Advanced

Digital Systems

Dr. Sahar Hamed

Outline
• Introduction
• Analog to Digital Conversion
• Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem
• Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
 Introduction

Continuous-Time Signal
X(t)

is defined for all time t contained in some interval on

the real line.

Discrete-Time Signal
X[n]

a sequence of values that correspond to particular

instants in time.
Examples of Continuous &
Discrete-Time Signals
Most of the signals are analog in nature:
• Voice
• Video
• Transducer/Sensor output

Examples of Discrete-Time Signals:

• Average budget
• Crime rate
• Total population
Analog Signals Vs Digital Signals
Analog
• Analog signals are of much higher
density and can present more accurate
information.
• Analog signals provide a more accurate
representation of changes in physical
phenomena, such as sound, light,
temperature, position, or pressure.
• Analog signals are subject to noise and • Digital systems and processing are
distortion.
Digital
•Digital signal processing is more secure
because digital information can be easily
encrypted and compressed.
• Digital signals can be transmitted over
long distances.
typically more complex and consume
higher power dissipation.
Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog Analog
input output
Signal x(t) Signal y(t)
A/D Digital D/A
converter Signal Processor converter

Digital Signal Processing

Analog to Digital Conversion

A/D conversion can be viewed as a three-step process

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Analog to Digital Conversion
• Sampling: Convert the continuous time & value signal to discrete-time &
continuous value signal.

Quantization: Convert the discrete-time & continuous value signal to

discrete-time & value signal

Coding: Convert the discrete-time & value signal to a digital data format

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Different sampling rate

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Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

• If an analog signal is sampled at a rate that exceeds the

signal’s highest frequency by at least a factor of two,
the original analog signal can be perfectly recovered
from the discrete values produced by sampling.

𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥

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The sampling rate
• The sampling rate

• If a signal is sampled at T = 1mS,

the sampling rate will be fs = 1/1m = 1KHZ
(i.e., 1000 samples per second)

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Example
What is the sampling rate for a voice signal that has
frequencies up to 3KHZ?

Fs = 2 * 3000 = 6000samples/sec (HZ)

What is the sampling rate for a sound that has

frequencies up to 30KHZ?

Fs = 2 * 30000 = 60000samples/sec (HZ)

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Test your understanding
Determine the Nyquist sampling rate of the signal.

1. X(t) = 3 Sin (5000π + 17)

2. S(t) = 3Cos (50πt) + 10 Sin (300πt) – Cos (100πt)

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Signal Representation
Continuous time signal
Signal Representation
Discrete time signal

X[n]
Discrete Time Signal – Time Shifting
Discrete Time Signal – Reflection
Discrete Time Signal – Time Scaling
Exponential Signals
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 ∝𝑛
Test Your Understanding

Plot x[n] & determine y[n]

Periodic Signals
For a continuous time signal: The signal is said
to be periodic if x(t) = x(t+T)
Periodic Signals

For a discrete time signal: The signal is said to

be periodic if x[n] = x[n+N]
Even & Odd Signal
X(-t) = X(t)

X[-n]=X[n]

X(-t) = -X(t)

X[-n]= -X[n]
Even & Odd decomposition of
discrete time signals

Any signal can be broken into a sum of

two signals: Odd & Even
Discrete-Time Unit Impulse
Discrete-Time Unit Step
Relation between
Unit Impulse & Unit Step
Reading List
• Signals & Systems, Allan Oppenheim & Allan Wilsky
Chapter 1
Thank You