3.

8 Orthogonal Functions 77

The associated Legendre polynomials with negative indices m are defined by

( 1 - m)!
PLrn(z)= (-l)m( 1 m)!Plm(4.
+
General relations of these are

2 (1 +m)!
PF(z)qm(z)dz= -
21 + 1 (1 - m)!
JlP

or
12= dcp q:ml(e, cp)xm(e,
c p ) sin ede = d ~ ~ l d m m l .

The completeness relation follows in analogy to the basis change of vectors,

{ e i } + {Ek}, from ei . ej = Sij to Ck(ei. Ek)(Ek . Ej) = dij, as the relation

(in the above analogy k corresponds to m,Z, and i , j correspond to 8 , c p ) . In

books on Special Functions also the following relation called addition theorem
can be found:

(3.20)

where (see below)

+ cOs8 cos 8’ = cos(e - e l ) ,

cos Q = sin e sin 8’ cos(cp - 9’) if cp = cpl

(hence its name “addition theorem”), where 8 and cp are the spherical coor-
dinates of a vector r, i.e.

r = ( rsin 8 cos cp, r sin 8 sin cp, r cos e),

r‘ = (r’ sin 8‘ cos cp’, r’ sin 6’sin cp’, r’ cos S’),

so that
r . r‘ = rr’(sin e sin e/ cos(9 - cp’) + cos e cos el).