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Pulse Code Modulation PDF
Pulse Code Modulation PDF
Lecture Layout
Digital Modulation
In the PCM generator, the signal is first passed through sampler which is
sampled at a rate of (fs) where:
fs≥2fm (1)
signal level q(nTs) is binary encode. The encoder converts the input
signal to v digits binary word.
q(nTs) X(t)
q6
q5
q4
Quantizing
q3
levels
q2
q1
q0 nTs
q(nTs)
q5
q4
X(t)
q3
q2 X(nTs)
q1
q0 t
The number of bits per second is also called signaling rate of PCM and is
denoted by 'r':
Where:
PCM modulation lecture(6)
fs≥ fm
Example
If the number of binary bits = 3 and the sampling rate is 2 sample/sec find
the signaling rate, number of quantization levels?
Solution:
fs=2, v=3
signaling rate(r) = v fs
=3*2
=6 bits/sec
Number of quantization(q)=2v
=23
=8 levels
ε= xq (nTs)- x(nTs)
(5)
Let an input signal x(nTs) have an amplitude in the range of xmax to - xmax
The total amplitude range is :
If the amplitude range is divided into 'q' levels of quantizer, then the step
size '∆'.
2 X max
∆= (6)
q
2
∆= (7)
q
PCM modulation lecture(6)
1/∆
ε
-∆/2 ∆/2
Fig.(5) The uniform distribution of quantization error
2
Noise power = Vnoise /R (8)
2
Vnoise : is the mean square value of noise voltage, since noise is defined
by random variable "ε" and PDF fε(ε), it's mean square value is given by :
/2
f ( ).d
2 2
V noise (9)
/ 2
/2
1 / .d
2 2
V noise
/ 2
1 3 3
3 8 8
2
If R=1
12
PCM modulation lecture(6)
2 (10)
Quantization noise power =
12
q=2v
2 X max
2V
S 3P 2 2v
2
N q X max (13)
PCM modulation lecture(6)
Examples(2)
A signal that has the highest frequency component of 4.2MHz and a peak
to peak value of 4 volts is transmitted using a binary PCM. The number
of quantization levels is 512 and P=0.04W calculate:
1. Code word length.
2. Bite rate.
3. output signal to quantization noise ratio.
Solution:
fm=4.2 MHz, q=512
512=2v
2. Bit rate r= v fs
= v*(2 fm )
=9*2*4.2MHz
=75.6*106 bits/sec
S 3 P 2 2v
3. 2
N q X max
3 * 0.04 * 216
=
4
=1966.08 33dB