MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

POINT 1; WHAT IS MEANT BY DEFORMED WITHOUT FAILURE IS THAT ALUMINIUM IS

EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE AND DUCTILE SO IT IS VERY EASY IN PROCESSING AND IT CAN BE FORMED
INTO DESIRED SHAPE.
POINT 3; WHICH IS QUITE LOW COMPARED TO OTHER METALS. HOWEVER, ALLOYING THE
ALUMINIUM LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN STRENGTH AND ENHANCE OTHER PROPERTIES.
SO WHAT IS ALUMINIUM ALLOY? ALUMINIUM IS WHERE OTHER ELEMENTS ARE ADDED TO
PURE ALUMINIUM, PRIMARILY TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH.
ALLOY ARE ASSIGNED IN FOUR DIGIT NUMBERS, IN WHICH THE FIRST DIGIT IDENTIFIES THE
GENERAL CLASS OR SERIES, CHARACTERIZED BY ITS MAIN ALLOYING ELEMENTS.
FOR EXAMPLES: THE FIRST SERIES; WHICH IS 1XXX – IS THE COMERCIALLY PURE ALUMINIUM,
SO THIS SERIES COMPRISE OF ALUMINIUM 99% OR HIGHER PURITY. THIS SERIES HAS
EXCELLENT CORROSION RESISTANCE, EXCELLENT WORKABILITY, AS WELL AS HIGH THERMAL
AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY.
2XXX SERIES - In the 2xxx series, copper is the element added the aluminum. These alloys
possess a good combination of high strength and toughness over a wide range of temperature
but do not have the levels of atmospheric corrosion resistance like other aluminum alloys.
BASICALLY THERE ARE SO MANY SERIES, I THINK THEY’RE UP TO 9 SERIES OF ALUMINUM
ALLOY. EACH OF THEM HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES dependent on their specific chemistry and
particular application on service requirements.

CORROSION RESISTANCE – Oxide Layer

The oxide layer can be regarded as a protective film that forms on aluminum when aluminum
comes into contact with oxygen. The oxide layer provides protection against corrosion. That is
why aluminum does not rust or corrode in the moist conditions. The oxide layer is stable in the
pH range 4-9. However, if aluminum is exposed to very acidic or very alkaline environments
outside the pH range of 4-9, violent metal corrosion will occur.
The corrosion allowance for aluminum and aluminum alloy is 0.5 mm.
CORROSION PREVENTION
– Protective coatings
The application of a paint coating is a cost-effective way of preventing corrosion. Paint coatings act as a barrier
to prevent the transfer of electrochemical charge from the corrosive solution to the metal underneath.

– Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection using aluminum anodes is accomplished by coupling the metal structure to
be protected with a more active metal. This produces a galvanic cell in which the active metal
works as an anode and provides a flux of electrons to the structure, which then becomes the
cathode. The cathode is protected while the anode is progressively destroyed, and therefore is
called a sacrificial anode.

AVAILABILITY OF ALUMINIUM:
The most commercial forms of aluminum n aluminum alloys used in industrial are sheet, plate
and foil. Sheet and plate aluminum can be recycled continuously without loss of properties.
Recycling sheet and plate aluminum saves more than 90 percent of the energy otherwise required to
produce primary aluminum.

EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT IN INDUSTRY:

- FIN STOCK – fins coated with aluminum and is mainly used for the fins production of heat
exchanger, such as air conditioner condenser & evaporator.

LEAD
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
Point 1; Lead is very ductile (or malleable), it can be plastically deformed, and large deformations are
possible before the material breaks.

Point 2; The tensile strength of pure lead is quoted as 12-17 MPa, which is very much lower than that of
the other common metals.

Point 3; Lead has extremely low strength, thus it is unsuitable for applications that strength.

Same like aluminum, the strength of lead can be considerably improved by small additions of alloying
elements. Antimony, tin and copper are commonly used.
Unified Numbering System (UNS) has listed designations for various pure lead grades and lead-
base alloys.

 Pure leads L50000 - L50099

 Lead - silver alloys L50100 - L50199
 Lead - arsenic alloys L50300 - L50399
 Lead - barium alloys L50500 - L50599
 Lead - calcium alloys L50700 - L50899
 Lead - cadmium alloys L50900 - L50999
 Lead - copper alloys L51100 - L51199
 Lead - indium alloys L51500 - L51599
 Lead - lithium alloys L51700 - L51799
 Lead - antimony alloys L52500 - L53799
 Lead - tin alloys L54000 - L55099
 Lead - strontium alloys L55200 - L55299

CORROSION RESISTANCE
However, lead is corroded by alkalis at moderate or high rates, depending on,
temperature and concentration.