Elastic Design Response Spectra PDF

Elastic Design Response Spectra
Envelop of a computed peak Uses

dynamic response parameter for ❍ Characterize ground motions and
single degree of freedom elastic assess demands on various types of
systems having a range of simple structures.
periods, for a given ground motion ❍ Basis for computing design
and viscous damping ratio displacements and forces in SDOF
and MDOF systems expected to
ma(t) + 2ξωv(t) + Kd(t) = -mag (t) remain elastic.
❍ Basis for developing design forces
SD= umax ξ=2%
and displacements in nonlinear
systems (two approaches):
ξ=5%
➔ Modified elastic spectrum to account for
ξ=7% nonlinearity
➔ Equivalent elastic SDOF system
Period, sec.
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley Spring 2009 ©UC Regents 7-1
Design Response Spectrum
Topics SA
❍ Developing design spectra from site
specific ground motion time histories
❍ Selection of damping values
❍ Plotting formats
Period, sec.
❍ Analytic relations for developing
2.5
Elastic Design Response Spectrum

2
Median
➔ Deterministic
g
Median + 1σ
Acceleration,
1.5
■ Statistical “attenuation” relationships

1
Spectral
■ Simplified empirical relationships
(e.g., Newmark-Hall methods) 0.5
➔ Uniform Hazard Spectrum Sa 0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period, sec.
■ Basic approach (From USGS hazard

maps used in current codes) 5% in 50 yrs.
■ Current spectra formulations found in
codes (how do they relate to theory?)
Τ Period

Smooth Design Response Spectrum from
Ground Motion Records
❍ Response Spectrum for actual ❍ Use suites of ground motions
ground motions are quite irregular. representing:
➔ Donʼt use individual spectrum ➔ A specific deterministic design
for design earthquake (e.g., M = 7 at 10 km)
➔ They can be used for analysis to ➔ Match a stipulated design response
spectrum (e.g., match code spectrum)
assess response to a particular
earthquake. ➔ A range of earthquakes types
corresponding to the deaggregatized
seismic hazard at the site.
SA=ω2SD ❍ The design response spectrum is
median + 1σ obtained statically from all records.”
The resulting “median” spectrum will be
median relatively smooth. The COV or
Standard Deviation (σlnx) can be used
to establish a design spectrum with a
desired probability of exceedence.
Period, sec. ❍ Note: Various programs do this
automatically.

Generate Smooth Spectrum from Records
❍ PEER NGA Database will ❍ Bispec and other programs
search for particular types of Permit user to input a suite of ground
records and plot scaled motion records and will find median
response spectrum. Can and median plus ʻxʼ σ values
download tables of spectral
values for different periods
and damping ratios
SA=ω2SD
median + 1σ
median
Period, sec.

Viscous Damping
Viscous damping is a convenient Damping is generally a function of:
analytical concept to account for ➔ Material
general energy dissipation in a system ➔ Amplitude (stress)
and analytical uncertainties. ➔ Type of nonstructural elements
➔ Friction between and with structural ➔ Type of foundations and supporting
and non-structural elements. soils
➔ Frequency
➔ Localized yielding due to stress
➔ Type of connections
concentrations and residual stresses
➔ Complexity of model (different parts of
under low loading and gross yielding structure will be responding differently)
under higher loads. Constant viscous damping is a
➔ Energy radiation through foundation. simplification.
➔ Aeroelastic damping. Damping can produce substantial
➔ Viscous damping.
forces that are only crudely modeled
compared to inertial and restoring
➔ Analytical modeling errors. forces.

Data on Viscous Damping
40 References
From: Hashimoto et al ❍ NRC, "Regulatory Guide 1.61,
Data for Welded Steel Moment
Frames, From Hashimoto et al, 1992
Damping Values for Seismic
Design of Nuclear Power Plants,"
Viscous Damping Ratio, %
30 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.,

Oct. 1973.
❍ Coats,D., "Damping in Building
20 structures During Earthquakes,

Test Data and Modeling,"
NUREG/CR-3006, Jan. 1989.
❍ Hashimoto, P. et al, "Review of
10 Regulatory Guide 1.61 Structure
? Damping Values for Elastic
Seismic Analysis of Nuclear
Power Plants," Nuclear Regulatory
0 Commission, 1992
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Stress Ratio, f/fy
Recommended Design Damping Values
❍ Many codes stipulate 5% viscous damping, unless a more properly
substantiated value can be used.
❍ Note that actual damping values for many systems, even at higher
levels of excitation are less than 5%.
Structure Type Working Stress Range (no more At or Just Below Yield Point
than about 1/2 yield stress)
NRC 1.61 Coats Hashimoto NRC 1.61 Coats Hashimoto

Welded Steel 2 2 to 3 3.5 4 5 to 7 4**
Bolted Steel 4 5 to 7 4.5 7 10 to 15 6
Prestressed 2 2 to 3 TBD 5 5 to 7 TBD
Concrete
Reinforced 4 2 to 5* 4 7 7 to 10 7
Concrete
* lightly cracked sections represent lower values in range

** friction bolted connections same as welded steel
TBD: values to be determined when sufficient data is available

Formats for Plotting Spectra
A variety of formats used  Tripartite SA-SV-SD Format
❍ SA-T, SV-T, SD-T and SE-T Log SV Log SA
LogSD
Recall: Only
SA = ωSV = ω2SD SD vs T
SD= umax SV plotted here
0.03 0.13 T
SV = ωSD Log T
T
 SA-SD Format
Period, sec. Period, sec.
T=0.2 0.5 Building
SA SE SA 2.0
Period, T
SA = ω 2 S D 4.0 sec.
SE = mSV2/2
6.0
Period, sec. Period, sec.
SD

Basis of Tripartite Graph Paper
SV = SA /ω = SAT/2π Log SV
= ωSD = 2πSDT-1
➔ line of constant spectral acceleration Log SA
10g
has a slope of 1 on a log-log plot of
1g Line of Constant
SV vs. T
➔ line of constant spectral displacement 0.1g Spectral Acceleration
has a slope of -1 on log-log plot of 0.01g
SV vs. T
Log T
100 in/sec Log SV Log SV 100 in Log SD
10 in
10 in/sec
Line of Constant
Line of constant 1 in
1 in/sec Spectral
Spectral Velocity 0.1 in Displacement
0.1 in/sec 0.01 in
Log T
0.01sec 0.1sec 1sec 10sec Log T

Tripartite Response Spectrum
After Fig. A6.1, Chopra,

Dynamics of Structures

U.C. Berkeley Spring 2009 ©UC Regents 7 - 10
SA-SD Format
❍ An alternative form of plotting
spectra has been introduced SA
recently and has started to appear
in building codes.
Line of constant T2
❍ Intent is to plot information on
acceleration (force) and displace- SD
ment on same graph with out T=0.2 Building
0.5 Period, T
complexity of tripartite paper
SA 2.0
❍ Based on: SA = ω2SD  ω2 = SA/ SD
❍ Used to interpret nonlinear 4.0 sec.
response in conjunction with
6.0
“Capacity Spectrum” and “Yield
Point Spectrum” Methods -- SD
Discussed later

Analytic Relations for Developing
Elastic Design Response Spectrum
❍ Deterministic Approaches
➔ Statistical attenuation relations for a given
magnitude, distance, soil condition, fault type, etc.
➔ Simplified empirical methods by Newmark and
others for a given peak ground acceleration
❍ Spectra based on Probabilistic Hazard Analysis
➔ Uniform hazard methods (focus on USGS data)
➔ NEHRP Tentative Provisions for Seismic
Regulations for New Buildings

Statistically Derived Design Spectra
❍ Bins of ground motions selected
with similar soil conditions, fault
mechanism, magnitude, For given M, soil, mechanism, r
distance, etc.)
2.5
❍ Response spectra generated

and averaged. 2 Median
g
❍ Regression analysis used to Median + 1σ
Acceleration,
1.5
develop equations for median

response spectrum and 1
Spectral
standard deviation 0.5
❍ Resulting equations can be

used in a seismic hazard 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
analysis to develop design Period, sec.
response spectrum with a

desired probability of
exceedence.

Many Investigators
Western US References:
➔ Abrahamson &Silva ❍ Interactive Tool on OpenSHA
➔ Boore, Joyner &Fumal ❍ Seismological Research Notes,
➔ Campbell Vol. 68, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1997.
➔ Sadigh ❍ Joyner and Boore, “Prediction of
➔ Spudich Earthquake Response Spectra,”
Central and Eastern US (CEUS) USGS Open File Report 82-977,
➔ Adkinson & Boore 1982.
➔ Toro et al ❍ Crouse, “Ground Motion
Subduction Zones Attenuation Relationships for
➔ Anderson Earthquakes in the Cascadia
➔ Atkinson & Boore Subduction Zone,” Earthquake
Spectra, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1991.
➔ Youngs

Typical Statistical Relations
Joyner and Boore (1982) -- Boore, Joyner and Fumal (1997) -
SV at 5%viscous damping. SV at 5% damping
log Sv (cm/sec) = α + β(M-6) log Sv (cm/sec) = b1 + b2 (M-6)

+ b3 (M-6) 2 + b4 r
+ γ (Μ-6) 2 - ρ log r
+ b5 logr + b6 GB + b7 GC
+ b r +cS
where r = [d 2 + h 2] 1/2 and terms
❍ Simple form, but imprecise are defined on slide 6-14, and a
definition of soil conditions table of period specific coefficients
and small number of ground in cited reference.
motions considered.
Note: Larger or random component
❍ Period extend to 4 seconds. Periods ≤ 2 seconds
❍ Damping = 5% only Damping = 5% only

NGA Attenuation Relationships
❍ Same process described in
slides 6-21 to 6-23 used for
estimating peak ground
acceleration at a site can be
used to generate a
smoothed response
spectrum for a particular site
(magnitude, fault type, soil
type, distance, etc.)
❍ See class website for reports
and spreadsheets.
Campbell and
Bozorgnia, 2006

Examples: Abrahamson & Silva
2.5
2
M=6.8, Soil, r = 3km
g
Acceleration,
1.5
Median
1
Median + 1σ
Spectral
1.8
0.5
1.6
M=6.8, r = 3km, Median
1.4
g
1.2
Soil
Acceleration,
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Rock
Period, sec. 1
0.8
Spectral
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period, sec.

Effect of Magnitude and Distance
1.4
r=1 km
M = 6.8
1.2
3 km
g
10 km
Acceleration,
0.8
0.6
20 km
40 km 1.4
Spectral
0.4
1.2 M = 7.8
M = 6.8
g
0.2
1
Acceleration,
-0.2
0
0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3
0.8 M = 5.8
Period, sec.
0.6
Spectral
0.4
0.2
Abrahamson & Silva, Soil, r = 3 km

0
median values 0 0.5 1 1.5

Period, sec.
2 2.5 3

Compare Various Attenuation Relations
M = 6.8, Strike-slip faulting, soil, r = 3 km, median values
1.4
Sadigh
1.2
Abrahamson and Silva
Campbell
g
1
Acceleration,
Spudich
0.8
Joyner & Boore
0.6
Spectral
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 sec.
Period, 2 2.5 3

Directivity Effects
❍ The fault normal component of motion
generally is substantially worse than Hypocenter Site
θ
the fault parallel component. This is
primarily true for T >1 sec. Propagation
❍ This depends on the direction of fault

rupture relative to the site. If the fault SANormal/SAave 0
ruptures toward a building site, the
effect is worse.
2 45
See: 1
90
 Section 5.4.5.3 in Ch. 5 Bozorgnia T, sec.
and Bertero Text; SA
Fault Normal
 Somerville papers on Class
Median
Reference List Fault Parallel
May result in need for increased design
forces / displacements for long period
T
structures close to faults (in one direction)

Directivity Effects (continued)
The fault normal motion is increased and
fault parallel motion is decreased
compared to the average spectrum from
an attenuation relation.
➔ Broadband scaling
Somerville, P. et al, Modification of empirical
ground motion attenuation relations to include the
amplitude and duration effects of rupture
directivity, Seismological Research Notes, 68,
199-222.
➔ Narrow Band Scaling
Somerville, P., Magnitude scaling of the near fault
rupture directivity pulse, Proceedings, Int.
Workshop on Quantitative Prediction of Strong
Motion ad the Physics of Earthquake Sources,
Oct. 2001, Tsukuba, Japan
❍NGA
Spudich, P. and Choi, B., Directivity in Preliminary
NGA Residuals, Report on Lifelines Program Task
1M01, PEER, Nov. 2006.

Simplified Empirical Relations to
Construct Elastic Design Spectrum
❍ The complexity of the previous Basic Concept
methods, and the limited SAmax
number of records available
two decades ago, led many αa= SAmax/PGA
investigators to develop PGA
simplified empirical methods for
developing design spectrum Period
from estimates of peak or SVmax
effective ground motion
parameters. αv= SVmax/vgmax
❍ Based on the concept that all Period
spectra have a characteristic SDmax
shape
max αd= SDmax/dgmax
❍ Many artifacts of this can be dg
seen in current code spectra Period

Newmark and Hall Approach
❍ Need to know ag , vg and Structural Response
max max
dg plus αa, αv and αd Amplification factors
max,
❍ Get ag from deterministic or Median Structural

max Response
Damping Amplification
probabilistic site hazard analysis % Factors
!d !v !a
❍ Get vg and dg from: 1 1.82 2.31 3.21
max max,
2 1.63 2.03 2.74
➔ site hazard analysis 5 1.39 1.65 2.12
10 1.2 1.37 1.64
➔ empirical functions using ag 20 1.01 1.08 1.17
max
❍ Estimating dg is problematic,
max See: Newmark and Hall, “Earthquake Spectra
but not generally important unless and Design,” EERI Monograph, EERI,
Oakland, 1982
T is > 4 sec.

Newmark and Hall Elastic Spectra
Median Structural Median plus one !

Response Response
Damping Amplification Aplification
% Factors Factors
"d "v "a "d "v "a
1 1.82 2.31 3.21 2.73 3.38 4.38
2 1.63 2.03 2.74 2.42 2.92 3.66
5 1.39 1.65 2.12 2.01 2.30 2.71
10 1.20 1.37 1.64 1.69 1.84 1.99
20 1.01 1.08 1.17 1.38 1.37 1.26
See: Newmark and Hall, “Earthquake Spectra and Design,” EERI
Monograph, EERI, Oakland, 1982

Construction of N-H Spectrum
■ Short period range(less than Note:
0.03 sec): SA=ag ❍ SV = SA /ω [SA=2πSv/T]
max
 Amplified acceleration range (constant SV proportional
( T equal and somewhat to 1/T on conventional SA
greater than 0.16 sec): versus T plot)
Constant SA = αaag ❍ SD = SA /ω 2 [SD=4 π2SA/T2]
max
■ Intermediate Period Range - (constant SD proportional
Constant SV = αvvg to 1/T 2 on conventional SA
max
■ Long Period Range - versus T plot)
Constant SD = αddg SA
max
■ Very long period Range - SA=PGA
Constant SD = dg
max
T
Basic Tripartite Spectrum
SV = constant = SAT/2π
100 in/sec Log SV 100 in/sec Log SV
10g SD =constant
10 in/sec 10 in 10 in/sec = SA(T/2π)2
1g
1 in/sec 0.1g 1 in/sec SA=const.
1 in
0.1 in/sec 0.1 in/sec
0.01 in 0.1 in SA=PGA SD=dg
Not to scale
0.01sec 0.1sec 1sec 10sec 0.01sec 0.1sec 1sec 10sec
Log T Log T
SD SA SA=const.
SD =constant
SD∝T SA∝1/T
SA∝1/T2
SD∝T2
SA=PGA
SD=dg
T T

Construct Elastic Newmark Spectrum
❍ Construct Ground Motion Response Amplification Factors
“Backbone” Curve using ❍ Short Period (T ≤ 0.03sec): Sa=ag
constant ag, vg & dg lines - ❍ Transition
Take lower bound on three ❍ Constant Amplified Acceleration
curves (the solid line). Range (T ≥ 0.13 sec): Sa = αa ag
❍ Intermediate Periods: Sv = αv vg
SA= αa ag
ag = constant ag = constant
Log SV Log SA Log SV Log SA
LogSD LogSD
SV=αv vg
vg = constant
vg = constant
dg = constant dg = constant
0.03 0.13
Log T Log T

Completion of Elastic N-H Spectrum
❍ Long Period Range: Log SV Log SA
S D= α d d g D LogSD
Very long period range: C
❍ B
SD=dg (transition unclear) E
❍ Connect lower bound
response lines. A
ag = constant 0.03 0.13
Log SV Log SA Log T
LogSD
SA
SV=αv vg B C
vg = constant
SD = αd dg D
dg = constant A E
0.03 0.13
Log T
T

Example: N-H Elastic Spectrum
Consider: ag = 0.5g & ξ = 5%
❍ Using Newmarkʼs estimates,
get ground skeleton curve:
Median Structural Median plus one !
➔ vg = 24 in/sec Response Response
➔ dg =18 in % Factors Factors
❍ GetAmplified Structural "d "v "a "d "v "a

Response Values (here for +1σ) 1 1.82 2.31 3.21 2.73 3.38 4.38
2 1.63 2.03 2.74 2.42 2.92 3.66
➔ Sa (for T≥ 0.13sec ) = 2.71x0.5 5 1.39 1.65 2.12 2.01 2.30 2.71
= 1.36g 10 1.20 1.37 1.64 1.69 1.84 1.99
20 1.01 1.08 1.17 1.38 1.37 1.26
➔ Sv (for intermediate T)
= 2.30 x 24 in/sec = 55.2 in/sec
➔ Sd (for long T) = 2.01x18 in
= 36.2 in.

Example: N-H Elastic Spectrum
Consider: ag = 0.5g & ξ = 5% Log Sv Log Sa
❍ Using Newmarkʼs estimates, D LogSd
55.2 in/sec
get ground skeleton curve: C
B 36.2 in.
➔ vg = 24 in/sec E
1.36g
➔ dg =18 in
0.5g
A
❍ GetAmplified Structural
0.03 0.13
Response Values (here for +1σ) Log T
Sv = Sa Tc/2π
➔ Sa (for T≥ 0.13sec ) = 2.71x0.5 Sa B
max max
C 55.2 in/sec =1.36gT/2π
= 1.36g 1.36g TC=0.66sec.
Sv = 2πSdT-1
➔ Sv (for intermediate T)
TD= 4.11 sec.
= 2.30 x 24 in/sec = 55.2 in/sec
0.5g D Sa∝1/T2
➔ Sd (for long T) = 2.01x18 in A Sa∝1/T
= 36.2 in.
0.03 0.13 T

Aside
Current IBC & NEHRP provisions very Tc=Sa1/Sa0.2
similar to Newmarkʼs approach Sa C
➔ Short period range straight line to:
Sa
B To=0.2Sa1/Sa0.2
0.2
To = 0.2Sa / Sa Sa TD= 4.0 sec.

1 0.2 1.0
➔ Intersection at “C” given by: 0.5g D Sa= 4Sa1/T2

Sa = Sa1/T
Tc=Sa / Sa
1 0.2 To 0.2 Tc 1.0
Note from simple algebra: T
Sv = Sa (1.0sec/2π) Sv = Sa Tc/2π
Sa
max max max
1
B C 55.2 in/sec =1.36gT/2π
Substituting gives:
1.36g TC=0.66sec.
Sa (1.0sec/2π) = Sa Tc/2π Sv = 2πSdT-1
1 0.2
TD= 4.11 sec.
Or Tc = Sa /Sa
1 0.2
0.5g D Sa∝1/T2
➔ Sa varies with 1/T2
for periods A Sa∝1/T
greater than 4 seconds (or
0.03 0.13 T
tabulated value of TL)

Sa

Comments on N-H Spectra
❍ Ifyou only need spectral values ❍ Reasonably straight - forward to
at a single period, the entire construct a spectrum.
spectrum is not needed; you
❍ Simple to see effects of design
need only the least of the
following three quantities (if T ≥ changes.
0.13sec) ❍ Newmarkʼs method basis of and
➔ SA = αa a g consistent with good methods
➔ SA = ωSV* = 2π(αvvg )/T for developing nonlinear
*
➔ SA = ω 2SD = (2π/T) 2 αd dg response spectra.
❍ Note: Use the lowest SA obtained ❍ However, the data it is based on
above using the period of the and the overall methodology is
structure to compute Sv (= TSA/2 NOT as good as newer
π) and SD (= (T/2π) 2SA); do not statistical/analytic methods
use αv vg and αd dg for this!

Effect of Soil Conditions on Spectrum
❍ For soft soils, ag remains the Log Sv Log Sa D
LogSd
same or decreases relative C
B
E
to firm soil, but vg and dg
increase (as suggested by
A Firm Soft
Mohraz, etc.). 0.03 0.13
Log T
2
Sa C
Soil Type V/A AD/V B
Alluvium
Newmark and Hall 48 6
Rock 24-27 5.2-5.3 D
Rock
<30 ft. alluvium over rock 30-39 4.2-5.3 A
Firm
30 - 200 ft alluvium 30-36 3.8-5.1
T
Alluvium 48-57 3.5-3.9

Observations from N&H for SDOF
System in the Constant SV Range
SV = SAT/2π Sv = 2πSDT -1
❍ Vbase = M SA= 2π MSV /T ❍ Δ = S D = SV T/2π
max max
drops off in inverse displacements increase linearly
proportion to period. with period increase.
❍ using T =2π [M / K] 1/2 ❍ using T =2π [M / K]1/2

Vbase = SV [MK] 1/2 Δ = SV [M / K]1/2
max max
so Vbase decreases in so Δ decreases with decreasing
proportion to square root mass or increasing stiffness.
of decreasing mass or Change ! Vb a s e
0.5M 0.71 0.71
stiffness. 1.5M 1.22 1.22
0.5K 1.41 0.71
1.5K 0.82 1.22
0.5M 0.5K 1.0 0.5

Uniform Hazard Spectrum
SA / g 2% in 50 yr.
❍ Based on deaggretization of Uniform Hazard
SAS Spectrum
hazard at site, a spectrum can
be constructed consistently SA = SA1/T
representing the effect of all SA1
earthquakes expected over a PGA/g
period of time. Period, sec.
0.2
❍ USGS provides this data
online. To Ts T1 4
To = 0.2SA1/SAS
TS = SA1/SAS
Sa=4S A1/T2 for T > 4 sec
3g!

New Code Response Spectra
The IBC and NEHRP ➔ The Code Design Level is
Recommended Provisions for intended to be a 10%
Seismic Regulations for New probability in 50 year event.
Buildings have implemented this ➔ However, the IBC (and
basic procedure for estimating NEHRP) code uses a single
site specific design response level indirect method (not
spectrum. PBE), so only one level of
➔ It has been incorporated, with minor event is specified.
changes into the year 2000 ➔ Taken as 2/3ʼs of the MCE
International Building Code
event. For California, this
➔ Based on a Max. Considered relation is about correct, but
Earthquake (MCE) with a 2%
probability in 50 year (2500 year for other areas results in too
recurrence interval). high of event. Lower
➔ Detailed maps provide spectral standards for design are
ordinates at T of 0.2 and 1 sec. permitted in these areas (e.g.,
➔ Being redone, using NGA relations ordinary frames).
Comments on NEHRP Spectrum
❍ Maps based on ❍Maps are for medium rock
probabilistic estimates by sites. Factors to account for
USGS (for 2% in 50 years) soil conditions are included:
➔ Frankel et al, National seismic ❍ Modified Design Spectral
hazard maps. Documentation.
USGS Open File Report 96-532,
Values: 2/3 intended to
reduce from 2/50 to
1996 (updated in late 2002). SDS = 2/3 FaSs 10/50 hazard level
❍ Modified for ʻdesignʼ D = design SD1 = 2/3FvS1
purposes not to exceed where Ss and S1 are the spectral
➔ Smaller of deterministic or values for 5% damping at T = 0.2
probabilistic estimates and 1.0 sec. and
➔ 1.5 times median deterministic Soil parameters:
values for a characteristic event
for a know fault 0.8 < Fa < 2.5
➔ 1994 UBC values (depends on 0.8 < Fv < 3.5
version of NEHRP/FEMA Depending on type of soil
documents)

NEHRP (FEMA 368) Soil Factors
Soil Definitions
SA C
B
Soft
D
A Firm
0.2 1.0 T

NEHRP Spectrum
❍ Basic form looks like typical Spectral Response
code, Newmark and Hall or Acceleration / g Minimum
Force
uniform hazard spectrum.
SDS
❍ Corner points:
Sa =SD1/T
To = 0.2SD1/SDS
SD1
TS = SD1/SDS
0.4SDS
Note: S value are
D
Use: expressed as a fraction 0.2 Period, sec.
❍ V = Cs W of g, not in/sec2 !
To Ts T1 TL
Cs=SDS/(R / I) < SD1/(T R / I)
Minimum Force
Value but Cs > 0.044SDs / I permitted for safety, Note: Sa= 4S D1/T2 variation permitted
Depends Uncertainty related for T > 4 sec
and for SDC E&F, to P-Δ effects, In FEMA 450, TL varies with
on Code location
Cs>0.5SD1/(R/I) and near-fault
Used!
directivity effects
Modification for other than 5% Viscous Damping
❍ Statistical methods and code spectra
have only been generated thus far for
5% viscous damping.
❍ Newmark's factors can be used to
modify statistically derived or other Median Structural Median plus one !
spectrum. Note that these factors are Response Response
period dependent! % Factors Factors
❍ Consider if we have a spectrum at 5% "d "v "a "d "v "a

viscous damping and we would like it 1 1.82 2.31 3.21 2.73 3.38 4.38
at x%. 2 1.63 2.03 2.74 2.42 2.92 3.66
5 1.39 1.65 2.12 2.01 2.30 2.71
Sa(T, x%) = Sa(T, 5%)/B(T,x%), so 10 1.20 1.37 1.64 1.69 1.84 1.99
B(t,x%) = Sa(T, 5%)/Sa(T, x%) 20 1.01 1.08 1.17 1.38 1.37 1.26
❍ If the 5% damped Sv value is 60

cm/sec on the descending branch, an
estimate of the 2% Sv value is
60/(1.65/2.03) = 60/0.81= 78 cm/sec

Modification for other than 5% Viscous Damping
❍ Statistical methods and code spectra
have only been generated thus far for
Sa
5% viscous damping. x% Damping
❍ Newmark's factors can be used to ✽
modify statistically derived or other
spectrum. Note that these factors are 5% Damping
period dependent!
❍ Consider if we have a spectrum at 5% B(T,x%) Period
viscous damping and we would like it
at x%.
Sa(T, x%) = Sa(T, 5%)/B(T,x%), so 1
B(t,x%) = Sa(T, 5%)/Sa(T, x%) Period
❍ If the 5% damped Sv value is 60 [αd(5%)/αd(x%)]
cm/sec on the descending branch, an
estimate of the 2% Sv value is [αv(5%)/αv(x%)]
60/(1.65/2.03) = 60/0.81= 78 cm/sec [αa(5%)/αa(x%)]

FEMA 356 Damping Values
Modify spectral values at 0.2
and 1.0 sec., and use the
same method to construct
curves
➔ SAs*= SAS/Bs
Effective Bs Newmark B1 Newmark
➔ SA1*= SA1/B1 (constant (constant
Damping, (FEMA (FEMA
% acceleration 356) velocity
356) range) range)
!2 0.8 0.77 0.8 0.81
5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
10 1.3 1.29 1.2 1.20
NOTE: From previous slide, B1 based on Newmarkʼs

spectral values for different damping values, we
would expect B1 for 2% damping to be 0.81

Summary
❍ A variety of methods exist for estimating the elastic response
of systems responding in the elastic range.
➔ deterministic methods
➔ probabilistic methods
❍ Elastic spectra applicable to performance levels for which the
structure is to remain elastic.
❍ Clear that for large earthquakes, such as anticipated in
seismically active regions of CA, these elastic spectra result in
very large design forces if the structure must remain elastic.
➔ Next: Use of nonlinear response to improve response and
lower design forces.


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Elastic Design Response Spectra

Envelop of a computed peak Uses

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

Elastic Design Response Spectrum

■ Statistical “attenuation” relationships

➔ Uniform Hazard Spectrum Sa 0

■ Basic approach (From USGS hazard

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

30 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.,

20 structures During Earthquakes,

NRC 1.61 Coats Hashimoto NRC 1.61 Coats Hashimoto

* lightly cracked sections represent lower values in range

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

After Fig. A6.1, Chopra,

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ Response spectra generated

develop equations for median

❍ Resulting equations can be

analysis to develop design Period, sec.

response spectrum with a

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

log Sv (cm/sec) = α + β(M-6) log Sv (cm/sec) = b1 + b2 (M-6)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

Abrahamson & Silva, Soil, r = 3 km

median values 0 0.5 1 1.5

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ This depends on the direction of fault

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ Get ag from deterministic or Median Structural

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

Median Structural Median plus one !

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ GetAmplified Structural "d "v "a "d "v "a

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

To = 0.2Sa / Sa Sa TD= 4.0 sec.

➔ Intersection at “C” given by: 0.5g D Sa= 4Sa1/T2

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley Spring 2009 ©UC Regents 7 - 31

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ using T =2π [M / K] 1/2 ❍ using T =2π [M / K]1/2

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

❍ Consider if we have a spectrum at 5% "d "v "a "d "v "a