.625 *
11.6 0.333 0.667 *
11.7 0.292 0.708 *
11.8 0.250 0.750 *
11.9 0.208 0.792 23
12.0 0.167 0.833 28
12.1 0.125 0.875 32
12.2 0.083 0.917 36
12.3 0.042 0.958 39
12.4 0.000 1.000 46
* Data being confirmed
Example:
To prepare 10 bbl of 11.0 lb/gal NaBr:
10 × 0.583 = 5.8 bbl 10.0 lb/gal NaCl
10 × 0.417 = 4.2 bbl 12.4 lb/gal NaBr
Add 5.8 bbl of 10.0 lb/gal NaCl to 4.2 bbl 12.4 lb/gal NaBr.

Preparation of Sodium Bromide-Base Solutions

Using Solid NaCl, Granular Concentrated NaBr, and
Water
Density bbl Water bbl NaCl lb NaBr Crystallization

lb/gal per bbl per bbl per bbl Point, °F
Brine Brine Brine (LCTD)
10.0 0.886 110.0 0 30
10.1 0.883 106.0 9.3 *
10.2 0.880 102.0 18.6 *
10.3 0.877 97.8 27.9 *
10.4 0.874 93.7 37.1 *
10.5 0.871 89.6 46.4 *

10.6 0.868 85.6 55.7 *
10.7 0.865 81.5 65.0 *
10.8 0.862 77.4 74.3 *
10.9 0.859 73.4 83.6 *
11.0 0.856 69.3 92.8 *

11.1 0.853 65.2 102.0 *
11.2 0.850 61.2 111.0 *
11.3 0.847 57.1 121.0 *
11.4 0.844 52.9 130.0 *
11.5 0.841 48.8 139.0 *

11.6 0.838 44.8 149.0 *
11.7 0.835 40.7 158.0 *
11.8 0.832 36.6 167.0 *
11.9 0.829 32.6 177.0 *
12.0 0.826 28.5 186.0 37

12.1 0.823 24.4 195.0 41
12.2 0.820 20.4 204.0 47
12.3 0.818 16.3 214.0 49
12.4 0.815 12.2 223.0 53
12.5 0.812 8.1 232.0 56

12.6 0.809 4.1 242.0 60
12.7 0.806 0 251.0 63
* Data being confirmed

Example:
To prepare 10 bbl of 11.0 lb/gal NaBr:
10 × 0.856 = 8.6 bbl water
10 × 69.3 = 693 lbs NaCl
10 × 92.8 = 928 lbs NaBr
Add 693 lbs NaCl and 928 lbs NaBr to 8.6 bbl of water.

Sodium Bromide Brine Requirements (using 95%

NaBr)
Brine @ Requirements for Requirements for

Crystal Point**
20°C/68°F 1 bbl Brine 1 M3 of Brine
H2 O NaBr H2O/ NaBr
ppg S.G. gals lbs M 3s kgs °F °C
8.4 1.007 41.81 4.08 0.996 11.65 31.0 – 0.6

8.5 1.019 41.66 9.60 0.992 27.38 30.0 – 1.1
8.6 1.031 41.51 15.07 0.988 42.99 29.0 – 1.7
8.7 1.043 41.35 20.60 0.984 58.77 29.0 – 1.7
8.8 1.055 41.18 26.15 0.981 74.62 28.0 – 2.2
8.9 1.067 41.02 31.70 0.977 90.44 26.0 – 3.3
9.0 1.079 40.85 37.39 0.973 106.68 25.0 – 3.9
9.1 1.091 40.69 42.92 0.969 122.45 24.0 – 4.4
9.2 1.103 40.51 48.55 0.965 138.52 23.0 – 5.0
9.3 1.115 40.34 54.20 0.961 154.64 22.0 – 5.6
9.4 1.127 40.17 59.84 0.956 170.72 21.0 – 6.1
9.5 1.139 39.99 65.52 0.952 186.92 20.0 – 6.7
9.6 1.151 39.81 71.21 0.948 203.15 19.0 – 7.2
9.7 1.163 39.64 76.91 0.944 219.42 18.0 – 7.8
9.8 1.175 39.46 82.58 0.939 235.62 16.0 – 8.9
9.9 1.187 39.27 88.33 0.935 252.01 15.0 – 9.4
10.0 1.199 39.09 94.05 0.931 268.34 14.0 – 10.0
10.1 1.211 38.90 99.81 0.926 284.75 12.0 – 11.1
10.2 1.223 38.72 105.56 0.922 301.18 11.0 – 11.7
10.3 1.235 38.53 111.33 0.917 317.62 10.0 – 12.2
10.4 1.247 38.34 117.09 0.913 334.07 8.0 – 13.3
10.5 1.259 38.16 122.86 0.909 350.52 6.0 – 14.4
10.6 1.271 37.97 128.62 0.904 366.96 5.0 – 15.0
10.7 1.283 37.78 134.41 0.900 383.48 4.0 – 15.6
10.8 1.295 37.59 140.19 0.895 399.98 2.0 – 16.7
10.9 1.307 37.40 146.02 0.890 416.62 0.0 – 17.8

Sodium Bromide Brine Requirements (using

95% NaBr) (continued)
Brine @ Requirements for Requirements for

Crystal Point**
20°C/68°F 1 bbl Brine 1 M3 of Brine
H2 O NaBr H2O/ NaBr
ppg S.G. gals lbs M 3s kgs °F °C
11.0 1.319 37.20 151.87 0.886 433.30 – 2.0 – 18.9

11.1 1.331 37.00 157.71 0.881 449.96 – 3.0 – 19.4
11.2 1.343 36.80 163.58 0.876 466.72 – 5.0 – 20.6
11.3 1.354 36.61 169.40 0.872 483.32 – 7.0 – 21.7
11.4 1.366 36.41 175.28 0.867 500.08 – 9.0 – 22.8
11.5 1.379 36.21 181.14 0.862 516.79 – 11.0 – 23.9
11.6 1.391 36.02 186.98 0.858 533.47 – 14.0 – 25.6
11.7 1.402 35.81 192.83 0.853 550.16 – 16.0 – 26.7
**Due to variances in salt impurities and nucleation sites, confirmation of the

crystallization point prior to field use is recommended.

Sodium Formate Brine Table
HCOONa HCOONa Initial H20 Density Density Correction Sodium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOONa
/bbl H2O
1.0 10.05 996.6 1.0049 8.371 1.0034 3397 3.53 0.992
2.0 20.20 991.7 1.0102 8.415 1.0083 6829 7.13 0.986
3.0 30.47 987.0 1.0157 8.461 1.0131 10301 10.81 0.979
4.0 40.86 982.4 1.0215 8.509 1.0179 13813 14.56 0.972
5.0 51.38 977.9 1.0275 8.559 1.0226 17367 18.39 0.965
6.0 62.02 973.4 1.0337 8.611 1.0273 20966 22.30 0.958
7.0 72.80 968.9 1.0400 8.663 1.0321 24609 26.30 0.951
8.0 83.71 964.4 1.0464 8.716 1.0369 28297 30.38 0.946

9.0 94.75 958.8 1.0528 8.770 1.0419 32030 34.55 0.938
10.0 105.83 956.1 1.0593 8.824 1.0470 35808 38.82 0.932
11.0 117.24 950.3 1.0668 8.878 1.0523 39631 43.18 0.925
12.0 128.68 945.4 1.0724 8.933 1.0578 43600 47.64 0.919

13.0 140.26 940.4 1.0789 8.987 1.0634 47413 52.20 0.913
14.0 151.97 935.2 1.0855 9.042 1.0693 51372 56.87 0.906
15.0 163.81 930.0 1.0921 9.097 1.0763 55375 61.65 0.900
16.0 175.79 924.5 1.0987 9.152 1.0816 59424 66.55 0.893
5-55
5-56
/bbl H2O
17.0 187.91 919.1 1.1053 9.207 1.0880 63519 71.56 0.887
18.0 200.16 913.5 1.1120 9.263 1.0947 67660 76.69 0.880
19.0 212.56 907.7 1.1187 9.318 1.1016 71848 81.95 0.873
20.0 226.08 901.9 1.1254 9.374 1.1087 76084 87.34 0.866
21.0 237.75 896.0 1.1322 9.431 1.1160 80369 92.87 0.859
22.0 250.58 890.0 1.1390 9.488 1.1236 84704 98.54 0.852
23.0 253.56 883.9 1.1459 9.546 1.1313 89092 104.36 0.844
24.0 276.69 877.8 1.1529 9.604 1.1392 93532 110.33 0.836
25.0 289.99 871.5 1.1600 9.663 1.1474 98027 116.46 0.828
26.0 303.46 865.2 1.1671 9.722 1.1557 102579 122.75 0.819
27.0 317.09 858.9 1.1744 9.783 1.1643 107188 129.22 0.810
28.0 330.90 852.4 1.1818 9.844 1.1731 111857 135.87 0.800

29.0 344.89 845.9 1.1893 9.907 1.1822 116586 142.70 0.790
30.0 359.08 839.3 1.1969 9.970 1.1914 121376 149.73 0.780
31.0 373.42 832.7 1.2046 10.034 1.2010 126228 156.96 0.770
32.0 387.96 826.9 1.2124 10.099 1.2108 131143 164.41 0.759
Baker Hughes INTEQ

/bbl H2O
33.0 402.68 819.0 1.2202 10.165 1.2210 136119 172.08 0.748
34.0 417.58 812.1 1.2282 10.231 1.2314 141157 179.98 0.736
35.0 432.66 806.0 1.2362 10.297 1.2423 146253 188.12 0.725
36.0 447.90 797.7 1.2442 10.364 1.2536 151407 196.52 0.713
37.0 463.30 790.3 1.2522 10.431 1.2654 156613 205.19 0.702
38.0 478.85 782.7 1.2601 10.497 1.2776 161868 214.13 0.691
39.0 494.52 774.9 1.2680 10.562 1.2905 167165 223.37 0.680
40.0 510.29 766.8 1.2757 10.627 1.3041 172497 232.91 0.670
41.0 526.14 758.5 1.2833 10.690 1.3184 177855 242.78 0.660
42.0 542.04 749.9 1.2906 10.750 1.3336 183227 252.99 0.651
43.0 557.93 740.9 1.2975 10.808 1.3497 188601 263.56 0.643
44.0 573.79 731.6 1.3041 10.863 1.3669 193962 274.51 0.636
45.0 589.58 721.9 1.3101 10.913 1.3863 199293 286.86 0.630

46.0 605.19 711.7 1.3156 10.959 1.4051 204574 297.61 0.626
47.0 620.59 701.1 1.3204 10.999 1.4264 209782 309.82 0.622
48.0 635.71 689.9 1.3244 11.032 1.4494 214891 322.50 0.619
49.0 650.45 678.2 1.3274 11.058 1.4746 219874 335.67 0.617
49.5 657.65 672.1 1.3286 11.067 1.4878 222307 342.45 0.616
5-57
Potassium Formate Brine Table
5-58
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
1.0 10.06 998.0 1.0063 8.382 1.0020 4677 3.53 0.994
2.0 20.25 994.0 1.0124 8.433 1.0061 9411 7.13 0.991
3.0 30.55 989.7 1.0164 8.484 1.0106 14201 10.81 0.987
4.0 40.97 985.1 1.0243 8.533 1.0161 19044 14.56 0.984
5.0 51.51 980.4 1.0302 8.581 1.0200 23841 18.39 0.980
6.0 62.16 975.5 1.0359 8.629 1.0261 28890 22.30 0.975
7.0 72.92 970.5 1.0417 8.677 1.0304 33892 26.30 0.971
8.0 83.79 966.3 1.0474 8.725 1.0359 38946 30.38 0.968
9.0 94.78 960.1 1.0531 8.772 1.0416 44063 34.55 0.961

10.0 105.88 954.7 1.0588 8.820 1.0476 49214 38.82 0.956
11.0 117.11 949.2 1.0646 8.868 1.0535 54430 43.18 0.951
12.0 128.45 943.6 1.0704 8.916 1.0597 59700 47.64 0.946

13.0 139.91 938.0 1.0762 8.965 1.0661 65028 52.20 0.940
14.0 151.49 932.3 1.0821 9.014 1.0726 70413 56.87 0.934
15.0 163.21 928.5 1.0881 9.063 1.0793 75858 61.65 0.928
16.0 175.05 920.7 1.0941 9.114 1.0862 81363 66.55 0.922
Baker Hughes INTEQ

bbl H2O
17.0 187.03 918.8 1.1002 9.164 1.0931 86930 71.56 0.915
18.0 199.14 908.9 1.1064 9.216 1.1003 92561 76.68 0.908
19.0 211.40 902.9 1.1126 9.268 1.1076 98257 81.95 0.901
20.0 223.80 896.8 1.1190 9.321 1.1151 104019 87.34 0.894
21.0 236.34 890.7 1.1254 9.375 1.1227 109850 92.87 0.886
22.0 249.04 884.5 1.1320 9.429 1.1305 116750 98.54 0.878
23.0 261.88 878.3 1.1386 9.485 1.1386 121721 104.36 0.870
24.0 274.88 872.0 1.1453 9.541 1.1467 127763 110.33 0.862
25.0 288.04 865.7 1.1522 9.598 1.1552 133880 116.46 0.854
26.0 301.36 859.3 1.1591 9.666 1.1638 140071 122.75 0.845
27.0 314.84 852.8 1.1661 9.714 1.1726 146337 129.22 0.836
28.0 328.49 846.2 1.1732 9.773 1.1817 152680 135.87 0.827

29.0 342.30 839.6 1.1804 9.832 1.1911 159100 142.70 0.818
30.0 356.29 832.8 1.1876 9.883 1.2007 165599 149.73 0.809
31.0 370.44 826.0 1.1950 9.954 1.2106 172176 156.96 0.799
32.0 384.76 819.1 1.2024 10.016 1.2209 178833 164.41 0.789
5-59
5-60
bbl H2O
33.0 399.25 812.1 1.2099 10.078 1.2314 185569 172.08 0.780
34.0 413.92 804.9 1.2174 10.141 1.2423 192386 179.98 0.770
35.0 428.76 797.7 1.2250 10.204 1.2536 199283 188.12 0.760
36.0 443.77 790.3 1.2327 10.268 1.2653 206261 196.52 0.750
37.0 458.96 782.9 1.2404 10.333 1.2773 213320 205.19 0.740
38.0 474.32 775.3 1.2482 10.398 1.2899 220459 214.13 0.730
39.0 489.85 767.6 1.2560 10.463 1.3028 227679 223.37 0.719
40.0 505.56 759.7 1.2639 10.528 1.3163 234981 232.91 0.709
41.0 521.44 751.7 1.2718 10.594 1.3303 242363 242.78 0.699
42.0 537.50 743.6 1.2798 10.660 1.3448 249826 252.99 0.689
43.0 553.73 735.3 1.2877 10.727 1.3599 257369 263.56 0.678

44.0 570.13 726.9 1.2958 10.794 1.3756 264993 274.51 0.668
45.0 586.71 718.4 1.3038 10.861 1.3920 272697 285.85 0.658
46.0 603.46 709.7 1.3119 10.928 1.4091 280482 297.61 0.648
47.0 620.38 700.8 1.3200 10.996 1.4269 288348 309.82 0.638
48.0 637.48 691.8 1.3281 11.063 1.4454 296296 322.50 0.627
Baker Hughes INTEQ

bbl H2O
49.0 654.76 682.7 1.3362 11.131 1.4648 304325 335.67 0.617
50.0 672.21 673.5 1.3444 11.199 1.4850 312436 349.37 0.607
51.0 689.84 664.0 1.3526 11.267 1.5081 320630 363.63 0.597
52.0 707.65 654.4 1.3609 11.336 1.5281 328908 378.48 0.587
53.0 725.64 644.7 1.3691 11.405 1.5512 337272 393.97 0.576
54.0 743.82 634.8 1.3774 11.474 1.5754 345722 410.13 0.566
55.0 762.19 624.7 1.3858 11.544 1.6007 354262 427.01 0.556
56.0 780.76 614.6 1.3942 11.614 1.6272 362893 444.65 0.546
57.0 799.54 604.2 1.4027 11.684 1.6550 371618 463.12 0.535
58.0 818.52 593.8 1.4112 11.756 1.6841 380440 482.46 0.526
59.0 837.71 583.2 1.4199 11.827 1.7147 389363 502.75 0.514
60.0 857.14 572.5 1.4286 11.900 1.7469 398391 52706 0.504

61.0 876.80 561.6 1.4374 11.973 1.7807 407529 546.45 0.493
62.0 896.71 550.6 1.4463 12.048 1.8162 416783 570.02 0.482
63.0 916.88 539.5 1.4564 12.123 1.8537 426167 594.87 0.471
64.0 937.32 528.2 1.4646 12.200 1.8932 435661 621.10 0.459
5-61
5-62
bbl H2O
65.0 958.06 516.8 1.4739 12.278 1.9349 445300 648.83 0.447
66.0 979.11 505.3 1.4835 12.358 1.9790 455083 678.19 0.436
67.0 1000.49 493.7 1.4933 12.439 2.0267 465020 709.33 0.423
68.0 1022.22 481.9 1.5033 12.522 2.0751 476121 742.41 0.409
69.0 1044.33 470.0 1.5135 12.608 2.1275 486397 777.63 0.396
70.0 1066.84 458.0 1.5241 12.695 2.1832 495861 815.20 0.381
71.0 1089.79 445.9 1.5349 12.788 2.2425 506525 855.35 0.366
72.0 1113.20 433.7 1.5461 12.879 2.3058 517405 898.38 0.350
73.0 1137.10 421.3 1.5677 12.976 2.3734 528517 944.59 0.333
74.0 1181.54 408.8 1.5697 13.075 2.4459 539876 994.36 0.314

75.0 1186.56 398.2 1.5821 13.179 2.5238 551503 1048.11 0.294
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Properties of 85% Calcium Nitrate Solutions (at 25°C)
H2O Using Volume

Specific 85% Increase-
Percent Gravity Density 85% Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Calcium Factor Aw
Weight (g/cm3) (lb/gal) Ca(NO3)2 (L/m3) (mg/L) (mg/L) 85%
Ca(NO3)2
1 1.005 8.39 10 997 10089 2080 1.002 0.998
2 1.012 8.45 20 993 20043 4191 1.007 0.995
3 1.019 8.5 30 989 30762 5327 1.011 0.993
4 1.026 8.56 41 985 41349 8490 1.016 0.990
5 1.033 8.62 51 980 52105 10680 1.021 0.988
6 1.040 8.68 62 976 63036 12897 1.025 0.985
7 1.047 8.74 73 972 74143 15142 1.030 0.983
8 1.054 8.80 84 968 85429 17416 1.034 0.980
9 1.061 8.85 95 963 96898 19718 1.039 0.977
10 1.068 8.91 106 959 108552 22050 1.044 0.974

11 1.075 8.97 118 954 120395 24411 1.049 0.972
Properties of 85% Calcium Nitrate Solutions
12 1.082 9.03 129 950 132429 26802 1.054 0.969

13 1.090 9.09 141 945 144657 29224 1.059 0.966
14 1.097 9.15 152 940 157083 31676 1.064 0.963
15 1.104 9.21 164 935 169708 34160 1.069 0.960
5-63
5-64
H2O Using Volume
Specifc 85% Increase-
Ca(NO3)2
16 1.111 9.27 175 930 182538 36676 1.074 0.956
17 1.119 9.34 189 925 195573 39224 1.080 0.953
18 1.126 9.40 201 920 208818 41805 1.086 0.950
19 1.134 9.46 214 915 222274 44419 1.092 0.948
20 1.141 9.52 226 910 235946 47067 1.098 0.942
21 1.149 9.58 239 905 249836 49748 1.104 0.939
22 1.156 9.65 252 899 263948 52464 1.111 0.935
23 1.164 9.71 265 894 278283 56215 1.117 0.931
24 1.171 9.78 279 888 292846 58001 1.124 0.927
25 1.179 9.84 292 882 307538 60823 1.132 0.922
26 1.187 9.91 306 876 322664 63681 1.139 0.918

27 1.195 9.97 320 871 337925 66576 1.147 0.913
28 1.203 10.04 334 865 353426 69508 1.155 0.909
29 1.211 10.10 348 858 369169 72477 1.163 0.904
30 1.219 10.17 362 852 385156 75484 1.172 0.898
Baker Hughes INTEQ

H2O Using Volume

Ca(NO3)2
31 1.227 10.24 377 846 401392 78530 1.181 0.893
32 1.235 10.31 392 839 417878 81614 1.190 0.888
33 1.243 10.38 406 833 434618 84738 1.200 0.882
34 1.252 10.44 421 826 451615 87901 1.210 0.876
35 1.260 10.51 437 820 468872 91105 1.220 0.870
36 1.268 10.59 452 813 486392 94349 1.231 0.864
37 1.277 10.66 468 806 504178 97634 1.242 0.857
38 1.286 10.73 484 799 522232 100961 1.253 0.851
39 1.294 10.80 500 791 540558 104329 1.265 0.844
40 1.303 10.87 516 784 559159 107740 1.278 0.837

41 1.312 10.95 532 776 578038 111193 1.291 0.829
42 1.321 11.02 549 769 597197 114690 1.304 0.821
43 1.33 11.10 566 761 616640 118230 1.318 0.814
44 1.339 11.17 583 753 636370 121815 1.332 0.805
45 1.348 11.25 600 745 656389 125444 1.347 0.797
5-65
5-66
H2O Using Volume

Ca(NO3)2
46 1.357 11.33 617 737 676701 129117 1.362 0.788
47 1.367 11.41 635 729 697308 132837 1.377 0.779
48 1.376 11.49 653 720 718214 136602 1.394 0.770
49 1.386 11.57 671 712 739421 140413 1.410 0.760
50 1.396 11.65 689 703 760933 144271 1.428 0.751
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Chemical Information
This section contains the following information:
• International Atomic Weights
• Chemical Formulas of Common Treating Agents
• Moh's Hardness Scale
• Specific Gravity & Hardness: Common Oil Field

Materials
• pH Ranges of Common Indicators
• Approximate pH of Acids, Bases, and Oil Field

Chemicals
• Normality (N) of Solutions
• Chemicals Required to Remove Ionic

Contaminants
• Effect of Salt on Calcium Solubility @ 72°F
• Effect of Caustic Soda on Calcium Solubility @

72°F

International Atomic Weights
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Weight*

Actinium Ac 89 227.0278
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815
Americium Am 95 (243)
Antimony Sb 51 121.75
Argon Ar 18 39.948
Arsenic As 33 74.9216
Astatine At 85 (210)
Barium Ba 56 137.34
Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122
Bismuth Bi 83 208.9804
Boron B 5 10.81
Bromine Br 35 79.904
Cadmium Cd 48 112.40
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Carbon C 6 12.011
Cerium Ce 58 140.12
Cesium Cs 55 132.9054
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453
Chromium Cr 24 51.996
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332
Copper Cu 29 63.546
Curium Cm 96 (247)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
Einsteinium Es 99 (254)
Erbium Er 68 167.26
Europium Eu 63 151.96
Fermium Fm 100 (257)
Fluorine F 9 18.9984
Francium Fr 87 (223)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Germanium Ge 32 72.59
Gold Au 79 196.9665
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49

International Atomic Weights (continued)
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Weight*

Hahnium Ha 105 (262)
Helium He 2 4.0026
Holmium Ho 67 164.9304
Hydrogen H 1 1.0079
Iridium In 49 114.82
Iodine I 53 126.9045
Iridium Ir 77 192.22
Iron Fe 26 55.847
Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Lanthanum La 57 138.9055
Lawerencium Lr 103 (260)
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Lithium Li 3 6.941
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97
Magnesium Mg 12 24.305
Manganese Mn 25 54.9380
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Neon Ne 10 20.179
Neptunium Np 93 237.0482
Nickel Ni 28 58.70
Niobium Nb 41 92.9064
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Nobelium No 102 (255)
Osmium Os 76 190.2
Oxygen O 8 15.9994
Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Phosphorus P 15 30.9738
Platinum Pt 78 195.09
Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Polonium Po 84 (209)
Potassium K 19 39.098
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077
Promethium PM 61 (145)
Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359

International Atomic Weights (continued)
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic

Number Weight*
Radium Ra 88 226.0254
Radon Rn 86 (222)
Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Scandium SC 21 44.9559
Selenium Se 34 78.96
Silicon Si 14 28.086
Silver Ag 47 107.868
Sodium Na 11 22.9898
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Sulfur S 16 32.06
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
Technetium (Masurium) Tc 43 (97)
Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Terbium Tb 65 158.9254
Thallium TI 81 204.37
Thorium Th 90 232.0381
Thulium Tm 69 168.9342
Tin Sn 50 118.69
Titanium Ti 22 47.90
Tungsten W 74 183.85
Uranium U 92 238.029
Vanadium V 23 50.9414
Xenon Xe 54 131.30
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Yttrium Y 39 88.9059
Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
* Parentheses ( ) denote most stable or best-known isotope.

Source: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Sixth Edition.

Chemical Formulas of Common Treating Agents
Common Treating Agent Chemical Formula

Aluminum stearate Al(Cl8H36O2)3
Ammonium bisulfite (NH4)HSO3
Anhydrite CaSO4
Barite (MIL-BAR®) BaSO4
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Calcium chloride CaCl2
Caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) NaOH
Caustic potash (Potassium hydroxide) KOH
Galena (Lead sulfide) PbS
Gypsum CaSO4 • 2H2O
Lime Ca(OH)2
Potassium chloride KCl
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Quick lime CaO
Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) Na2H2P2O7
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Sodium carbonate (Soda ash) Na2CO3
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose RCH2COO–Na+
Sodium sulfite Na2SO3
Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3
Zinc carbonate (MIL-GARD®) 2ZnCO3 • 3Zn(OH)2
Moh's Hardness Scale
Mineral Scale
Talc 1 (softest)
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Flourite 4
Apatite 5
Orthoclase Feldspar 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10

Specific Gravity & Hardness: Common Oil Field

Materials
Chemical Specific Moh’s

Material
Formula Gravity Hardness
Anhydrite CaSO4 2.9 
Attapulgite  2.3 - 2.7 
(SALTWATER GEL®)
Barite (MIL-BAR®) BaSO4 4.0 - 4.5 3.0 - 3.5
Bentonite (MILGEL®)  2.3 - 2.7 1.0 - 2.0
Calcite (Limestone) CaCO3 2.7 - 2.9 3.0
Calcium chloride CaCl2 1.95 
Cement  3.1 - 3.2 
Clay  2.5 - 2.7 
Diesel oil  0.85 
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 2.86 3.5 - 4.0
Feldspar  2.4 - 2.7 
Galena PbS 6.95 2.5 - 2.75
Graphite C 2.09 - 2.23 1.0 - 2.0
Gypsum CaSO4 • 2H2O 2.30 - 2.37 2.0
Halite (Salt) NaCl 2.16 - 2.17 2.5
Hematite (DENSIMIX®) Fe2O3 5.0 - 5.3 5.0 - 6.0
Illite (Clay)  2.6 - 2.9 1.0 - 2.0
Ilmenite FeTiO3 4.68 - 4.76 5.0 - 6.0
Magnesite MgCO3 2.98 - 3.44 3.5 - 4.5
Montmorillonite (Clay)  2.0 - 3.0 1.0 - 2.0
Pyrite FeS2 5.02 6.0 - 6.5
Quartz SiO2 2.65 7.0
Salt NaCl 2.2 
Sand  2.1 - 2.7 
Shale  2.2 - 2.9 
Siderite FeCO3 3.96 4.0 - 4.5
Slate  2.7 - 2.8 
Smithsonite ZnCO3 3.8 4.0 - 4.5
Sylvite KCl 1.99 2.0
(Muriate of potash)
Water (Fresh) H2O 1.00 

pH Ranges of Common Indicators
Name pH Range Color → Change

Cresol red* 0.4 - 1.8 Red → Yellow
7.0 - 8.8 Yellow → Red
Thymol blue 1.2 - 2.8 Red → Yellow
Metacresol purple* 1.2 - 2.8 Red → Yellow
7.4 - 9.0 Yellow → Purple
Bromophenol blue 3.0 - 4.6 Yellow → Blue
Congo red 3.0 - 5.0 Blue → Red
Methyl orange 3.2 - 4.4 Red → Yellow
Bromocresol green 3.8 - 5.4 Yellow → Blue
Ethyl red 4.0 - 5.8 Colorless → Red
Methyl red 4.8 - 6.0 Red → Yellow
Bromocresol purple 5.2 - 6.8 Yellow → Purple
Bromothymol blue 6.0 - 7.6 Yellow → Blue
Phenol red 6.6 - 8.0 Yellow → Red
Neutral red 6.8 - 8.0 Red → Amber
* (Cresol red) 7.0 - 8.8 Yellow → Red
* (Metacresol purple) 7.4 - 9.0 Yellow → Purple
Phenolphthalein 8.2 - 10.0 Colorless → Pink
Thymolphthalein 9.4 - 10.6 Colorless → Blue
Alizarin yellow R 10.1 - 12.0 Yellow → Red
2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene 11.5 - 13.0 Colorless → Orange
1,3,5 Trinitrobenzene 12.0 - 14.0 Colorless → Orange

Approximate pH of Acids, Bases, and Oil Field

Chemicals
Acids pH
Acetic, N 2.4
Acetic, 0.1N 2.9
Acetic, 0.01N 3.4
Alum, 0.1N 3.2
Boric, 0.1N 5.2
Carbonic (saturated) 3.8
Citric, 0.1N 2.2
Formic, 0.1N 2.3
Hydrochloric, N 0.1
Hydrochloric, 0.1N 1.1
Hydrochloric, 0.01N 2.0
Hydrogen sulfide, 0.1N 4.1
Orthophosphoric, 0.1N 1.5
Oxalic, 0.1N 1.6
Sulfuric, N 0.3
Sulfuric, 0.1N 1.2
Sulfuric, 0.01N 2.1
Sulfurous, 0.1N 1.5
Bases pH
Ammonia, N 11.6
Ammonia, 0.1N 11.1
Ammonia, 0.01N 10.6
Borax, 0.1N 9.2
Calcium carbonate (saturated) 9.4
Calcium hydroxide (saturated) 12.4
Ferrous hydroxide (saturated) 9.5
Lime (saturated) 12.4
Magnesia (saturated) 10.5
Potassium hydroxide, N 14.0
Potassium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Potassium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0
Sodium bicarbonate, 0.1N 8.4
Sodium carbonate, 0.1N 11.6
Sodium hydroxide, N 14.0
Sodium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Sodium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0

Approximate pH of Acids, Bases, and Oil Field

Chemicals (continued)
Oil Field Chemicals pH

CHEMTROL® X 9.0 - 10.0
FILTREX 10.0
LIGC® 5.0 - 6.0
LIGCON® 9.0 - 10.0
MILSTARCH® 7.0
MIL-TEMP® (ALL-TEMP) 7.0
NEW-DRILL® HP (2% solution) 10.2
NEW-TROL 9.0 - 10.0
OILFOS® 7.0
PERMA-LOSE HT 7.0
PROTECTOMAG® M 7.0
SAPP 4.2
SHALE-TROL® 2.0 - 3.0
*SOLTEX 8.2
UNI-CAL® (3% solution) ≈ 3.0
* SOLTEX is a registered trademark of Drilling Specialities Company.
Normality (N) of Solutions

The normality (N) of a solution is the number of equivalent
weights of a chemical (solute) per liter of solution. The
equivalent weight of an acid or base depends upon the
reaction it undergoes. In most reactions in fluid systems, an
equivalent weight (1) is the molecular weight of the
chemical divided by the charges (+ or –) supplied to the
reaction. For example, what is the equivalent weight of
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)?
H2SO4 = (2 − Hydrogen) + (1− Sulfur) + (4 − Oxygen)
Molecular
= ( 2 × 1 ) + ( 1 × 32 ) + ( 4 × 16 ) = 98
weight
As an acid, H2SO4 supplies 2 H+ ions or a total of 2(+).

Therefore, one equivalent weight of H2SO4 is equal to:
98 = 49 g of H2SO4
------
2

A 1.0N solution of H2SO4 would have 49 g of acid and

enough water to bring the total volume of solution of one
liter (1000 mL). A 0.1N solution of H2SO4 would have 4.9 g
of acid and enough water to bring the total volume of
solution of one liter (1000 mL).
Chemicals Required to Remove Ionic Contaminants
Contaminant Treating Chemical

(mg/L) × Factor = (lbm/bbl)
Ca++ × 0.00093 = Na2CO3 (Soda ash)
Ca++ × 0.00074 = NaHCO3 (Bicarb.of soda)*
Ca++ × 0.00097 = Na2H2P2O7 (SAPP)
Ca++ × 0.00173 = BaCO3 (Barium carbonate)
Mg++ × 0.00093 = Na2CO3
Mg++ × 0.00116 = NaOH (Caustic soda)*
SO4= × 0.00073 = BaCO3
CO3= × 0.00043 = Ca(OH)2 (Lime)**
CO3= × 0.00100 = CaSO4 • 2H2O (Gypsum)
HCO3– × 0.00021 = Ca(OH)2**
HCO3– × 0.00200 = NaOH (Caustic soda)
PO4≡ × 0.00041 Ca(OH)2**
* Best to use where pH and calcium are high.

** Use with caution; may cause high pH.
Example:
Titration of the filtrate shows a calcium level of 650 mg/L.
To remove all but approximately 100 mg/L, treat 550 mg/L
(650 − 100 = 550) of calcium with soda ash.
Therefore, soda ash required is approximately
550 × 0.00093 = 0.51 lbm/bbl.

Salt Table PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Salt Table PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formulas, Charts, Tables

5-32 Baker Hughes INTEQ

15.0 1.097 9.12 57.6 39.1 164,600 78,282 1.072 18.5

Cl–(mg/L) = K+ (mg/L) × 0.907

Baker Hughes INTEQ

Physical Properties of Potassium Carbonate

Wt S.G. Density K2CO3 K+ K2CO3 Water

Engineering Handbook 5-35

Baker Hughes INTEQ

Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions

Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions at 20°C —›

5-38 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Properties of Magnesium Chloride Solutions at 20°C (continued)

* Volume increase from 100% salt, i.e., from retort.

Engineering Handbook 5-39

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions at 20°C —›

5-40 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions at 20°C (continued)

Engineering Handbook 5-41

Properties of Calcium Chloride Solutions (at 20°C)

New H O H O New CaCl (lb /bbl) – 95% CaCl (lb /bbl)

Volume increase from salt = 42 ÷ New water

Volume increase from 78% salt = 42 ÷ 31.01 = 1.354

100% CaCl 2 (lb m /bbl) × % Purity CaCl2

5-42 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Physical Properties of Ammonium Chloride Solutions

8.4 1.007 7.0 0.990 1.98

8.45 1.013 10.5 0.981 3.00

8.5 1.020 19.0 0.969 5.30

8.6 1.031 30.0 0.940 8.40

8.7 1.044 42.0 0.919 11.50

8.8 1.055 53.0 0.900 14.40

8.9 1.068 65.0 0.881 17.40

9.0 1.079 77.0 0.860 20.40

9.1 1.128 88.0 0.840 23.00

9.2 1.103 100.0 0.819 25.90

9.5 1.139 135.0 0.750 33.90

Engineering Handbook 5-43

8.4 1.01 0.022 0.978 +31 1.0

3.33 9.0 1.08 0.203 0.797 +21 9.0

3.00 9.5 1.14 0.356 0.644 +9 15.0

9.7 1.16 0.420 0.580 +3 17.0

Baker Hughes INTEQ

2.89 10.0 1.20 0.510 0.490 –11 21.0

11.1 1.33 0.850 0.150 0 33.0

Ve = expansion factor gal/gal/°F; used with density adjustment calculations.

Preparation of Potassium Bromide-Base Solutions

bbl Water bbl KBr Crystallization

5-46 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Calcium-Chloride / Calcium-Bromide Solution

Brine 11.6 14.2 94 to 97%

11.7 .9714 .0246 3.5 +45

Engineering Handbook 5-47

14.0 .3143 .5903 83.3 +64

( lb /bbl ) = 95% CaCl 2 × 1.218

78% CaCl 2 95% CaCl 2

5-48 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Preparation of Calcium Bromide-Base Solutions

CaCl2 / CaBr2 bbl 14.2 bbl Fresh

Engineering Handbook 5-49

Preparation of Calcium Bromide-Base Solutions

Brine Density bbl Fresh Water lb 95% CaBr2