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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    13K views164 pages

    Animal Science Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    Bea Cadorna
    Board Exam Reviewer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 164
    GreenEMPIRE “We plant seeds of SUCCESS” licensure =xamination in AXgriculture ™eviewer (Lecture Manual and Review Questions) ANIMAL SCIENCE ANIMAL SCIENCE (A Economic uty derived rom animals Commony usd tems The Anatomy and Physiiogy of am animals ‘A Commonly used tems 8 Thenevous ston © The Endocine tem E The bmphate sem F The Resrotery Stem 6. Te ogesve stem H. The excetery sytem 1. The Repoaicive system 31. Body temperature equation 7A Gases of mens andthe characteristics 1. carbonyerate 1V. _ Genetes and Livestock Imorovement © Gene action , The Mechanic of onertance The Menatoninertance Non nucerInvertance H. Ganesin Popuatin 1 anial breeding 31 Systems resang 1 Selection i Inbrewana i. Crossoreeang Ail Repreiton and rate of genetic improvement 1 Slaugter, Processing and arketing of Farm Anal ‘Seleang arias or saughar Handing pre to auger ‘eps in general saugtering Neat and meat products ik recucsen | yg proction VL, Poutrypreducton The chicken: cases, reeds & varies “pecalzesfadsin pouty oreaucion Pout reroauceve system Broding menegement ‘Geowing management Layer tocked management ‘Sytem ot ror operon VIL Swe production end manogement 1 Breeds of swe © Management ofthe bose vu ©. Care and maintenance of sms and gs . Gare and management of growing tmehing poe Gost ond sree prouction ‘A sheep beeecs Breeding and management practices 1. Feed resures and fesang menogement E Heath managerent Bee atl proaucoon and management ‘A Bee proaucon systems the phipines 2B. Bee cate beds, breding an reproduction . Herd management . Housing on ce octies Daty production TA tk and mk progucs 1B. Brees of day cate . Dany ete reorodicion Carabao praaucten & management “rypes and reed of ater butalo 8 Breeong CC. Care and management of bufaloes 1. Management or bul e f Feeding stems ‘Ana heats management ANIMAL SCIENCE I.INTRODUCTION Prtecon/secwy/Gude Power/rk = x, Dt, Nese, og Pesos cas, parts, ete ota Cae and aetna use rscalaumets, ete hump) Bos tas fata Bubaus bubale Sheep Ovs aes oat apr reas Poe ws Horse faqs cobolis ‘lus gals Malar duck Anas pttyrinchas Goose Anse comests Turkey Meeps gall Pigeon Coben China foot Mums meleagis REP won foeboo comfeeenempienh) Ppt ale breeding x fay age 2. ul alt= young mate caf under one yea of age 3. Batok —usuay stag for at purposes 4 Gatr= young ovo ter ex, drone your f ape a awcrw ~ ont fate creo, eat ba in 2. Carne — young fee carabeo uncer tree years of 2 oo nd ce es ray 1 rooumace~ a female horce eas for breeding purposes 2. Cok young mate Mose usaly upto Ne age ot thee Feuitaton horsemanship; te at of rdng on hrseback Fily~ young fete horse umsly op tothe age of tee versa {Gelding ~ hose which was casvated while young 8, Rang ~ salon wth only one teats oF none ine © Staion ~ mature male nore 10. Stucorse™a sali used fr breedng purposes 11.¥ai more or dry more one when nas no raduced any Young during the breeding season © Swine 1 ar ~male igo any age 2 Barton ™ mae pig Men wae casted we Young: ap that was cosvotd before te seconday sox characteristics have developes 5 Gt~yeung female pig under the one year of age, usualy fone tht has at ye gen bith 4. iter re of gs born nae farowing 5. Uter ae > the number of young pgs bam in ene ferowing 6. Shote Young pig of ether sex, weighing drome eee 2. Sow mature Femae pg, ne thas ven th 1 Stag amale ig carted afer reas matty 5 Steing~ young fas rom bth upto weaning 0, Weaning ~ young pigs sepastd tom the soa 5, ©. sheep and goat "Sty got or buck male goat o any age oe “Tere gost of any age Ee —fermale sheep of any ge Feece= wool covering the seep = young goto ther sex below one yea of 296 Plt woo ana nf sheep Rar male seep of any ape for beeeag purposes ‘Sree MPIE PH wan Joedook om/ereenenpverh) 9. sheatng ~ yarn seep th wo teat 10. wether goat male goat casvates before the secondary ‘sex chracterses nave developed voingprferabiy between Ito 3 weeks of 99¢ Poultry (chicken, duck, muscovy, turkey qu 1 Capon ~ a capnized mae te undeveloped ce and wats 2. Chek = yong cuscen wen the down sage 3. Gicen’= one of the more common pouty speces ‘tferee rom trkeygoesa Drake o mate dusk Duck a temale dc Ducking =the young duce i he down stage it ve young ofthe domestic turkey, fropey applied fet sex canbe dings Poultry ~#ealete tn fer l domestic ids rendering 10, Page =the feathers 2 fon! 1 geese) iy aiinguted by he II. THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS Te Parurtin = re ao ving beth Farrowng in sows Fang 'n mares dng ~ i gots ming =n ewes coven - at eteaton Fecundty/protfeacy - abhty to ve bith tayotspang freqsenty oe numerous young sequent inervai Feruty » any to produce fertzable ve af (© prov, proper enwooment for and” iting "col (gen ad lemoryonte deveepmen; Abt to proauce le number et Spe capate oferta Gestation = pregrane tne rom conception to bith Impoteney fare to copulate ‘bey — sevual matury, 9 estes by fest nest Sh 9, Sre= temae parent 10. Strity~ nity to produce normal youna 1 Terai ly he yo a eo pas on er 12: Weaning =the procs of Separating the youn frm ts dam 13. Weaning ~ young animal, afer separation rom ts dom REP won foeboo comfeeenempieeh) ‘anatomy the stu ote fom and srucare rime stucures fund ovtsde the body which an integral part ff the organ systems oat eternally 1+ Genraty inated the osowng functions tC hroteconjeoverig Such a feathers, Na, hams, in, te 1: Digestion tke mouth, bea, il sox, muze, ete Satin sh atin not ee, ae ‘internal Anatomy ‘fordmated “manner to enable” rie, growth ahd + Cenraylzated i the otowing ‘Thareoccavity ngs hear sibsomins coy somech, sel tein, pances, Iv, ‘olen lage intetne Rides, steals, Ta. Pee avy ~rereducve pans ‘Physology- the sud of funcion ofthe pas or egan systens of ‘he body 4g of fui ong rater rouse he means vic eneronmental Soul ae percaved anda boay reson oars Homeostasis ~ the manterance of satic or constant conden ‘THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ve nervous sytem The nerve ele er nexrone Speselze mn impulse condieson ofthe ray of messges from efector organs tothe nervous system ana Wee Yess Syrapse: 8 gop beeen two neurers) where Neve ips are tnsmitted from ae neve cto another Way be dassfed according to the diesen of pulse Tatterent_ (Sensory) neurons — arse nerve Impuses am the sector gat to the sina cod 2, EHferent (motor) neurons -vansmit neve inputs {ay from te bran or spa ard o towards msde rgands 23: Intemeurons — congue impulses rom HSE earn with the canal nervous yar “he Central Nervous System (CNS) ™ theman processing unt of the body Incudesthe bra (encase by te Sul) and te spe {nosed by te eter clara 2. the Periheral nervous eyatem (ONS) Te composed of nerves energogtom the CNS Dies ofthe Peripheral Nervous Syste somatic ‘aples & recaves ters (neurons) to & fem the si, Skeletal muses, ots, & ences beings about quck adnan of the muscles to changesin ‘The enaronment Green MPEP wan Joeboo com/oeenempienh) 2. autonomie/ visceral ‘supp 8 reaves fb to & fom smeoth muse, cxaae ascend gands made up of wsceral motor fers (hose suptyng smooth Msde ardac msde, 8 ands) 2 Savin of Autonome NS « farwormontetic ion Boo) runcions; eg, Namal operation of igastve system Sympathetic vison “als cated te Matto fight Dison; ImpotantaNeping us cope win sess Imparant for conve of ‘THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (ébdoccnslony ~ 2 branch of physlegy ceaing win the eoranatenf varous bedy tases by chemin megatrsprogicns by reside’ areas of the body and tenported theugh the Cela system to the organ orate on wih they exe ar Hormone it aubkance of chemical medater produced by the exdocine ance ana seueteg nto the booaaream to some dstant pat ot tre bod wit the target cls where exert ts et CGasaticaton of hemones scaring to competion foto acs og. x. nsitn which hls control lucose lvls inthe Blood 2 eiyoprtsinn pert hy, lage tan 100 ano Ex. Flige suring. mane (FSH) 2nd utering hormone (i) 3. Amines ~ Homonee dered om the amine sess Srosne na typtoohan| Ex Cateclamins (oereaine and noradrenaline) which ae bite sere response to sees 4. Sterol nid serves om ehaetra Ex. Corcoserids secreted trom the renal gland balance States, sua as ghicose ad st inthe boy. Bn ester component of he endocrine system 1 Conta a he atonaric nervous system 2: Recaption of saeary mpules ram he ca 3. nternedary Deween the nervous and endocrine sytem 5: Reguooon o bad take 7. Pat of the lnbic sytem-enations sic 6 rope end ha cr TWIN 3 foes: LAntorer/ agenchypephyss Ieee pasincarmiaa; sna Poster) neuranypopss rt wo lobes connected by tus,» bige of ses Matans te let! of metabaism nthe tissues optimal for the Normal fines metabotc rate of an individual ‘rent MPEP wan Joeboo com/ereenenierh) Secrtes T3, lodsthyronine, which along wth Ta states the ekygen consumption of most of the cals theo, ana habs reguste Told end carbonyaates mmezbolim “acess thyroid secretion: body wasting, nevoumess, excess Production, thyotnicasi Gave’ disease (exopthatarie Diarder) caused by thyrod-timulaing inmunegbulne os SC Mrvotcigam: site goer: lack of thyroxine seen Todne éticeney inthe det ‘so secretes alco Tnyecactnin response tothe ‘muito rom te partys ona acted nase thro ans aProaices Paraoyrd hormone (PTH) wher nreases the feveot ‘GRGUM i the Blood by mobizaton of clcum fom the bones and Emvancement of Ca and P sartn rm the intestinal tact (Ginryshosete exertion) Te secretion nti gland simulates the Cactonin (lowers eve serton in the thyroid and in response to the vreaing {Cacumlevel inthe Boos [a Smatrpe rmene (TH) Fe 9 oH aR LT OP = BAP OTTO Sime ty goth oh sn reese, imesh sine wean 1, “Stun when append beleceahoes eons inentacpae er bad Dadian —ocgnen ar i tency dung cont erent eT aS a Ta aad (cone) a Sang Rae ora Sana obo NG Ty oe RIN MTT (rss) ‘Silage oa peau saan Iijgmie Regus gatoanas the tet by matarg theyre a he eaters tls TERS PET Sgr Sa wm SE TREE TT TaN He oa ‘Stiles seaeren a xuone nd srenezeone Ie ov ‘Studs esarrene pain by ete Tai oT “Se STS MA I RGAE ERAS A TART herman (4) Teanonte Sinsing | Son Waanagtes) | Sin pansion TaaRAT sone 84) ‘rtecn Waray wand ‘ints Gti aang enaes aera ara | Ka TSP 005 RS TOUR TDRTTET ame (04) Green MPEP wan Joeboo com/oeenempienh) ‘eneraly loate atthe ater part of he icney ormanes ———[Faneone ‘Gustoricads Grady sa aa ed Tara OCIS) (Cems cotmone, | Stes gycogentas an gucnengene aoaerne eS RET rests sodum messlem by rab 8m, navine rae Rama, RE TAS, (asain ecemeatcan Nene | Marans of OSS Tecate athe duodenal lop of te snl intestine Fundin e6 an exoone lend: ts acer el serete pancreatic Tues with egesive ene Functen a5 an endocine gland: its Idets of Langerhans apna ana ee cas prodice 2 ferent hormones ‘he bata cls produce Ins whch stinlates entry of cose to "The cas for metaolsn, tus lowering the blood glucose eves the process te anabole,Inceaang the Herage. of ‘coe Tay ae and amino ah Excetinsin: can cause hypogyearia (Get ot nan: ean cause bees melts Green MPEP wan Joeboo com/eeenempienh) The alpha eas produce Glucagon when stimulates ayeagenats Therey Incessing Wood alucse levas; the process is bilieng ghcote, fety acs, and omino acids into the Excess lucagon: worsens diabetes {ade ot gucegor: can ale cause hypogheeria ale dad: Testes poauce male gametes (sperm) nto posacee the hormone textorterone fr the devapment + te goes Orary proces female gametes (8) produces Esvogen to emhance female vecapovty dung fextug devdopment of accesvory sot glands (mammary ‘ona Bprrcices megeterone trom the carps ute to msn reonany ante develon vest ofthe manmery dans roars Relaxin fr te relaxation of the Cava dig ‘THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS) rises to its highest pom (s/o) and fal to ts lowest pont (ease) ‘epoincaton of he Sno atl nage Ras 4 chambers (pel: 2 at; lower: 2 verdes) AV valve! ato-vensela valve: prevents cow of blo ‘rom the vente tothe trum curing vena syste ‘sore volves and pumonary valves prevent acon ofthe ‘ead ram the blood vse into the vetnies ring dastle tragpa the valve on he Hight Buse (mal) the valve onthe at “The Sino-arial node (84 node) The cde pacemaer ‘Re ots of cecarge determines he rate which the net st sound on and St) “ub, caused bythe dose ef ‘Sec sound (shot end gh pth): “an, dbsed by te sare ofthe arte nd pumenary vives jude the end ‘sequence contraction of the tia (ail sys), ftomed by the catratin of the vernides (Yer Spal), en ddastte (ralnation of te hear masses) the aria Papatien ofa heartbeat te wate of tl prsaire Which tas at he heat and ‘spreads hroughout the rte network occurs due to the fing ef theatres frm the let verde with onygented boos uring sys ‘edeemesto mensre she rate or heatbe (an be ol arteries neath surtace ofthe body, partly the rer can be pressed pains an dering ‘rent MPIE PH ua Joedoo com/ereenenpcerh) cml average pute a er minute and the action a fesng tne ae (Carabao and cattle: 54, eternal mail artery sight onthe titer srace ofthe fone ow and tthe coceygen artery a the Goat: 78, amoral otery 38, exter maui artery; about the mide the ower cnet region (same wth other farm animals) IAeY = he loc vessel that cries ongenstd blood awey Nera ares unoxyenated blced back othe heat xeon Plionary artery caries unongenatd lod rm height etrdeint the ngs ‘monary veins cay sunenated ood rom te uns to ‘Sviemicblond creulation the ongen faker bythe Uses ana carbon once (ven of by te Ussuesto the creulatng loos neues re olewing seca! eyo blood erate ‘etanary excl: supe od tothe heart Nepaie elton’ suppes arteral8zos int the Wer (eterl cretion: suptesateral ced nto the bra Renlcrealsbon: mips ster loo note ier ‘Splenic eruatin’soptes ater lod nto the digestive ‘hesiood Tk suspension of celular ements in an aqueous Seti of electrolytes and someon electro ‘ eraltory taste composed of Heed cls, Bead pasa, ne other sexaes wtones Dy cenit, canbe Separced nto to categories: et asm Ineeganicmaecuies, ang organic mates which aren ‘wanspert of ether sbsancee narmal pasa volume aout 35% of he body walt (a) Leukocytes (white Blood cats) Tesponabe forte defense protection ofthe boa 1. Grarultctes (restrophils eosneis, basis — the most numer; man functon ito phagocyte 2 Menace age end normals actively Pape 5: tymphocyes = mos formed in de yh node spleen tnd rymus, Daler poduceantbodes and couNead. () Ervtnoeytes (red blood cals) ican eset node Hemoglobin ~ a complex onugated lobar poten containing ion (OTHrombocytes (platelets ‘rent MPEP wan Joeboo com/ereenencerh) Plates cts tea and sick nto te al ofthe res co erates thrombopisn which Is eset ood ‘THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM + Composed of ymph node mph vessel, and ne tno * Crest em the sve spaces into te blood ‘Naetense mechanism to control techn by phagocftsegnosaus ‘nate basin and deve ram the nes a he ph nodes ‘The amon nodes Beat-staped smal bodes of ymphald tissues located “Arateie pants the BoayWraugh wth the moh passes ‘nits nay tothe bloedsveam Funaions proaucion of Iymphocttes ane t stop frlgn rats at come other Mrecome sweten of named curing severe bacterial irresone “The Lymph vessels SISter Of vessels daning from the hngs and fom the reste boa sues enn nthe venous tem ‘ote he ne vers) nner fs DDewed irae rom the bleed and im emiar compotion “The meh fw inthe lymph vessels is unireconl frm ‘THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ‘THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ~ Refers to te soucure ivoWed nthe exchange of gases _-indudesthecgestve Wact ands associated lands beeen he bised and te ings ane ober ran sons ala pp wich saws ea ar ought ae bes Been oe 2 ole econ ay one te Hood and remove [Be andl pias we Be oo ea Hotes and sheep ze ther ps an teeth aneralysvlves Inspiration, the cxygn frm the envrnment ‘he i ahd howe possess a cmp set of clots and taken and Expiration, carton donde, s metabo proc maa: Ctl and shee (end other ruins) have ely ‘pele ang rexprton ‘ova pd msead of upper mers Eupnea ne nina te epatn aiicnton [Apmen the cessation oping of respon ‘The echanical breakdown of ed int ne paries Hyperpnes the inceasarae/deth of treshg Bal Inprtt becuse thely diced feed presents 2 greater Polypnea te od, ston breathing {ace area forthe acon of gesive reyes and alow Diaphragm ~ completely separates the abdominal uty an the ‘atoning ‘hraceeaiy whi canis the lng ond the mena rans in ruminant, most tthe masteaton of coarser fed parties ‘ture dog te process frum, or chewing {Insalvation “The ining of feed wh save Creates cinng feng, mastication ore: mastication in mounts of amylan, and becaure of ality ond age The mechanical breskaown of fees ana the consequent hemial changes bought about By dgestve wees, bare nd protozoa, + Breakzoun of feed partes ito. sutale products for ‘bsrptn; may inclu’ mechanical force, chemi a0, fenzyine avy; invaives the processes used to prepare food fer ebsarpton complex peel proce in ting cl that causes changes In ater substances witha the body weneut beng changes tsa (orn ety) + Sava: Samar amylase ~ stare to matose; (en sine limited cate snd sheep) Begs the Inbal stant Ssgars and starch + Ramen acaba! cele - catulose to woate tty a mica, Amviase~ sch to oe ft sis andl geid Miro Proteses~ poten ts amino aos and NM, eri renee ~ureato CO, ond + Stomach, abomasum and Provetcubhs: Pepsin potin to avpepies + Pancreas (eraymes produce by pancreas ae secreted WS {me auacenum) Trin ~ protein to peptides and amino a6ds Ghymacypsn — frten opepes ana ama seas CatbonpeptisoeBrten to pepies and amit sods “Troster of sibsance from gastrointestinal act (GI) to the ceuitny (od, cr Iymph) stem; waves the processes that move smal molecies though membranes of {he gasvountestnal ‘act (GI Ved) ito Hood so the ‘SreestMPIREPH (wa oehork com/greenemprenh molecules may be used for tre specie function; ocr when utes are token sown to very amall maces, to Ne Base units, with the acon of eraymes; oes praniy the sal mesine andtarge mtesine {ruth and buccal cov for peterson, masicaon,anainslivation “eam 3 vecesey orgs Tongue = yrasing food Yeetn mastication of food tomosten food; mucin to horeate food fo easy Salm Bearbaate sas tute (regulate BH Salvaryamyaseto tart carbohydrate digestion 2, Pharym=armon pssoge or a and feed the nspred at Gosseathe payne to enter teary whe the feed cesses the hart ent the esepegus . esophagus a usc ibe which connects the stomach tothe ‘mouth allows passage of fod fem mount to stomach Susur organ whic te ste frre saree, orrang ‘stémaing of ee, sberpten,enzymate aceon and mized "Sao funcbon:sorape of nested teed, mechani breakzown, and roduchon of HCL enzymes and mucus 5. Small intestine “has cisons Sertions rom the pancreas, iver and intestinal was. Jefumum — mile secon hat is invehed In nutrent 2scrptan lum ~ as section ~ ls invovedin mutt absorption Digestion i the smalintsine i enhanced by: + Prtelt enaymes conte petenbyatoys 1 Parcel base vets star to maltose 1 Petiase enaymesreeuce apepties to sgl amino ads {eis proaucn bythe tv, and sored and scrted by tne fl binder (not eset te hese). le as gestion ‘ie smatitesine by emaliying fat paaes. ‘Secum st secon wih raat agen the hose a Feo when wal dovloed as in the tse contains MM acter whic reduced enzymes that age Noe = mide scien wich Is ivclved i rea ot Wile, lngth i reited to anoint ot mater eer o Meter: length is rae 'o emount of wate edbeorpon {he clan ver long in he dese at. 7. Accessory glands rans ~ produces Ogestve enzyme nea he ‘apestve processes at tne pcan the sma asthe tiver secretes be needed forthe emulation oat nthe ‘Thpesof animals basen ther stomach uctre: Monogastrc Sail mach, oe crpartment stomach “ites sone ana horses ‘SreestMPINEPH (ewe ebook com/greenempirenh The aigstive pathway for fees in monopatis Mout" esophagus” smplestomaor ~ small iene (duocenum, eumum, eur large mtestne, and cecum) -recum = anus In horses, the large intestine, especialy the cecum shah developed heh atows micoil populations te Neus (Slay She reetarunen of rans an for mest othe exon ot 2. Modified simple stomach “an be ound pouty spaces with te folowing moancatens: (ge, cop, ane proves ‘Mouth — docs not contain teth, but the beds Beak use to ‘alle pares of feed an to beak some age patie nt Sale pieces a tngue and salvary gands ate present ana ‘heasive does contin sory amvase Frophagus - The esophagus of most birds cde on feng area cle the cop a8 2 temporary storage and ‘mottenng of food, ar place for savaryamvaset0 werk, {ng as mead Fermentation Some spedes lana pepsin procucuon nthe Bes : cizzardy Ventrcuis - 2 musclar area wich contains gr the involuntary muselr conaetan sii the Mechones Dreaksown of food The digestive pathway in pouty canbe summarizes as: Neu pony pves (ane) ada Intestine = rg tes, (nd ceca = caea = ere ‘The Non-tuminant: a. general term for those possessing # single Smachcompertment 25 wal athe Moo stomach) Inge sre, pouty, and young urinane animals tht have ce deveeped 9 funcional Yume, (aso dogs, eas abs, na men) 1 Compound stomach / uminants nih four carpartnents (mature rurinants) Sauaes este, caboo, seep, go {eto raph gest andre large quanies of foaus feeds ale fo convert feeds that ae ingest by humans an other Tole to ube Nout an-protn ntrege, ans they cal woauce al of he essertal sane ods and B-compex vitamins The geste pathway in rumnatsis oath esophagus rasa wren ~ (processes tfapurgton, Fedhewin, rensotston, and resalloning)~ rela ramen. tomasim < sbomasim "smal etesine = lage mestne (eid eur) rectum aoe Solus formation - the format oats of eas out f maleate tec partes ‘The Four Compartments: ihe mol ste of mized fementaton of feeds; the gest ot the four omparents; located recomnary a the lt se; the maser wats secrete ro eyes on ae covered Projecons ales popiae whch are eqies for abscpson ot SMe three major benefts of mizabal fermentation In ‘SreestMPIREPH wa oehork com/greenemprnh ‘conversion of ealose fom vegetative matrs fovolte racy acs as sources of energy ‘Producten of mrbal poten fom feed protons na ron protan ivogen sources tat provde he ‘isnt arin soe Sythe of itamin K and he B:Vtamins HE Reticulr SM eepates the passage of feed fam the rumen tote Seecaing compartments ‘asin the equation of reed back tothe mouth ‘eo a ste of micebalferentton Has 2 funcoons (1) to move fog te the rumen or asym nd (2) ealectin ef dense porte food ane in Fegurataten ef nga aug rumination he process ot movement of ngeste Bock up the esophags othe mouth otional mecranial breakdown ~"ehening ecu) Rossum Sa round musclar organ which conta many musclar Tomine (sometimes ealed meno) = Farther grinds andres the feed to fer particles before Ane The te tomoch ofthe ruminants Adon nia estes of ne umnants incu: esophageal groove ~ begs ot the base ofthe esophagus and when sorulaed by sucing fom. tube which enptes Ito the ‘omnssfucin’ to rect ra obtained fer svg to exape Imrabalcgeston nthe rarer Rumination te proces which permits an arial forage and ‘nget feed rpiy, then complete cheng at alter tine esan the Stomach sequratated,rensavated, and resnaloned; controled ‘orig! entocions of he escphequs, etcuum ang ren aon Ingeta tobe reqrgtated back upto the esophagus where Mis are Sion tons emacs et ctaon (bing of 938 lows for removal of xge values of it pradiced In the rumen’ cartons ofthe Upper pat of he fanen fore the gas up the esophagus and Wom tee De gas penetrates it the vacea a ngs ‘THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM Needed forthe excretion of wate proces rine) ans Ison of tency cans sare, cee Composton Kidney ~ pared, bea-shaped organs leat ok ether the Yertaaral cumin aga the pester eben! wall ‘se of urine formation trough the nephron ‘The.Nephron omnes of gomeralus Bwmaris cps, renal tule ‘escenang and asending loop of Hele and dtl bes, Wich vary is prea often substenes aha ‘THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reseducten ‘sen forthe perpetuation of specs, thus, prevent ts etn GreenMPIREPH (wna fothook com/orenempinb ‘he Famale Reproductive system ‘he erate has an mmoble api gamete so cal) called an 4. ovary SMR bated, almond shapes oigan stated ner the utene har just eh the ey Frodces the ova and seretes the fer ox hormone Mpa a the were tude ajacent othe ovary ‘Shaped ke» funel ne expences fem Fa up te egg when retared by te rary athe tine of 5. oviduct / fallopian tube ‘Suuctue that cones the ova rom cach vary tothe ferpestve nam ofthe news 2 Pessagenay othe egp ont way tothe ters F The ste of ertiizaion and ste of eat embryonic wasnt TR tubular structure externg fom the termination of both {atopan best «pant where the hens the were ons the bay ofthe uterus an contruee othe crv ~The ste or mplatanon ana servesin3 nate ane produce enact fer the cevelopng embryo [Npasage way of Seen and pote the uterus om foreign mses ‘Secrets 9 icky MUCUS sel Cring pregnancy 6. vagina *atube extending rom te crvix down tothe wha Reaves te pes in copution Provides paccge way for he aly developed ets ‘uring pation 2. vulva, ‘Common pasage wa fo the products of epraduchon srawine 8. eltoris denentary ecg stuated ventral to the vue Hometogos tothe glans pens the male ‘The Male Reproductive system ‘The mae as mobiehaplod rele cated a sper. he pre primary sex organ ofthe mle uncon: (i) preduchon of the sperm; (i) seareton of snogen, the nae sox homane In se nested win the body cay in mammaty fe tated Be srotumiede the torn coviy, pesca ‘pouch of in, the eternal covering ofthe ets " rotecs the testes rom drect mechani njren {so proudes the tees an enucnment which s 2 F A. episiayns along conte tube whch connects the vasa rene of ‘he tesis wih he ductus deferens (vas deferens) the pice for maturstion othe spematoze before favaeon GreenMPIREPH (wna fothook com/orenempinb 1. Ductus deterens (vas deferens) Mrz masalar ube Which merges Wi the epaayis and ‘estas upward the abdominal avy and emiesin the “ropes the spermatozoa rom the eps tathe gianna ere ng econ ‘= caal starting fam the uncon ofthe ampala and ends a ecpming ee pn 4. accessory Jip rge porn othe ducts ceterens ust before ts the temporary sage of sperm unl aetaton tine ies lands nth oe located on eer side ofthe amp “Procuce a secretion Mg in uctose which ads as wee or seem veneer Prostate gland ‘n unpre and which oreo iss surrounds te urethra “proateas a Viscous searoan whch simulates spam acy 280 ‘vere semen te chronic ode 1. cowpes's gland ‘2Smal pared Gund located on ether sie of pec urethra Introduces the spermatozoa tothe vagina Semen ~ consis of pe cots and the secretions ofthe acesary ganas 2030 hrs in man; 14 dysin chicken ~theifespan of spermatozoa in ‘he female reorogucove Woe. Puberty and Estrus cyte Puberty -ndcation tht seni! maturty reached capable of oduct otpings; the usual manfewaton i showing sgn oF estrous cycle ‘te moral rom the Bing f ne Neat pened (esr¥s) to ta sare of another het peroa eProestrus "the peod bebveen regresion of the cous Tear (CL) ane erus, when fobeuar development securing and estogen produsion is ineasngh (about he "Saath to twee dys the bovine ele + Estrus the petiod ot sexal receptive tagh lever fogen; depending upon the spebes length of eaeus ranges ‘rem aboot twelve Hours to eves days exrogen lays Ong Shout a surge of and FSH) + Metestrus the phase folowing esrus when the CL RAE nd begins to produce pogestarone + Blestrus =the phaca when the Cis hon achive in te proauain of propeterone ‘Sassfiaton of annals based on the ocucence of ther esos ade ‘ihe ahimal comes in eat enly ence «yar x. Dogs Seasonal poyesbus omesin heat eta seasons ely 2 Sheep ‘SreestMPIREPH (wa oehook com/areenenprenh Polyestrus ‘ames heat Bvauphout the yen; Cae, swine, crabao Perce tug physclogcal manfeatons meh 38 Teddenng and aneling ofthe uve Mais dacharges Wom he vagine Frequent winton Retesneas and ack of appatte Mounting athe anenals inthe he ‘Te temale stands si when mounted ~ bes sgn Matg of nserinaton must be cone at thee thet the ‘lation would Mealy tae lace, 0” a5 dose as posable Be expected oven tne {ips ear nsernaion rece oncerbon rate ave tothe Fhe best ne to sominte is tamards the ed of ers Cate and crabee~ onation takes pace about 15 ue: eau duration m carbo lee from 5-26 nore (18 hue svea90) Pie Seay o eau ‘aes ~ sus duration is abeut 6-7 dys; best to nseminate onthe Pond 5 day oF es Spar captain the spem cas reside i the feral reproductive vac before becoming capable of aachng t and Pevetang te ov, bebeved to Sart nthe vers Feruazaton the pocesin whieh 2 sperm ruses we an ovum to form aot yar fertlzed clin whieh he genetic materi the sperm nd hum are combines ‘Tmo mathos ot rzaon {a} External fertilization = bot) parents expe ter gametes ts state er aida wate, what neces Ong (0) Anterma feritzatis eral reproductive to. ‘embryonic nd fetal development takes place within the argent: + "Ovary: The embryo formed nade the fans depoatd ftade her body ao an gp. Aer devecpment,fspng hatch cut of the epg and recy into the enfinenA Di and some esis a ovpercus. + Ovoviviparty The enya develops inset female boy ‘though tt obtains a nowenment rom te ag yok. TRE Young hatches fly developed and are reease om he females. body. "Many replies and some fauncerg® rowan. + Viviparty” The embryo develops insio the fenates BBB nate young cotan tar nourshmert for the females Biooe, rather than egg yok. The. Young. emerges fly develope rom te teal body Amos! all mammals uncerge the mate ceposts sem inside me Frequency ot owlation and length of enbrynic development ane ‘expected umber of progeny per year be reede Teale he ‘anows pee far anna eae ee ee henna eect Tregrner | yurgoredued er ‘Oon) a [ages —[—* 2 10:20 oncen [> ar 30300 ona gay ra SooT ae at 2050 pesca - 300 ers not |r 7330 Smee ie 13 feo — [roar tar a ae a 20 a ae — be} ite a wwe. (pas) ne [rin |ow [an Sea mm |e lie et ‘SreentMPIREPH wa ebook com/greenenprnh station peri - 25 he paid of tne tom conception t ith of the oteping| 3 fuson a ne fetal memrans to the endometiom ot the ‘rau te permit phyaogealexcange between fetus ond moter ‘lows rovson of nents rom the ternal organism Parturition ~ the physlogcal process by which he pregnant wterus Savers re fetus ana pacata fom the macarnaleganism, Uiggeed Dy telus maybe aided neo 3 sages ‘Sans. morning pation ‘hangesin the pee hpament Enargement and edema of the va Mammary actty = otvows enlargement of te marsmary fund wctrein at faim species fe presence of mic the maneary gland ~ 8 strong arm, te mammary lod Is so ready to proauce ik Body Temperature Regulation ogy temperature theesiing balance of next producson and neat asin I tay prorat for igh prety sama 2 groups based on the ait to regulate boy tempera \Warm-blooded ~namesmerms;boaytrpeature erga incependet ofthat of te envrenmet aileoded pote 00 temper vis ety wth Process otheat saan, 3 convection hast tantra too am te animal bythe imoverent ofthe Nested a prices; posture of re anmal an ether Clnatens atecing surface area afc eat convection Sadlation -ranzer of hex by secromagnese waves; no Imaal megum ot py eetact GreenMPIREPH wn ochook com renege 4 vaporization ~ the most enportant proces by which animal ee sho an espa sures " ‘Thermal neutrality ~body temperature is rarmal wthout much Fepultin! the ewenmentl temperature at mich the eat sss (Sunt the moma nest prosicon IIT, ANIMAL NUTRITION Mutton Tinie Sees of processes by whic an orgasm takes In ana stnlates fod for preraing growth and repladng wa-out nconpocies save dee of ducpine tke Docheny, ‘emis, phrslon, endeeiolny, mzobIoogy, genes ‘Mutants aed coniunts ofa group ef feed constituents of the te ~ Way indude smtetialy produced veamins chercal action, ceayneactvty = The basic unt & the frm of the nasent whi may be ‘Combination of anabote and cataboke reacions ocamig i ‘a bay wth ne tberaton of enray {Con scion afte the Base ni fe nutes have been Sorored nto te bed Invved at the chemial reactions paromed by the eas to tie the base unto the matrent for ther epee feos ey alucoge for energy or amino acco roan syctess Pte Tino 9 Sach Glicose (non ana) Nolte faty ads ard lace 20 (ruinant) Tatulose | Werte ay ae Siseee ‘Glusee and rut Tose lites and gsncose pis att 2685 and yer ‘lasses of nutrients and ther characteristics Makes to 65-65% of anenl body weight ot wa ands 0% of boy wag at maturty Percentage of bod wt decrsses with anlage anc hal an verse relonsip with boa fo 1. carbonyarace ce up of (40%), H (7%) ana 0 (53%) by % maleate waht 1D "Sour of erery © Balding staves for other ments Stren arms body by converting t fats 1 kate ‘SreestMPINEPH (ewe ebook com/greenempirenh 11, Fats (Lids or ether Extract) ade up (meleaar waht) of (77%), M (12%) and 0 21%) ~ Fat wil yield 225 tes more eeray than exbohyrates ot = intone Dietary spp body Ste testa ay acs, tc Intec ane Serve a0 caer for absorption of fat-soluble sin lesen ha lst and rece grow ate Kets ~eataoln of bay fat Fay ver abnarmal metabo f Wer ~ Local aetna sources oat Aire ody. sunevtaresus, sounding eternal exgans Mesting end ik 1. Proteins Tage molecules made up (oy molar weight) of € (538), Hig}, 0 23%), Mok) ana PCI) Crude protein ~ composes ot tue protans ang any nitrogenous prods; cuce poten = Nx 6.25. Protein qualty refers to the amount and ro of essential amano Se prevent In praten zzontial amino acids ~ tose amino sce which are essen to ‘he snimal and must be auppied In the diet Because the anal anetsyntesze them fas: ereugh to meet ts requreents: envalaine ‘Meronne sine Hite Tweonine gaine ‘rypeophan tetane Tsalevone pine {he anima but ate normaly sytheszed of suMaent the aet and need no be supplemented epargnes ‘Gyene spare ho yaranyceine | Gystane Froine Osene Seine — Fancions| "pase srucural unt ot the animal boy, We, cotaoiy ‘atin, contracle poten, kere poten, i pratens + Boay"" meals —enaymes,hermanes, rvmune sttbodes nevedtay vanamiszan ‘+ “Shmptoms reduced gomth Yate and fee efisency,anoren, inreviey ‘ihc est dearanstion = The total mineral content of plants or animal is often called ‘SreestMPINEPH (wa oehook com/greenemprnh seareaban Major minerals — normaly presant at eater level ‘mal body er needed im relaoaly lege amounts nthe Gee Ina Ca, PH, KN, + Trace minerals” narmol presont a even nina boay or meee in very sal amet inthe et (Cu, 2, (oy F 1, Fey, Se and are tol a large quate), General Fctione # "Ste rrmaton and maintenance ~ Ca, 7, Mg, Cy, Me Fanconi pron stout 5, Zn (ryan vanspore Fe, cu Fata balance (sede pressure) Na, CK equating 203 base balance ot ene system ~ Na, aK + Retaters andor eampenensof anne stems C3, Koma, Fe, Cu, Ma, 2 spines amin rltionsin ~ Ca, 2, Se Vitamins sta for development of normal tissue necessary for ‘metabolic acivty but do nat eter ito srr potan of oor (Cnot be eytneied bythe animal + Antweanins, earn antagonss or peudowtarins ‘Water soubie Weamins ~ chamine, rbofvin, sac, Didone, pntthene ed, bin, cole, oe cd Fungions and Batsences fay roe as rguar of taboar;necetary fr growth {nd maintenance ‘+ Waminrequrement may a increase ld age due to Poor repoaicon =A, and Retarded youth ~ 4, Dan E Bane detrte rsaien jms A and © Nervous sade seh 28 conven, By By an Fl ‘mates m absorption ana utlzaen, 1. Muscuar i eooranation o other nervous ns Aan 8 2. Reduces fed intake -A,D and PP ‘Sgneral symotoms Indicative of Marainal or Advanced 5 Impared won or tinaness "A ‘Mitamin Deficiencies 3 Digeaive aturboner A ond 5. Rough ha eoat A Pout & Seon ea nd tet use 2 Sin ar mouth lesen", By BH, PP ad Pant 5. Discnrge rom eyes of swoie, pasted eyes A and Pant 4 Reaicesreastanceto fetus teeaee “A, € , By, Pont &C 5. Poor eather, , By HF, PP and Pant. 5. Bone snormolties A, 6 Fl And PP 2, Leg weakness er paralyas A, , 8, Band 8 E99 proauen rece fl potential”, D, EK Sy By and 9. etree growth A, EK BB Ba MF, PE, PHBE Bp 10 nacht ede i pata, BB Fe "1. Muscarin coordination ater nervous ss" RRD, Bu 2, Resuced fe6d OK “A, Dy BB BM, Fy FP 8 POE 2: mpared'waon orbinatees 6 ana 4, Sours anal vrfing By, Br By Bo and 5. a stomata a prebems By by Bi MPP and Pant 5 Anemie "EK, By Fa PP ad Pan 2. pared fed cnverson “By By Bry, PP and Pant 8, Lameness unsteady gor A, 0, 8,8. and Part 5, oor repreauton “AEB BH Fl And Pan. 10-Retrdes gfth B,D, EB, By iy Fo uminats ‘SreentMPINEPH (wa ebook com/greenemprnh Fitri A (ena) | Pete he devdopmart od vaua panens | ono protons in Geen Gops [Ute esa Sa Iaapertlefoefomaten aapretecin of | hier rosie a — [Sa aR ae RTS RTE ay (reine a Se ao [nesses ame ae = feaawaa fae Pann: Cn) TRG BE ROT SOOT Taps mg rE a ‘aha eo Casas eae FOR fate ges ey, eae TE TRE TO He SoS ME, NE BF) ve, BI, aR a Troana) ——[Ravmenymescancres nin merogt vaste” Al poawcgrnes nemo | pods eam Tee SE ET CC | SR BT EG, Fe —| GC ev OT Ine ows carne es, ay ak prone 8 ES eco oE OT coPBOR es NOH ETS Tre an Soyo (Gjnactatamts) | eft apa metaolsn ‘rod monde ih ad ek a TFA VRE aT | VEE, FOR, OT Drimess vert aae conventions | eon tt ey pub rsa fom” | Wer ney, ese eH Fara Ta DO GDI WETS NEW, TAGE SHEET | DUTY VET roe ss pemene MINER [ht 5a 8 GE ORE TS WH | BT, OTT TSO TTR Pa, — En a OR HOTT STI tion erdcdtotncue si rte eae a oa pane ‘SreestMPINEPH (ewe ebook com/greenempirenh TF SRE WHR GSS EER bathe mtrmesary meabian by acting wea lees, yas ra aR, ey ‘apyak, om pedo mee TBE Faas cata fo a "sti prbabtes as neon redon sytem | powder ‘he vegaatls us, taraoes nin re nee (crete fat). Macro [Fonction Detiieney alum [Bone and vet Tormation = 95% of Body calum the bos | cesT vomg anal Jonts Decor eavGes Bones Nerve and muscle function; Acasa balance {osteoma or esteopross i older animals; Bones es pocucon, sso epg peau comes por nd weak Ghemne wd [Formation of digestive ces Tontwity appearance na mpared paTammance Sedum | Conra of boa id concentration ith nebiyoerspring amas an ace sal deicency may Conte bay ft ph evap Tsung n aeupted neve ard musce uncten ana are and musde ay nevus proton, Tages —[Necessary for many ent oles fiybermapnesenc tan ~hypenToby oe Pays aren carbohyate meabash nearomascua sytem producing hypex stabi, Necessary fore propa funconng of nervous system | icooranaton Praspheras | Bone and tea formation ~ abut BO% of Body posphatis | Rxesn young annals dar o tat of calcu dehaency. Asa compan of praein i the sot tses faleum eeieeny. x preatenon ato epg proaucon Poe apett, sow gan, lowered mik production, ow blood In varous metal procesren and chen on rented objects, but hi ot spe or prosphorus cea Patassn | Reged by Wvstoa fra vary of boy uncbons sh as | Nos unk under erdnary coats Symptons ‘cent rettonsact-bae balance, rumen gestion, and te primary nvacasa ation n neuromuscular acy. exnsumoton, lowered fed eficiecy, Sow ont, sess PH (wa foebook com/eenemeen [iss conpanant of eae s0a Ganesha MTT wd tne vitamins, bot andthe Inte sjtnesf aur contain amine aces nthe rumen, Inthe tamation cf verlus body compounds express se a protean cefceney= 8 general unten Mere Functions Deficiency Minerale Coo Tea cepanen oe warn By OTE ‘Geeral_anutton amnion _—_ poor _ apes, Tnteramen stesso warn By etme wens, eri dezeased Fett, OW 1 hemogiotin formation {Aonormal woo growth in sheep; abnormal bone metaboksm in eytnese of eatin for tar and woot grow fczcarncoornaton; weakness att anemia, in varousensme srteme a To Pow rttdsoteoprosisn matures Tone Th the producon thyroxine bythe Wd pong Goer a bith soon ae ar, ead ar weak ot B Hefisaneso bith Tested nove eapecisy fol Tar Tecessy farang formaian Th the young. pig: Low ‘Blood Faemogab, Labora Ser for the fomaion of cartan @iines raat to| breathing, Lstessness Pale eels, ers and nos; Faby, faye trangpot and utzon ‘ried on Edema of Neat sv sheldes| ceri the formation of crt compounds cy serve a on ses nthe body — specal Fert, Touna prima Ie the Iver and splen ane Remsen, found many ee Wanganese [In entre sytans fluencng eves, ovation, eal [Ddayedeavus)_Refuced owaony Reduced ey evelopment, Laser devdapris, nik prosudion and growth | Abortions Reorpons, Deformed young: Por growth td sett! development Lowered seen akalne posphatse; Loneed tissue manganese "kauang oer" caves Co Important uly fer ue a formation GreenMPIREPH wn foehook com orenempinh RS aaa A Tacwum—[in vitamin €absepon ané vation Tavera! musa ayavcony (white masde dese) seni component of enzymes glutathione peroxidase, | labs and aves: etaned plceta in om Neat ale, which functons to desvoy tne peroxides inthe tsa ee | Pray, Poor roth, Low ety ver cross awa a sparing effect he wtaminEfequtement Panes Rvoas nicks ‘ther compounds of seni seem to work cance wih emrne neat me Prevents patoertoas Fretrty ecerenced a groving on Tateing svne Bong Promotes general hitiness ana growth Prometes wound healing. Ratatat hat ard woot conth and heath Dafcency pas testeuargawh ana function fedon conte wth ravons cotanng recamended level ‘of aum. Detoeney sjmptoms Induge Paakertous, ‘Genera untitnes, Por growth, Umea ooking Rar roo Sow mound neaing GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE ‘as metabo oc Eston Clabokn ~ cee to these tery expendture to mantan essential We pracesoe Sonn the created ease nthe mace ofthe booy to each the slat imauity ee by hereay Yellen inreaeed ght and ze ‘Guracarzed by: Inoeacem the numberof cals, Incease Maa Prt reaurement for amt and mentenance ‘The"adat ont uncons ie, fears, Ras, Nets, nal, ‘than 20% prten (win good qaltyprotn feeds he fh mea, Imest rea soya mea, sum tik powder, etc) Whereas Oe hogrnisher mash may conan ont 14% poten (wen hte aunt be the good aust prota feeds). ‘SreestMPIEPH (wa oehook com/greenemprnh herve cao or ont, nergy commg manly om carbohycate; provided sso by fats and plotens)ige ang fre or uss stesso taboos WARE ences cesricion tm te energy intake of 29 anima (ther obo of theza ways maybe flowed Lower te energy conten o Gnsty ofthe ration ~ Le, make the raton buy The eneray: prot ratio is an impartnt Form the eicency and exonem gf Fe practical measire of ont petormance of fam animals ae average cay gan in wage (ADG) 2 feea eTcncy (FIG). 1+ The vatues ae reat atteted by two aor ors Hereatry (paocul the Bead o” san af he anal) Eniranmen (sarily bythe nen ane management) aad | Fiera reaT ivevocntasn | ‘Govina pips roraved arose 38 sombre) ‘owing atl ate) anos | o-a ‘Gong ale (atve-zeou | 05-07 | 109-110 rover eden aOR) i5-18 | 20-23 (6-7 weeks) Feeds = consiute a large potion of expenss la any Svestoc ere Rowteaes ‘Awana x (cand aston) Cenronemsrnaareaopogonum (Cenrosema pubescoa Ganca grass (ancm mannan) tpt (avcoena ”) Fekawatemoare se aco (it spun) Naper ors (Pesotum prem) Peto ass (rachars mut) Sar rss (Caco ectontoohs) sera PH (wa foebook com/eenemeen oncentes anane mes! Sooanes Bonemest copra mea cam gran Diam phosphate Fiermeol ne et ana bane mea! esses oneal phosphate Oper st Rewer orm Soubean of mea! ‘Tnealoum phosphate West palrdtheat bran zed eration and aay cant Pronmste ena Weende sls ~ mos extensvly used metho for demining the utove vaue of Feds; mcudes the folowing Hoiaure ~ determined by acutely weighing tely round sample beer and ater drying to constant weg at L05C ror lene hours rue at" res that nudes al ener soluble stances Suc 95 wanes, essen, and pigments but mos fat fn tty aad eters ride era rough measir ofthe portion of chats poi used by monogesie arias Ere re ta gen mates by «ace 625 mitogen heh = the rede remaining ater combustion IV. GENETICS AND LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT Seneties tn branch of bitoay tat oral wth the pence eeaty ad variaion af hang things ‘Gregor Mendel (1066) ~ tre Father cf Genetics an Austian monk. who condiced breedng experiments on gatden peas (Gimim satwim (),foruiates ane pabshed his hypothe bout the mecancs of Inherkance of characteris OS ‘Secvered that Revedtary chracerinier were determined ftementary factors va cae genes) Hugo de vres (nt Netheriands), Cart Correns(n Gamay) nd erie "Von" Tshermark(m Ausra)" ndeperaory Tedecovered the marke ot Nene 2901, Witiam sateson (1906) an Engl bilogst who stuses re Inmerance of tan characters of the cick, sowed hat the Mendsion lan ls oppes sma GreenMPIREPH wwe fothook com/orenempinh Johannsen (1908) 2 Dan Bolo, coined he tem “gene” Teter to the parculste fator that Mende hypethesd os the bse une oFnertance ames Watson 2nd Francis Crick (1955), to young seems ‘of cambridge, Unversity England, hypatheazes te chemical hace ond funcion of the gene which ss now universal cepts Genetic improvement improvement nth the performance ofthe anima Brought bout by secon atsurng thatthe ewronmene ic pms * fibonuieeac he primary genetic mater of a ss Abiochemes! compound casing of chan of tudestdes fled patmuestce, each micestise const 2 shosphate (and sga (3), and base (8) ‘chromosome threads sructre found the nl 3 the cel ‘Amina ald =the bung Bock of poten, spec combats ‘3 bases, 20 of wavcy ae normaly found my protane sod one. 1 segment o te DNA wach cetemines ne base sequence of rudeotaein the messenger Boruc aa (RNA) tat © The pnaicinfrmation that sored ma be sch hat Rca be

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