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APPE}IDIX C
HE!.ffi ER PROPER~IES
CONTENTS
Section Page
c-1
AP PE.."'D IX C
!>'l.E."1BER PROPERTIES
TORSIONAL CONSTANTS IX
MxL
Section Formulas for IX in 8 =
IXG
General IX =E b.H /3
I I
IX :
IX =
c-2
b t3
IX =
3
b
I I
;r=+
I
I
{b+d)t3
d IX = 3
H
2 b t"j'.,. "T' d t .."" 3
IX = 3
i
T
~
iI
d:
I
C-3
IX ::
2btf+ht~
3
7T' r4
IX = -2-
Solid circular
IX
So I i d e II i pt i c a I
IX = 0.1406 a4
Solid square
o: rt 3
IX = 3
j. 2 a • 1
Solid rectangle
IX
= a4.,/3
80
Equilateral triangle
c-s
e = EsiX
4 [AJ2
IX= ts = ave rag& thickness of segment at point ( s)
~~
ts T5 =shear stress at point ( s)
IX = torsional resistance, in 4
T
E 5 = modulus of elasticity in shear
Ts =
2 [A] t s
(steel = 12,000,000}
f =
2A
f = unit shear force
f ~: =
stress at i of b:
T T
2 [A] tb 2 bd tb
4 b2 d2
IX ·=
b 2d b
fb + td + T.
I
Ci
I
IX :
;
t
c-6
IX=
IX =
IX : 2 t bz d 2
b + d
4 bz dz
IX :
b + 2d b
+
t tl
!X : c4
2o b
-t- + Tb
C-7
4r'<21f+2c)
IX :
2ot-7rr +~
t tr
4 4
77'(rz-r 1 )
IX :
2
Hollow circle
2 a,
IX =
a, = b,
w h ere ·= k = -l
Oz b2
.. I
Hollow ellipse
IX = L
C-8
IX
2t I t 2 (o - t 2 ) 2 (b-t I )2
IX =
Rectongulor tube
~orsional Ricidities
The torsional :::igidity of an ope:1 thin wallec
section may be calculated from the following e~uation .
..
E: (?.ef. B.l)
i=l
T~~s e~ua~~on is for t~e ge~e=al case a= a section w~th ..
el a-ne:: ts.
C-9
Examoles
bz
.I bt
•I
-~
bt
f tz
r
,.
tb2
14
I
~ ~ r, ttl
b3 ~W1
1.-!1
~~
•
b4 .
IX = (Ref. B.l)
Exam'Ole
,--------,I
I ~
I I
: 1-- I
I I
~--------J
I. .I
2bt 2bz bt + bz
- +-
t1 tz tI t2
C-10
+ -1 "
E · bi ti
3 (Ref. B.l)
3 i=l
Exarnoles
4h,-r2)2 4
IX = ;.
21TL 3 bt tl
t
I/
;1'-------.. . ,\(/.,.--- -----..,".II,-----.."''. . ,
I II II
I flt II [22 II
II 11
I\ }I!\ .) iI i\ , _ _ _ _ __
' ------- / ' ______ ._.. .... ' ------ /
bt
c-11
The equation of equilibrium for n cells is:
n
(1) Mt = 2 t q in i (1}
i= I
(2) (2)
.L ds
sjj : G fsjj 1
shear flows and can be solved for the shear flows qi in terms
( 3) IX = 2 ( 3)
Ge
C-12
6"
I
I
I
i
I j
! 3!6" ! 9!.2u a'- 8~
t-1--...::::.-=----:---~~-----;......;;;;,..._
9'· 2" __: ~6"
_ ii
~"'~_,=fL.,.=
J l ..
( 6.19 +
2 8.921 ( 5.48) = 41. . 4 o sq . ft . Top slob thickness = . 56 ft.
C-13
-5.48
G
~22:
G G
ct 1 = 2.42 Ge
q. 2 = 2. 73 Ge
q, 3 = 2.42 G9
Ge
IX = 660.1 ft 4
C-14
---~l;f,:
' .:~~~:·
(1} The s~T.mation of the external torsional moment and
equal 0.
(2) The angle of twist must be the sa~e for each cell.
These facts are used to write one equation for each cell in
terms of the shear flow q. The resulting equatior.s are tee~
solved by the method of successive corrections.
The relation between shear flow and twist per ur.it
length is given by,
~·1here
G = Modulus of rigidity
L = Length of any cell wall of constant thickness
t = Thickness
9 = ~#ist per unit length
A = Area of cell interior
Assu~~ng G9 = 1, equation (3) can be written
~<'!:£.~-
(1") web (3·2) •.. -~=.:--.
CO.F.<Z·3l = -.~~'
(t~)cetl (3}
C-15
The carry over operation is performed until the
desired precision is reached. The final q for each cell is
equal to the initial q plus all the carry overs from adjacent
cells. It will be noted in the example problem that the
carry over from cell 2 in the third step is computed from the
~ of car~J overs to cell 2 in the previous step. The tor
sional constant IX is then computed from the following
equation.
{4) IX = 2 E Qj Aj (4)
j : I
Exa."'tole Problem
Given: Box girder section with cell areas and wall thick
nesses taken from previous example probla"'l.
Required: Compute the torsional constant IX by the method of
successive corrections and compare with results
obtained from solving the simultaneous equations.
\ 8
At': 41.40 sq. ft.
®
£...h..
0
I
T = 40.44
A2 = 47.51 E-'=-T = 44.50
A3 = 41.40 t..b. : 40.44
T
q,3= (\I: ~
2. 41.40
E L - 40.44
: 204.7 X 10-2
T
2A2 2. 47.51
q,z= = = 213.5 X 10-z
E L 44.50
T
5.48
co. F.3·2::
40.44
= .123
C-16
CELL I CELL 2 CELL 3
C.O.F. .123 .136 .123
204.7 x 2 1 3 . 5 ~04.7
c.o. 29.0 ~25.2 .25.2 29.0
c.o. 6.8 3.6 ~6.8
c.o. 1.0 1.0
Total 212.1 x 1o·z 241.5 • 1o·2
IX = 659.044 tt. 4
(No webs)
26.51'
I
I
\-----. -------;
R :
\\ 15.48' Ill
'--..!.- ___ _;
!..
I
21.05' _II
C-17
A2 = 16,980.70
4 A2 = 67,922. 80
Examole Problem
Given: Box girder section with cell areas and wall thick
ness taken from previous example problem. (See
sketch)
1
2
5
6
9
10
13
14
17
18
26
27
35
36
39
40
43
44
47
48
51
52
55
56
57
58
59
60
68
67
~--~-------------,
19 28 69
20 29
21 30
22 31
23 32
3 7 It 15 24 33 37 41 45 49 53
4 8 12 16 25 34 38 42 46 50 54 74
X
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C-28
·.,...;·:~:~-
.d:: JfVdx
GAx
where•
v: shearing force
G: shearing modulus
A: cross· sectional area
f : shear shope foetor
Sea ion I f
D
solid ' : 1.2
rectonc;uiar
0 ' : 1.11
solid
circular
r
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II f:~
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I where: A : total area
I
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OlliS
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W:: bendinc;
I
I
II
f: ~
Aw
C-29
REFERENCES
.~ ·.
.· _;_
'
C-30