EE324-Digital Communication

Department of Electrical Engineering,

FET, Gomal University
1. Autocorrelation of an Energy Signal
Assignment
Section 2.4.1.2
Section 2.4.1.3
Section 2.4.2
Section 2.4.3

Relevant Numerical
from Exercise 2.7 and
2.9
 Quantization
 Amplitude quantizing: Mapping samples of a continuous
amplitude waveform to a finite set of amplitudes.

Out

In
Average quantization noise power
Quantized

Signal peak power

values

Signal power to average

quantization noise power
Encoding (PCM)

 A uniform linear quantizer is called Pulse Code

Modulation (PCM).
 Pulse code modulation (PCM): Encoding the quantized
signals into a digital word (PCM word or codeword).
 Each quantized sample is digitally encoded into an l bits
codeword where L in the number of quantization levels and
 Quantization example
amplitude
x(t)
111 3.1867

110 2.2762 Quant. levels

101 1.3657

100 0.4552

011 -0.4552 boundaries

010 -1.3657

001 -2.2762 x(nTs): sampled values

xq(nTs): quantized values
000 -3.1867
Ts: sampling time
PCM t
codeword 110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011 PCM sequence
Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal
Quantization error
 Quantizing error: The difference between the input and output of
a quantizer
e(t )  xˆ (t )  x(t )

Process of quantizing noise

Qauntizer
Model of quantizing noise
y  q (x)
AGC x(t ) xˆ (t )
x(t ) xˆ (t )
x
e(t )

+
e(t )  The Noise Model is
xˆ (t )  x(t ) an approximation!