Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education; it thus

concerns the study of how best to teach. Spanning a broad range of practice, its aims range
from furthering liberal education (the general development of human potential) to the narrower
specifics of vocational education (the imparting and acquisition of specific skills).
Instructive strategies are governed by the pupil's background knowledge and experience,
situation, and environment, as well as learning goals set by the student and teacher. One
example would be the Socratic schools of thought.[1][2][3]
The teaching of adults, as a specific group, is referred to as andragogy.

History
Johann Friedrich Herbart (4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) is the founding father of the
conceptualization of pedagogy, or, the theory of education. Herbart's educational philosophy
and pedagogy highlighted the correlation between personal development and the resulting
benefits to society. In other words, Herbart proposed that humans become fulfilled once they
establish themselves as productive citizens. Herbartianism refers to the movement
underpinned by Herbart's theoretical perspectives.[4] Referring to the teaching process,
Herbart suggested 5 steps as crucial components. Specifically, these 5 steps include:
preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application.[5] Herbart suggests
that pedagogy relates to having assumptions as an educator and a specific set of abilities with
a deliberate end goal in mind.[6]

Etymology and pronunciation

The word is a derivative of the Greek παιδαγωγία (paidagōgia), from παιδαγωγός
(paidagōgos), itself a synthesis of ἄγω (ágō), "I lead", and παῖς (país, genitive παιδός, paidos)
"child": hence, "to lead a child."[7] It is pronounced variously, as /ˈpɛdəɡɒdʒi/, /ˈpɛdəɡoʊdʒi/,
or /ˈpɛdəɡɒɡi/.[8][9] Negative connotations of pedantry have sometimes been intended, or
taken, at least from the time of Samuel Pepys in the 1650s.[10]

Academic degrees
An academic degree, Ped. D., Doctor of Pedagogy, is awarded honorarily by some US
universities to distinguished teachers (in the US and UK, earned degrees within the instructive
field are classified as an Ed. D., Doctor of Education or a Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy). The
term is also used to denote an emphasis in education as a specialty in a field (for instance, a
Doctor of Music degree in piano pedagogy).

Pedagogues
Douris Man with wax tablet
The word pedagogue means "leading children" some say to the teacher and other leading
them, that mean raise and develop dignity and virtue.
In Denmark, a pedagogue is a practitioner of pedagogy. The term is primarily used for
individuals who occupy jobs in pre-school education (such as kindergartens and nurseries) in
Scandinavia. But a pedagogue can occupy various kinds of jobs, e.g. in retirement homes,
prisons, orphanages, and human resource management. These are often recognized as
social pedagogues as they perform on behalf of society.
The pedagogue's job is usually distinguished from a teacher's by primarily focusing on
teaching children life-preparing knowledge such as social skills and cultural norms. There is
also a very big focus on care and well-being of the child. Many pedagogical institutions also
practice social inclusion. The pedagogue's work also consists of supporting the child in their
mental and social development.[11]
In Denmark all pedagogues are educated at a series of national institutes for social educators
located in all major cities. The education is a 3.5-year academic course, giving the student the
title of a Bachelor in Social Education (Danish: Professionsbachelor som pædagog).[12]
It is also possible to earn a master's degree in pedagogy/educational science from the
University of Copenhagen. This BA and MA program has a more theoretical focus compared
to the above-mentioned Bachelor in Social Education.
In Hungary, the word pedagogue (pedagógus) is synonymous with teacher (tanár); therefore,
teachers of both primary and secondary schools may be referred to as pedagogues, a word
that appears also in the name of their lobbyist organizations and labor unions (e.g. Labor
Union of Pedagogues, Democratic Labor Union of Pedagogues[13]). However, undergraduate
education in Pedagogy does not qualify students to become teachers in primary or secondary
schools but makes them able to apply to be educational assistants. As of 2013, the 5-year
training period was re-installed in place of the undergraduate and postgraduate division which
characterized the previous practice.[14]

Andragogy refers to methods and principles used in adult education.[1][2] From the Greek,
"andr-", meaning "man", and "agogus", meaning "leader of", it literally means "leader of man",
whereas "pedagogy" literally means "leading children".[3] However, pedagogy concerns the
theory and practice of educating people of all ages

Definitions
Two primary understandings of "andragogy" exist:
1. The science of understanding (theory) and supporting (practice) lifelong education of
adults.
2. In the tradition of Malcolm Knowles, a specific theoretical and practical approach, based
on a humanistic conception of self-directed and autonomous learners and teachers as
facilitators of learning.
Interpreted broadly throughout academic literature, the term also invites other definitions such
as "adult education practice", "desirable values", "specific teaching methods", "reflections", and
"academic discipline", with many authors claiming it to be better than traditional adult
education.
The term has been used by some to allow discussion of contrast between self-directed and
self-taught education.[5]
History
The term was originally coined by German educator Alexander Kapp in 1833. Andragogy was
developed into a theory of adult education by Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy. It was later
popularized in the US by the American educator Malcolm Knowles. Knowles asserted that
andragogy (Greek: "man-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly used
term pedagogy (Greek: "child-leading").
Knowles collected ideas about a theory of adult education from the end of World War II until he
was introduced to the term "andragogy". In 1966, Knowles met Dusan Savicevic in Boston.
Savicevic was the one who shared the term andragogy with Knowles and explained how it
was used in the European context. In 1967, Knowles made use of the term "androgogy" to
explain his theory of adult education. Then after consulting Merriam-Webster, he corrected the
spelling of the term to "andragogy" and continued to make use of the term to explain his
collection of ideas about adult learning.
Knowles' theory can be stated with six assumptions related to motivation of adult learning:[6]
[7]
1. Need to know: Adults need to know the reason for learning something.
2. Foundation: Experience (including error) provides the basis for learning activities.
3. Self-concept: Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education;
involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction.
4. Readiness: Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance
to their work and/or personal lives.
5. Orientation: Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.
6. Motivation: Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators.
In most European countries, the Knowles discussion played, at best, a marginal role.
"Andragogy" was, from 1970 on, connected with emerging academic and professional
institutions, publications, or programs, triggered by a similar growth of adult education in
practice and theory as in the United States. "Andragogy" functioned here as a header for
(places of) systematic reflections, parallel to other academic headers like "biology",
"medicine", and "physics".
Examples of this use of andragogy are the Yugoslavian (scholarly) journal for adult education,
named Andragogija in 1969, and the Yugoslavian Society for Andragogy; at Palacky
University in Olomouc (Czech republic) the Katedra sociologie a andragogiky (Sociology and
Andragogy Department) was established in 1990. Also, Prague University has a Katedra
Andragogiky (Andragogical Department); in 1993, Slovenia's Andragoski Center Republike
Slovenije (Slovenian Republic Andragogy Center) was founded with the journal Andragoska
Spoznanja; in 1995, Bamberg University (Germany) named a Lehrstuhl Andragogik
(Androgogy Chair).
On this formal level "above practice" and specific approaches, the term "andragogy" could be
used relating to all types of theories, for reflection, analysis, training, in person-oriented
programs, or human resource development.