analog-to-digital converter

CPE 405/405L
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

• How to CONVERT ANALOG to DIGITAL Signals?

• What is DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS?
• How to manipulate DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS?

WHAT ?
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Equivalent Analog Signal Processor

Analog PrF ADC DSP DAC PoF Analog

digital hardware containing adders, multipliers, and logic elements or

a special-purpose microprocessors
What is ADC?
Analog to Digital
Conversion (ADC) is the
process by which analog
signals are converted to
their digitized forms.

ADC occurs in 3 steps:

1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Encoding
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter
A/D Converter

x(n) xq(n)
xa(t) Sampler Quantizer Coder 0 1 0 11 . . .

Analog Discrete-time Quantized Digital

signal Signal Signal signal
 1. SAMPLING

This is the conversion of a continuous-

time signal into a discrete-time signal
obtained by taking “samples” of the
continuous-time signal at discrete-time
instants.

Thus, if xa(t) is the input to the sampler,

the output is xa(nT) = x(n), where T is
called the sampling interval.
 2. QUANTIZATION

This is the conversion of a discrete-time,

continuous-valued signal into a discrete-
time, discrete-valued (digital) signal.

The value of each signal sample is

represented by a value selected from a
finite set of possible values.

The difference between the unquantized

sample x(n) and the quantized output xq(n)
is called quantization error.
 3. ENCODING

In the coding process, each discrete value

xq(n) is represented by a b-bit binary
sequence.
The Sampling Theorem
In sampling theorem, the input signal is in an analog form of signal and the second input signal
is a sampling signal, which is a pulse train signal and each pulse is equidistance with a period
of “Ts”.

This sampling signal frequency (fs) should be more than twice of the input analog signal
frequency (fa(max)). If this condition satisfies, analog signal perfectly represented in discrete form
else analog signal may be losing its amplitude values for certain time intervals (aliasing).

������� ≥ ���(���)
The Sampling Theorem
If the sampling frequency (fs) equals twice the input signal frequency (fa(max)), then such a
condition is called the Nyquist Criteria for sampling. When sampling frequency equals twice
the input signal frequency is known as “Nyquist rate”.

������� = ���(���)

Nyquist Rate
Undersampling
If the sampling frequency (fs) is less than twice the input signal frequency, such criteria called
an Aliasing effect.

������� < ���(���)

fsample = 1.2fa(max)
Lower sampling rate produces poorer quality output.
CONTINUOUS-TIME (CT) SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
��(�) = A��� (�� + �) ; −∞ < � < ∞
��(�) = A��� (���� + �) ; −∞ < � < ∞
���
��(�) = A��� +� ; −∞ < � < ∞
�
xa(t) : continuous-time analog signal
A : amplitude of the sinusoid
� : frequency in radians per second(rad/s)
F : frequency in cycles per second (1/s or Hz)
ϴ : phase in radians
t : time
T : period
DISCRETE-TIME (DT) SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
x(�) = A��� (�� + �) ; −∞ < � < ∞
x(�) = A��� (���� + �) ; −∞ < � < ∞
���
x(�) = A��� +� ; −∞ < � < ∞
�
x(n) : discrete-time analog signal
A : amplitude of the sinusoid
� : frequency in radians per sample
f : frequency in cycles per sample (1/s or Hz)
ϴ : phase in radians
n : sample number
T : period
Sampling of Analog Signal
periodic or uniform sampling - the type of ampling most often used in practice

�(�) = ��(��) −∞<�<∞

where x(n) is the discrete-time signal obtained by “taking samples” of the analog signal xa(t) every T seconds.
Sampling of Analog Signal
Example: Consider the two analog sinusoidal signals:

�1(�) = ���2�(10)� �2(�) = ���2�(50)�

which are sampled at a rate of Fs = 40Hz. The corresponding dscrete-time

signals or sequences are:

1
�1(�) = ���2�(10) �
40
�
�1(�) = ��� �
2
Sampling of Analog Signal
Example: Consider the two analog sinusoidal signals:

�1(�) = ���2�(10)� �2(�) = ���2�(50)�

which are sampled at a rate of Fs = 40Hz. The corresponding dscrete-time

signals or sequences are:

1 1
�1(�) = ���2�(10) � �2(�) = ���2�(50) �
40 40
� 5�
�1(�) = ��� � �2(�) = ��� �
2 2
Sampling of Analog Signal
ASSIGNMENT#1: Consider the analog signal:

��(�) = 3���100��

(a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.

(b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs = 200Hz.What is the
discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?

(c) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs = 75Hz. What is the
discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
 Discrete-Time
What is Signal?
THANK YOU!
Do you have any questions?
Email: russelirish.rafa@bulsu.edu.ph