Chapter 2 - Metallic Materials

9/9/2023
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Chapter 2
Metallic materials
Giang V. H. Phan
9 September 2023
Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 1
2.1. Introduction
• Materials has shaped the development of civilizations since the beginning
of mankind
9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 2
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2.1. Introduction
• Chandrayaan-3 is the third mission in the Chandrayaan programme, a

series of lunar-exploration missions developed by the Indian Space
Research Organisation
• 'The Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument
onboard Chandrayaan-3 Rover has made the first-ever in-situ
measurements on the elemental composition of the lunar surface
near the south pole
2.1. Introduction
• Maraging steel played a vital role in Chandrayaan-3
• Maraging steels are martensitic steels that are strengthened by the
precipitation of nano-sized intermetallic phases
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2.1. Introduction
• Metallic materials are pure metals (gold, silver, copper, zinc, titanium,
iron etc) and alloys (composed of two or more elements, with at least
one being a metallic element), metallic bond is unique or predominant
• Metallic materials usually show extremely good conductors of
electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light, a polished metal
surface has a lustrous appearance, quite strong, deformable
2.1. Introduction
• Metals and alloys are commonly divided into two classes: ferrous
metals and alloys that contain a large percentage of iron such as the
steels and cast irons and nonferrous metals and alloys that do not
contain iron or contain only a relatively small amount of iron
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2.1. Introduction
• The ferrous alloys include steels and the cast irons, more than 90%
by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are steels
• Iron: less than 0.008 wt % C
• Steels: 0.008 - 2.14 wt % C (usually < 1 wt % )
• Cast iron: 2.14 - 6.7 wt % (usually < 4.5 wt %), relatively higher
resistant to corrosion compare with carbon steel, low melting
temperature, easy casting, high damping
steel lattice tower

2.1. Introduction
• Steels divide to carbon steel and alloy steel
• Alloy steel is a class of steel that, in addition to carbon, is alloyed with
other elements, ranging from 1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, to enhance the
various properties, elements commonly include manganese, nickel,
chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron; less common
elements include aluminium, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium,
titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium
• Low alloy steels generally contain less than 8 wt.% non-iron elements,
whereas high-alloy steels contain more than 8 wt.% non-iron
elements. Both typically have superior mechanical properties in
comparison to carbon steels
• Stainless steel or inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable", is a steel
alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass
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2.1. Introduction
Element Symbol wt. % Function

Aluminium Al 0.95–1.30 Alloying element in nitriding steels
Bismuth Bi – Improves machinability
Boron B 0.001–0.003 Improves hardenability
Chromium Cr 0.5–2.0 Improves hardenability
4–18 Corrosion resistance
Copper Cu 0.1–0.4 Corrosion resistance
Lead Pb – Improves machinability
Manganese Mn 0.25–0.40 Prevents brittleness in combination
with sulfur
>1 Increases hardenability
2.1. Introduction
Molybdenum Mo 0.2–0.5 Inhibits grain growth
Nickel Ni 2–5 Increases toughness
12–20 Improves corrosion resistance
Silicon Si 0.2–0.7 Increases strength and hardenability
2 Increases yield strength (spring steel)
Higher % Increases magnetic properties
Sulfur S 0.08–0.15 Improves machinability (free-machining
steel properties)
Titanium Ti – Reduces martensitic hardness in Cr steels
Tungsten W – Increases hardness at high temperatures
Vanadium V 0.15 Increases strength while maintaining
ductility, promotes fine grain structure
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2.1. Introduction
• Nonferrous metals and alloys include the other metallic elements and
their alloys, play a large and indispensable role in our technology
• Aluminum alloys are best known for low density and corrosion
resistance
• Magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys, zinc
alloys, lead alloys, the superalloys Inconel (nickel–chromium–iron) and
Hastelloy (nickel–molybdenum–iron–chromium), the refractory
metals include molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, and
tungsten, precious metals include gold, iridium, osmium, palladium,
platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and silver
2.1. Introduction
• Pure gold is soft and malleable:

not allow created jewelry 
making alloys
• White gold is alloys of gold and
white metals such as nickel,
silver and palladium, usually
with a rhodium coating (rose
gold is a blend with copper and
silver)
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2.1. Introduction
• Aluminum alloys are alloys in which Al is the predominant metal
• Aluminum alloys widely use in
engineering structures and
components, light weight or
corrosion resistance is required
• High purity of Al (>99%) : used
in the electrical and chemical
industries, food packaging
• Alloys Al-Mn used as general-
purpose alloys for common
architectural applications and
various products
Body: Al-Mn,
Ends: Al-Mg
2.1. Introduction
• Alloys Al-Mg-Si (high strength and corrosion resistance, very good
surface finish) used for architecture and automotive application
• Alloys Al-Zn (and other elements, copper, magnesium, chromium, and

zirconium), used in aircraft structural components and other high-
strength applications
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2.1. Introduction
• Titanium alloys are alloys that contain a mixture of titanium and other
chemical elements, very high tensile strength and toughness (even at
extreme temperatures), light in weight, extraordinary corrosion
resistance
• Titanium alloys are used in gears (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al), springs, tubes for
pneumatic systems
• Ti-6Al-4V are mainly used for the airframe and engine parts, aircraft
turbines
• Body implants Ti-6Al-4V (6 and 4% of aluminum and vanadium)
2.2. Metallic crystal structures

• Most common metals (~ 90%) exist in one of three crystal structures:
face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC) and hexagonal
close-packed
Typical metals: α-Fe, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, W,

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Ta, Ra
Typical metals: Co, Ti, Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Sc, Y, Zr,
Tc, Ru, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Tl
Typical metals: Al, Ca, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt, Au, Pb, Sr, Rh,
Pd, Yb, Th, Ir
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• At room temperature β-tin (white tin) has a body tetragonal crystal

structure with a basis of one tin atom per lattice point. Below 13.5oC,
α-tin (gray tin) is the stable form and has the diamond cubic structure
with a lattice parameter of 0.495 nm (FCC with a basic of two tin
atoms)
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic

• Polonium is a radioactive chemical element (atomic number 84) that
was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie (1867 – 1934), who named the
element after her country, Poland
• Polonium crystallizes in a simple cubic structure
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie

was a Polish and French physicist
and chemist, the first woman to win
a Nobel Prize, the first person to
win a Nobel Prize twice, and the
only person to win a Nobel Prize in Irène Joliot-Curie, 1897 –1956, the
two scientific fields Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935
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aFCC= face-centered cubic; HCP = hexagonal close-packed; BCC =

body-centered cubic
2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

• The face-centered cubic: atoms located at each of the corners and the
centers of all the cube faces (copper, aluminum, silver, and gold)
• These spheres touch one another across a
face diagonal; the cube edge length a and
the atomic radius R a=𝟐 𝟐𝑹
a 𝟒𝑹 • The number of atoms per unit cell (Số nguyên

tử trong ô cơ sở): 4
N=8(1/8) + 6(1/2) = 4
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Coordination number: 12
Số phối trí của nguyên tử
• Coordination number: the number of nearest neighbor atoms or ions

surrounding an atom or ion
• Distance?
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• Linear density (LD, mật độ nguyên tử theo phương): number of
atoms per unit length (whose centers lie on the direction vector for a
specific crystallographic direction)
• Số nguyên tử / đơn vị chiều dài (nguyên tử/cm)
Cu, R=0.1278 nm

• Direction packing fraction (packing factor, hệ số xếp chặt của nguyên
tử theo phương)
• Tỷ lệ chiếm chỗ của nguyên tử / đơn vị chiều dài
• Determine linear density and packing

factor of [110], [100], [111] direction in
FCC copper having atomic radius of
0.1278 nm
• For the [110], LD = ; PF=
• For the [100], LD =
• For the [111], LD =
• For the [110] direction in FCC copper, the packing factor is 1

• For the [100] is  2 R  2 R  0 .71
a 2 2R
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• Planar density (PD, mật độ nguyên tử trên mặt phẳng) is number of
atoms per unit area that are centered on a particular crystallographic
plane
• PD = Số nguyên tử / đơn vị diện tích (nguyên tử/cm2)
• Consider the section of a (110) plane within an FCC unit cell total
equivalence of just 2 atoms, are on that plane
Cu, R=0.1278 nm

• Planar packing fraction = area of atom/area of unit cell, is the fraction
of the area of that plane actually covered by these atoms
• Hệ số xếp chặt nguyên tử trên mặt phẳng: Tỷ lệ chiếm chỗ của nguyên
tử / đơn vị diện tích
• Determine planar density and planar packing factor of (110), (100),

(111) planes in FCC copper having atomic radius of 0.1278 nm
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• Atomic density (number atoms/volume unit)
Cu, R=0.1278 nm
• Atomic packing fraction (atomic packing factor) is the fraction of space

occupied by atoms within a unit cell
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
𝑨𝑷𝑭 =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
• For the FCC structure, the atomic packing factor is 0.74, which is the
maximum packing possible for spheres all having the same diameter
• Show that the atomic packing factor for the FCC crystal structure is 0.74
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• Determine distance between family of plane in Aluminum (FCC),
R=0.143 nm.
• [100] a
• [110]
d hkl 
h2  k 2  l 2
• [111]
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• The theoretical density of a material can be calculated using the
properties of the crystal structure
•

• Gold (Au) exists in FCC structure, R = 0.1442 nm
• Draw the unit cell, find the lattice parameter a, number of atoms in
unit cell, and coordination number
• Determine packing factor in directions of [101], [100], [111]
• Determine packing factor in planes of (110), (010), (111), (200)
• Determine atomic packing factor in unit cell
• Knowing that MAu=197 g/mol, find the value of theoretical density of
Au (g/cm3)
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2.4. Body-centered cubic structure

• Body-centered cubic (BCC) structure: has a cubic unit cell with atoms
located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center
• Center and corner atoms touch one another along cube diagonals, and
unit cell length a and atomic radius R
• α-Fe, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, W
𝟒𝑹 a
4R
a
3
• The number of atoms per unit cell (Số nguyên
tử trong ô cơ sở): 2
N=8(1/8) + 1 = 2

Coordination number: 8
Số phối trí của nguyên tử
• Distance?
• Linear density (LD, mật độ nguyên tử theo phương): number of

atoms per unit length (whose centers lie on the direction vector for a
specific crystallographic direction)
• Số nguyên tử / đơn vị chiều dài (nguyên tử/cm)
• Find the LD (atoms/cm) in [110], [100], [111] direction of BCC Chrome
(Cr) R = 0.1249 nm
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• Direction packing fraction (packing factor, hệ số xếp chặt của nguyên
tử theo phương)
• Tỷ lệ chiếm chỗ của nguyên tử / đơn vị chiều dài
• Determine packing factor of [110],

[100], [111] direction in BCC Cr R =
0.1249 nm

• Planar density (PD, mật độ nguyên tử trên mặt phẳng) is number of
atoms per unit area that are centered on a particular crystallographic
plane
• PD = Số nguyên tử / đơn vị diện tích (nguyên tử/cm2)
• Planar packing fraction = area of atom/area of unit cell, is the fraction of
the area of that plane actually covered by these atoms
• Hệ số xếp chặt nguyên tử trên mặt phẳng: Tỷ lệ chiếm chỗ của nguyên tử
/ đơn vị diện tích
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• Determine planar density and planar packing factor of (110), (100),
(111) planes in BCC chrome having atomic radius of 0.1249 nm
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• Atomic density (number atoms/volume unit)
• Atomic packing fraction (atomic packing factor) is the fraction of space
occupied by atoms within a unit cell
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
𝑨𝑷𝑭 =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
• For the BCC structure, the atomic packing factor is 0.68

• Show that the atomic packing factor for the BCC crystal structure is 0.68

• Mo exists in BCC structure, R = 0.1363 nm
• Draw the unit cell, and find the lattice parameter, number of atoms in
unit cell, coordination number
• Determine packing factor in direction of [110], [100], [111]
• Determine packing factor in plane of (110), (100), (111)
• Determine atomic packing factor in unit cell
• Knowing that MMo = 95.94 g/mol, find the value of theoretical density
(g/cm3)
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2.5. Hexagonal close-packed structure

• The final common metallic crystal structure is hexagonal close-packed
(HCP, must be arranged as close as possible to each other), e.g.
cadmium, magnesium, titanium, and zinc
Bravais lattice
• The conventional HCP unit cell composed of three primitive

(smallest) unit cells
• The basis consists two atoms (0,0,0 and 2/3,1/3,1/2)

• The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that
form regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center.
Another plane that provides three additional atoms to the unit
cell is situated between the top and bottom planes
• The coordination number and the atomic packing factor for the HCP
crystal structure are the same as for FCC: 12 and 0.74
• The number of atoms per unit cell for

the HCP crystal structure: there are total
of 12 corner atoms, 2 face center and 3
midplane interior atoms
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a • Find relationship between a and R
• Ideal value c/a = 1.633? Why?
• Show that the atomic packing factor for HCP is
c 0.74 (for ideal value c/a = 1.633)
Volume of HCP unit cell = 6 x Area of 1 x Height

• Show that the c/a ratio for an ideal hexagonal close-packed structure
is 1.633
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• Calculate the volume of unit cell (cm3), APF value and theoretical
density (g/cm3) of metals in following cases
• Zinc crystal structure, a=0.2665 nm, c=0.4947 nm, M=65 g/mol
• Cobalt, R=0.1253 nm, c/a=1.6322, M=59 g/mol
• Beryllium R=0.1143 nm, c/a=1.568, M=9 g/mol
2.6. Interstitial sites

• Tetrahedral voids (formed by four spheres) and octahedral voids
(formed by six spheres)
• Lỗ hổng trong mạng tinh thể là không gian trống trong cấu trúc tinh thể
giới hạn bởi hình khối nhiều mặt, mỗi đỉnh là tâm nguyên tử tại nút mạng
tinh thể, kích thước lỗ hổng: được đánh giá bằng đường kính quả cầu lớn
nhất có thể đặt vào lỗ hổng đó, lỗ hổng khối 8 mặt và 4 mặt là yếu tố
quyết định khả năng hòa tan hợp chất khác dưới dạng xen kẽ
• Có hai loại lỗ hổng trong cấu trúc: lỗ hổng khối 8 mặt (octahedral site) tạo
bởi 6 nguyên tử, lỗ hổng khối 4 mặt (tetrahedral site) tạo bởi 4 nguyên tử
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• A face-centered cubic unit cell has total of eight tetrahedral voids,
four octahedral voids
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• A body-centered cubic unit cell has total of six octahedral voids and
twelve tetrahedral voids
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Body-centered cubic
2.8. Metallic alloys

• Alloy, a metallic material, composed of metals or metals combined
with non-metal elements, in form of a solid solution or a chemical
compound (intermetallic compound)
• Hợp kim là dung dịch rắn hoặc hợp chất hoá học của nhiều nguyên tố
kim loại hoặc giữa nguyên tố kim loại và phi kim, có những tính chất đặc
trưng của kim loại
• Combine gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes
white gold, and silver with copper produces sterling silver, bronze is
combination of copper and tin, brass is mixture of copper and zinc. Iron
combined with non-metallic carbon or silicon, produces alloys
called steel or silicon steel
• Commercial metallic alloys attempt to combine component’s beneficial
properties in order to create metals more useful for particular
applications than any of their component elements
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• An alloy will retain all the properties of a metal, such as electrical
conductivity, ductility, opaqueness, and luster
Brass, alloy of copper and zinc
Brass incense bowl
Gold plated brass bowl

• Liquid solution (liquid state)
• The water–alcohol system: complete solubility of alcohol in water is
the result of complete molecular mixing
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• Solid solution (solid state), essentially equivalent to liquid solution
• A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a
solvent, the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by
addition of the solutes, and remain in a single homogeneous phase
• The solute may incorporate into the solvent crystal
lattice substitutionally, by replacing a solvent particle in the lattice,
or interstitially, by fitting into the space between solvent particles
Solvent metal atom
Solutes element atom
• The solid solutions can be of two types: substitutional solid solution,

interstitial solid solution

• Solid solution of copper and nickel atoms sharing the FCC crystal
structure. Nickel acts as a solute dissolving in the copper solvent:
substitutional solid solution (nickel atoms are substituting for copper
atoms on the FCC atom sites)
• This configuration will tend to occur when the atoms do not differ
greatly in size
Solid solution of nickel in copper shown along a (100) plane. This is a

substitutional solid solution with nickel atoms substituting for copper atoms
on FCC atom sites
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• Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery
rules, may form if the solute and solvent have:
1. Similar atomic radius (15% or less difference)
2. The crystal structures of solute and solvent must be similar
3. The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity
4. Complete solubility occurs when the solvent and solute have the
same valency

• Copper nickel alloy
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• Copper silver alloy

• Ordered and random (disordered) substitutional solid solution
• Below approximately 390°C,

the Cu atoms preferentially
occupy the face-centered
positions, and the Au atoms
preferentially occupy corner
positions in the unit cell
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• Interstitial solid solutions form when the solute atom is small enough
to fit at interstitial sites between the solvent atoms
• Iron and carbon form an interstitial solid solution, max carbon can
added is roughly 2%, atomic radius of carbon atom is much less than
that of iron (0.071 nm vs. 0.124 nm)
• Elements commonly used to form interstitial solid solutions include H,
Li, Na, N, C, and O
• For interstitial solid solutions, the Carbon
Hume-Rothery rules are: interstitial
1. Solute atoms must be smaller atom in
than the pores in the solvent BCC iron
lattice
2. The solute and solvent should
have similar electronegativity
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• Đặc trưng của dung dịch rắn
• Trong dung dịch rắn, nguyên tố có lượng chứa nhiều hơn gọi là
nguyên tố dung môi, các nguyên tố khác là nguyên tố hòa tan
• Mạng tinh thể của dung dịch rắn là kiểu mạng của nguyên tố dung
môi
• Sự sắp xếp của nguyên tố chất tan trong mạng tinh thể của dung môi
thường không có quy luật, trong một số điều kiện nhất định, sự sắp
xếp này trở nên có quy luật tạo dung dịch rắn có trật tự
• Liên kết trong dung dịch rắn là liên kết kim loại

• Phân loại dung dịch rắn
• Dung dịch rắn thay thế: nguyên tử của nguyên tố hòa tan thay thế
nguyên tử của nguyên tố dung môi trong cấu trúc mạng của nguyên tố
dung môi, tùy thuộc vào bản chất của nguyên tố hòa tan và nguyên tố
dung môi mà dung dịch rắn thay thế có dạng hòa tan vô hạn hoặc hòa
tan có giới hạn
• Dung dịch rắn xen kẽ: nguyên tử của nguyên tố hòa tan chen vào nằm
ở các lỗ hổng 4 mặt hoặc 8 mặt trong mạng tinh thể của nguyên tố
dung môi. Số lượng các lỗ hổng và kích thước trong mạng tinh thể của
nguyên tố dung môi là có giới hạn, vì vậy dung dịch rắn xen kẽ luôn
luôn là dung dịch rắn hòa tan có hạn
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• Dung dịch rắn xen kẽ
• Đường kính nguyên tử của nguyên tố hòa tan phải nhỏ hơn đáng kể
đường kính nguyên tử của nguyên tố dung môi
• Kích thước của nguyên tử hòa tan phải nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng kích
thước lỗ hổng trong mạng tinh thể của dung môi. Tuy nhiên trong
một số trường hợp, dung dịch rắn xen kẽ vẫn được tạo thành dù kích
thước nguyên tử hòa tan lớn hơn kích thước lỗ hổng
• Khi tạo dung dịch rắn xen kẽ thì số nguyên tử / ô cơ sở sẽ tăng lên
nhưng kiểu mạng tinh thể của dung môi không thay đổi
Martensite is a supersaturated
solid solution of carbon in ferrite
with a body-centered tetragonal
structure

• An intermetallic alloy (intermetallic compound, IMC, hợp kim/hợp chất
liên kim loại) is a type of metallic alloy that exists in form of chemical
compound between two or more metallic elements or metallic
elements and non-metal elements whose crystal structure differs from
that of the other constituents
• Au2Pb, Mg2Pb, AlSb, Ni3Al, FeAl, NiAl, Ti3Al, Ni3Al, Cu3Sn, Ag3Sn,
Mo5Ru3, W3Ru2, MoSi2, Ni2AlTi
• Intermetallic alloys have a fixed composition
• The strong bonding between unlike atoms, in general, a mixture
between metallic, ionic and covalent to different extents, the properties
often differ markedly from those of their constituents (often have high
melting temperatures >1000oC)
• Intermetallics remain many metallic characteristics, including luster,
and electrical and thermal conductivity, generally hard and brittle, with
good high-temperature mechanical properties (their properties are
often found among ceramic and metallic materials)
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Alloys
Crystal structure of Solid solution Intermetallic New crystal structure

that is different from
solvent element compound
those of pure metals
Substitutional Interstitial
Solute atoms occupy Solute atoms occupy
positions normally interstitial positions in
occupied by solvent the ‘holes’ between
atoms solvent atoms
• They offer a compromise between ceramic and metallic properties when

hardness and/or resistance to high temperatures is important enough to
sacrifice some toughness and ease of processing. They can also display
desirable magnetic, superconducting and chemical properties, due to their
strong internal order and mixed (metallic and covalent /ionic) bonding
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• Brasses are alloys composed of copper and zinc, zinc percentage within
brass alloys can vary from 5 to 40%
• Alpha brasses contain < 35% Zn, copper-rich alloy and forms a unique
solid solution (substitutional) of face-centered cubic copper matrix
• Alpha-beta brasses contain between 37% and 45% of Zn (a body
centered cubic phase called β phase, with zinc atoms in the center of
the cubes)
• Beta brasses (zinc 50%, CuZn), which contain only one phase, with
BCC crystal structure, is a intermetallic compound
• The beta phase is generally harder than the alpha phase
• Copper-rich brass alloys are
called red brasses, while
brasses with a higher Zn
content are termed yellow
brasses

TiAl alloy Ni3Al alloy
Simple cubic with

four atom basis
• Ni3Al is used in the turbines of aircraft engines because of its strength and
low density (Ni and Al: FCC, Ni3Al: SC)
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(SC)
Fe
Al MoSi2
tetragonal

• Maraging steels consist of a martensitic matrix of very low carbon
content strengthened by the precipitation of a large number of
nanometer sized intermetallic compound phases
• Maraging steels contain around 18 wt% Ni with high levels of Co (8~13
wt%) and Mo (3~5 wt%) as well as smaller additions of other alloying
elements such as Ti and Al
950 °C for a hour
The term “maraging,” which is formed from the
words “martensitic” and “aging”
480–500 °C for a number of hours
Due to the high alloy

concentration, the primary
types of precipitates Ni3Mo,
Ni3Ti, Ni3Al, and Fe2Mo
occur in high volumes
36
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Review
1. Cobalt (Co) có kiểu mạng lục giác xếp chặt (HCP) với các đặc trưng c/a =
1.632; R = 0.1253 nm.
• Hãy vẽ ô cơ sở của Co và xác định giá trị a, c, số nguyên tử trong một ô
cơ sở, số phối trí của nguyên tử, thể tích của ô cơ sở và hệ số xếp chặt
nguyên tử (packing factor) trong ô cơ sở
• Tính khối lượng riêng lý thuyết của Co, biết rằng M=59 g/mol
2. Câu hỏi tương tự như ở trên cho Beryllium (Be): r=0.114 nm, c/a = 1.57,
M=9 g/mol và Kẽm (Zn): c/a = 1.86, R = 0.13 nm, M=65 g/mol
Review
3. Kim loại Crom (Cr) có cấu trúc mạng tinh thể lập phương tâm khối
(BCC), R=0.1249 nm.
• Vẽ ô cơ sở của Cr và xác định giá trị a, số nguyên tử trong một ô cơ sở,
số phối trí của nguyên tử
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử (packing factor) theo phương [100],
[011], [111]
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử theo mặt (010), (110), (111)
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử trong ô cơ sở
• Tính khối lượng riêng lý thuyết của kim loại Crom, biết rằng M=52
g/mol
37
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Review
4. Nhôm (Al) có kiểu mạng lập phương tâm diện (FCC), R = 0.143 nm
• Vẽ ô cơ sở của Al và xác định giá trị a, số nguyên tử trong một ô cơ sở,
số phối trí của nguyên tử
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử (packing factor) theo phương [001],
[110], [111]
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử theo mặt (100), (011), (111)
• Tính tỷ lệ xếp chặt nguyên tử trong ô cơ sở
• Tính khối lượng riêng lý thuyết của Al, biết rằng M=27 g/mol
Review
5. Kim loại Cu có cấu trúc mạng lập phương tâm diện (FCC), R = 0.1278 nm
• Tính khối lượng riêng lý thuyết của Cu, biết rằng M=63.55 g/mol
• Vẽ mặt tinh thể (110), (200), (111) trong ô cở sở và tính khoảng cách
giữa các mặt tinh thể (110), (200), (111) trong mạng tinh thể của Cu
6. Kim loại Molybden có cấu trúc mạng lập phương tâm khối, R = 0.136
nm
• Tính khối lượng riêng lý thuyết của Mo, biết rằng M=96 g/mol
• Vẽ mặt tinh thể (110), (111) trong ô cở sở
38

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9/9/2023

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 2

• Chandrayaan-3 is the third mission in the Chandrayaan programme, a

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 4

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 5

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 6

steel lattice tower

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 8

Element Symbol wt. % Function

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 9

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 10

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 11

• Pure gold is soft and malleable:

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 13

• Alloys Al-Zn (and other elements, copper, magnesium, chromium, and

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 14

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 15

2.2. Metallic crystal structures

Typical metals: α-Fe, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, W,

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 16

2.2. Metallic crystal structures

• At room temperature β-tin (white tin) has a body tetragonal crystal

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 17

2.2. Metallic crystal structures

Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie

2.2. Metallic crystal structures

aFCC= face-centered cubic; HCP = hexagonal close-packed; BCC =

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 19

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

a 𝟒𝑹 • The number of atoms per unit cell (Số nguyên

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 20

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 21

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

• Coordination number: the number of nearest neighbor atoms or ions

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 22

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

• Determine linear density and packing

• For the [110] direction in FCC copper, the packing factor is 1

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 24

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 25

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

• Determine planar density and planar packing factor of (110), (100),

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 26

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 27

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

• Atomic packing fraction (atomic packing factor) is the fraction of space

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 28

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 29

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 30

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 31

2.3. Face-centered cubic structure

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 32

2.4. Body-centered cubic structure

2.4. Body-centered cubic structure

• Linear density (LD, mật độ nguyên tử theo phương): number of

9 September 2023 Giang VH Phan / Materials Science – Chapter 2 34