Angle of Internal Friction Vs Density (For Coarse Grained Soils)

45
φ` Obtained from effective 0%
ty 10
stress failure envelopes
e Densi
ti v
approximate correlation Rela
40 is for cohesionless 75%
materials without
Angle of Internal Friction φ`(Degrees)

plastic fines GW
GP 50%
SW Material Type
35

ML
d SP 25%
SM an
e
30 in this rang
0

25

20
75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Dry Unit Weight (γ ), PCF (G = 2.68)
D

1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
Void Ratio, e

0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

Porosity, n

Correlations Of Strength Characteristics For Granular Soils

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (5/82) p 7.1 - 149
 3

2 2

10-2 1

8 0.7
6 0.5
5
4 Undisturbed Samples:
Cv in Range of Virgin Compression 0.3
3
Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv), Cm2/sec

Cv in Range of Recompression Lies Above

0.2
2 this Lower Limit

10-3 0.1

(Cv), FT2/day
8 0.07
6
5 Completely Remolded Samples: 0.05

4 Cv Lies Below this Upper Limit

3 0.03

2 0.02

10-4 0.01
8 0.007
6
5 0.005
4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Liquid Limit (LL)

Coefficient of Consolidation Vs Liquid Limit

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (1982)

A- Line
Source of Strength Data
0.40 Below Above
Field cu/σp: Larsson (1980)
Undrained Strength Ratio

Lab CKoU τave/σvc:Table 4

*
0.35
Lab CKoUDSS τh/σvc: MIT

cu/σp
0.30
* * * Note: Cu = Su
Undrained shear
0.25 * τh/σvc * strength for design
* * (stability analyses)
* τave/σvc
0.20
* Note: Linear Regression
Lines for Clay Data
0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Plasticity Index, Ip(percent)

Comparison of field and laboratory undrained strength ratios for nonvarved sedimentary
soils (OCR = 1 for laboratory CKoU testing)

Adapted from Ladd (1991), JGE, ASCE, 117(4)

 50
NC Soft and Stiff Clays, and
Shale Compositions

Friction Angle, φ', Degrees

40 Clay Minerals
φ' (oc) Data from
30 Table 3

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 1000
Plasticity Index, Ip, percent
3000
Values of Friction Angle φ' for Natural Clay Compositions
For σp/σn Range of 2 to 5
Shear Stress, kPa

2000
For σp/σn Range of 10 to 20

1000 NC
φ
σp = 4100 kPa
c c
0 2000 4000 6000 8000

σn = Effective Normal Stress, kPa

Peak Strength against Effective Normal Stress Relationship of London Clay

Sample from 35 m Depth (Data from Bishop et al. 1965)
10,000

10,00
c
= 0.10
σp

100
10 (Table1)
c , kPa

10

c
= 0.024
10 σp

1
σn in σp /σn Range of
2 to 5
10 to 20

0.1
10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
σp , kPa

Relationship between Cohesion Intercept and Preconsolidation

Pressure

Adapted from Mesri & Adel - Ghaffar (1993), JGE, ASCE, 119(8)
 60
ine
"L
50 "A

r OH
40 o
Plasticity Index (PI)

CH MH or OH
ne
" Li
30 "U
For classification of fine-grained soils
r OL and fine-grained fraction of coarse-
o grained soils.
20 CL Equation of "A"-line
Horizontal at PI = 4 to LL = 25.5,
then PI = 0.73 (LL-20)
10 Equation of "U"-line
7 Vertical at LL = 16 to
CL - ML ML or OL PI = 7, then PI = 0.9(LL-8)
4
0
0 10 16 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Liquid Limit (LL)

Plasticity Chart