RETAINING WALLS 585 suit this bending moment may now be computed. The slab is ‘usually built of the same thickness. The main reinforcement require- ment may now be calculated. This steel runs horizontally, its Tequirement being away from the earth side at sections mid-way between the cou .terforts and near the earth side at the sections on the counterforts. Fig. 362 Upright s ab subjected to lateral loading. The slab shall also be provided with distribution steel at not Yess than 0°15% of the gross area of the section. The distribution -ateel is placed vertically near both the faces, since the upright slab fs considerably thick. These bars should form a mesh with the horizontal bars. Hence these bars will have to be supported by additional horizontal bars at certain places where main horizontal bars are not forming a mesh with them. (ii) The base slab. The width of the base slab may be made 06 H to 0'7 H where H is the overall height of the retaining wall. The base slab consists of the toe slab and the heel slab. The toe projection is usually one-fourth of the total width of the base slab. i Heel slab, The heel slab should be designed as a continuous horizontal slab with the counterforts as the supports. The slab is designed a8 8 continuous slab consisting of cont:nuous strips parallel to the wall. Each strip is uniformly loaded ; but the loading on the various oe from a maximum at the heel edge to a minimum near ll. : The loading on a strip of beel slab will consist of the follow- iB : (a) Dead load of the strip306 DEMON Of REINFORCED CONCRSTS SERUCTURED ) Weight of earth above the strip (©) Vertical component of lateral pressare in the casq uc carth eurcharged at ifthe is = an angie. | surcharge angie is «, then the intensity =C> wh' sin « tan « A’ pheight of earth above the strip e $=angle of repose. (d@) Superioad intensity acting on the retained soil if any (e) Upward soil pressure. It will be seen that the net load on the heel slab will be a down~ ward load. If the net load be Q per unit area near the heel end, thea consider a one metre wide strip near the heelend. The maximum bending mcment for the stipa tS The moment will be a sag- ging moment at sections midway between the counterforts and will be a hogging moment at the sections over the supports. Fig. 363 ‘Thicknear of the nase slab. The author suggests that this may ‘be taken not less than the following, in order ‘it may not be found - unsafe from B.M. anc S.F. considerations. D=4ll ly H De-21H where De-=thickness of the base slab in cm. I==spacing of counterforts in metres Heoverall height of wall in metres. W the soil is surcharged at angle «, increase H by 0°7 m.RETAWENG WALLS se If the sol ia s.perionded increase H by SEPS® Wed ntersiy Of the soil Counterforts are spaced from 3 metres to 3°50 metres. This spacing may also be taken from one third the height of the wail to half the height of the wall. The spacing may also be computed as the for which the maximum bending moment for the upright requires an overall thickness of 30 cm. 7 Let the spacing be | metres. Let the height of upright slab be metre. In M.K.S. units, to satisfy t_¢ above condition, oo metre for M 150 concrete. wi In SL units, an 143825 Vv wh Toe slab. The design of the toe slab ‘depends upon whether’ the toe slab is allowed to remain a cantilever, or it is made to act as & continuous slab by providiog front counterforts. When the front counterforts are not provided the toe slab should be designed asa cantilever slab subjected to upward soil reaction, But if a front counterfort be provided then, the toe slab shall be designed as a con~ tinuous slab with the front counterforts as the supports. In such @ case at section midway between the front counterforts the bending moment for the toe slab vill be of a hogging type, while at the seo- tion on the supports, th bending moment for the toe slab will be of the sagging type. (iti) Counterforts. As mentioned already the retaining wall yaay have main counterforts or main couaterforts and front counter- -orts. I metre for M 15 concrete. couaterforts. These are designed as vertical cantilevers held in‘position by the base slab. The loading on these counterforts is due to the lateral earth pressure acting on the upright slab. Let h be the height of cantilever above the base. spacing of counterforts a@=su:charge angle Total horizontal force transferred to one counterfort Pim Gy | cos « acting ata height of + above the base588 DESIGN OF REIN! ORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES .". Max. bending moment for the counterfort =M=P. 4 Macy 08 « The reinforcement required to resist this bending moment can be easily calculated. ant sec 8 where B=inclination of the reinforcement with the normal to the horizontal section of counterfort (i.c., inclination of the rein- forcement with the vertical). Curtailment of steel We know Ara Ma M a Mu approximately ae “ Aca he” If At and Ave are the areas of steel required at depths Ay and hs Aa _ ht we have da he But A: is proportional to the number of bars. Let n be the number of bars at the depth A ) depth hi fers depth hy mM ono oom Gepth hs Then we have ae Al) ee ied (2) matt 3) and so on. Hence at what depth a certain number of bars can be curtailed, can be determined. : Front cowsterforts, These are designed as horizontal cantilevers. The loadieg on these will be due to the upward soil reaction on the toe slab. It is quite likely that the front counterfort will be subjected to considerable sear force. Hence shear stirrups of two or four legs be provided.RETAINING WALLS Fig. 364. Retaining wail witbfrant aodmain counterfort, The main reinforcement of the main counterfort and also that Of the fromt counterfort should be embedded into the base slab for sufficient length to develop the necessary bond strength. The bars of the main Counterfort should be securely anchored at the bottom by bending them back into the base slab, In the case of a wall provided with main as well as front counterforts the critical section for the max. bending moment for the main counterforts shall be taken at a level Corresponding to the top level of the front counterfort. : Horizontal ties Connecting the main counterforts aad uy; stab. Horizontal links of two legs are provided Connecting the main i Sectional Plan Stow Moin Reinfor of the Counter Fort and the Horsontor ih be coontor ford on grea, Pig. 365. DENGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HORIZONTAL 118KS O° Fw LEGS counterfort and the upright slab to tic the wall to the and also to resist diagonal tension in the counterfort. stone teas mast be looped around the Q main reinforcement of the (MAIN REIMFORCEMEN ‘counterfort. Fig. 364 shows OF COUNTER FORT the horizontal links and Figs. 365 and 366 show two alter- native ways in which the hori- zontal links may be provided. ting and the Heel slab. We know that the bee! slab will transfer its load to the counterforts which are suppor- ‘ting them. In order that the heel ne tay transfer its load to the counterfort, it is neces- i: fury’ t9 provide vertical tes" ”"coammrfor and the Hel ath. which are in the form of vertical links of two legs. i Design 89 (S.L). De: follow etcaior: | sign a counterfort type retaining wall to th (i) Height of wall above G.L.=5'50 metre (ii) Safe bearing capacity of the soil= 160 kN/metre® (iit) Angle of repase= 30° (tv, Weight of soils 16000 N/metre* OQ Spacing of counterforts=3 metres centres (vf) Weight of R.C.C.=25000 Nimetre? (vit) Use M 15 concrete.BETAL-ING WALLS, E] Seletien. Wepth of foundation ~#L3 es] 1+sin ¢ = sean om (yar 11m. Let us provide a foundation depth of 1°20 metre. Overall height of wall =5'50+1" 20=6" ‘70 metre Thickwess of the base slab This shall be nearly (417 1-V FB em.=417x3 V E7328 cm. (i) 21H cm.=2* 3X67 = 40°20 cm, Let us provide 40 cm. overall for the base slab .", Actual height of the upright slab =6°70—0'40 = 6°30 metre Pressure intensity at the bottom of the upright slab wh Tae G 16000 %63x + =33600 Nimetre? Maximum bending moment for the upright slab for\the bottom 1 metre strip == 336003, x 100 N om. =2,520,000 N cm. Adopting c~5 N/mm2=500 Nicm* ; tad Nimm2 = 14000 Nicm.' ; and m=18, and equating the moment of resi: to_the bending moment 85 bd*=85 x 100 d*=2520000 Py d=17 cm. Effective cover =4cem. =17+4=2) cm. 2 ‘the thickness of the upright slab will be kept uniformly at 1 ems. Base width. This will be kept from 0°6 H to 0°7 H 06X67—=4'02 n. 07 x6°7—4'59 m. Let us provide a base width of 4°50 metre Toe projection. This will be kept at about one-fourth of the width of base592 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES In our case the toe projection =Se11 metre = 4 etre Let us provide a toe projection of 1 metre. 2lem 121994 107906 N/me Nome Fig. 368 Stability calculations. Stability calculations for 1 metre run of the wall are shown in the table on page 593. *. Distance of the point of application of the resultant from o 1026420 == fo5707 7250 ™ ~. Eccentricity | bn 20x m. base 6b But, E76 =0'75m e kg. m. = 66679°2 kg. metres. Overajl width of the counter- fort at the base =3°50 metres=350 cms. Eff. depth available =350—6 =344 ems. Inclination of the main steel with the vertical is given by tan P5390 /}— 450m 4 p=26° 3’ Fig. 371 6,667,920 4 4*ja00x0 610x344 %5C- 26° 3 =18 cm? Provide & bars of 18 mm. dia. (Area provided = 20°36 cm.2). Curtailment of bars. Let i be the depth at which 2 bars can be curtailed, then 8-2_ he 8 63? “ hy=5'S metres from the top. Let he be the depth at which 2 more bars can be curtailed, then 84 ha? 8 638 fe hy =4'4 metres from the top.RETAINING WALLS 603 Let hg be the depth at which 2 more bars can be curtailed, then 8-6 _ hat 8 63 it hs=3'1 metres from the top. Connection between counterfort and the upright slab. Consider the bottom | metre height of the upright slab. The Pressure on this strip 3360 kg./m2 heigh Lateral earth pressure transferred to the counterfort for 1 metre it =3360 (3—0°42) kg. = 8670 kg. Steel required per metre height 8670 1400 Spacing of 8 mm. dia. bars =6°2 cm? 0° X 100 _ 62 =S cms. Since this reinforcement is provided in the form of horizontal links of two legs each, the spacing of such links will be at 16 cms. rentre. Connection between the counterfort and the heel slab. ‘Tension transferred in 1 metre width of the counterfor. near the heel end =5010 (3—0°42) kg.=12926 kg. Steel required in 1 metre width Provide 8 mm. dia. two-legged links at 10 cms. centres. Design 91 (S.f.). Design a counterfort type retaining wall to the following particulars : (i) Spacing of councrforts (ii) Surcharge angle (iif) Angle of repose =35° (iv) Weight of soil = 16000 Nimetre® (v) Overall height of wall =7 metres (yi) Toe slab to be supported by front counterforts Adont the following working siresses : e=5 Nimm.’, t= 140 Nimm2, m= 18.DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Solution. Lateral pressure intensity at any depth is given by P==Cp wh acting parallel tothe top surface of the retained soil cos a— VV’ cos* a—cos* cos a+ -V/ cos? a—-cos? ¢ In our case «=15° and a=35° .cos 15° -V/ cos? 1 cos 15°+ ~/ cos? 15°—cos® 35° where Ceo=cos « 7 Cocos 15) C+=0°297. Thickness of base slab This may not be less than the following : GD) 217 DEO T m. = 417 & 3 4/ 707 cm. = 3.47 cm, (ti) 2 4-0°7) cm. ==2X3X(7'7) cm. =46°2 cm. Let us provide a thickness of 50 em. Horizonta! pressure intensity at a depth h metres is given by Pa==Cp wh cos & =0°297 x 16000 xh cos 15° N/metre* == 4590 h N/metre* Height of upright slab = 71-—0S=65 m. Hence ite burizonta) pressure intensity on the upright slab at iis bottom = 4590 x 6529835 N/m.2 Since (he apright slab will be designed as a continuvus slab, tle maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strizt 1006 N cm. 29835 x 3? 12 = 2237625 N cm, ting the moment of resistance to the maximum bending es Wave, 12% BS x 100 d2== 2237625RETAINING WALLS 605 d=16 cm. Providing an effective cover of 4 cm. Overall depth =16+4=20 cm. Width of the base=0°6 H to 0°7 H. In our case, 0°6 H=0°6x7=4'2 m. 07 H=07X7=49 m. Let us provide a base width of 4°5 m. Toe projection about > base width 45... =7 =lim. Let us provide a toe projection of 1 m. y=3°3 tan 15° 0°88 m. Total lateral pressure on the wall per metre run Pac," 20°297 X 16000 x =147536 N Horizontal component of P =Pa=147536 cos 15°= 1425’ Vertical component of P =Ps= 147536 sin 15° = 38185 27 *. Distance of the point of applicatin of the resultant from 1203222 N the end a I= 493367 =2'439 m Eccentricity =e=z ’ ==2'439—2'250=U'189 m. Bo 450 9-750 m. 6 .", The maximum and minimum pressures a{ the base are given | ee L 14 6X0189_ sxe ise vine tre 131256 Nimetre® by66 DESIGN OF REINFORCEM CONCRF™& STRUCTURES Stability Calcuiations for Ome Metre Run of the Wall | Magnitude of | Distance i load Load due to froma (N) (my W, 0°2x6'50x 25000 32500 | 340 W, 4°50X.0°50 x 25000 3620 | 22s Backing 3°30 6'50x 16000 343200 165 : lo 3130x288 x 16000 a2} SB iyo i Pe 38s; Moment of Pa 142sosx 738 374324 Total 493364 1203222 493-67 [ ,__6x0189 45 4> =82008 N/metre.” Design of the uprigtt siab Maximum bending moment = 2237625 N cm. = 2231625 __ ag, 2 A= Faq0d x0'8T x16 N48 em: Spacing of 16 mm. ¢ bars and Pmin= Nimetre® Provide 16 mm. bars @ 17 em. ele Distribution steel = 43. x20x100—3 om? Spacing of 8 ram. bars 052100 5, = 93% 109 13 om. Since the distribution steel will be provided near both the faces, the spacing of these bars will be at 26 cm. cle near each faceRETAINING WALLS 07 Design of the toe slab Since a front counterfort is provided, the toe slab should be designed asa continuous slab continuous over the front counter- forts. Loading on @ one-metre wide strip of the toe slab will consist of the following : (i) Upward pressure = 137266 Nfmetre® (ii) Dead load of slab =250 X 5012500 N/metre® Net upward pressure 124766 N/metre® Maximuta bending moment | 2 Sel x 100 N em. =9357450 N cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment We have 85 bd® = 85 ». 100 d2—= 9357450 ioe d=33 20 em. If an effective cover of 6 cm. be provided to the reinforcement effective depth available =50—6—44 cm. 2357650 14000 x0'87 x44. ™ =17'46 em? Spacing of 16 mm. ¢ bars : 1201 x100_ = pag Lem. Design of the heel slab. Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the hee! end. This strip is subjected to the following loads. A= Ni/metre® (i) Weight of the soil= 16000 (6 50-+0°88)= 118080 (ii) D.L. of base slab=0°5 x 1 x 25000 = 12500 (iii) Vertical component of lateral pressure —C> wh’ sina tan @ =0°297 x 16060 (6°5+-0°88) sin 15° tan 15°= 2430 133010 (iv) Deduct for upward pressure = 82008 -. Net downward load = 51002 Nimetre®608 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. : Maximum bending moment for this strip = NO «100 N cm. =3825150 N cm. Ae =714 cm? .". Spacing of 12 mm. ¢ bars 1:13 100__ |, = 714 =158 cm. Provide 12 mm. ¢ bars @ 15 cm. c/c. Distribution steel = = oe x 50x 100=7'50 cm? Spacing of 8 mm. ¢ bars 05 x 100 75 Since the distribution steel will be provided near both the faces, the spacing of the bars near each face will be 13 cm. c/c. Design of front counterfort Total upward soil pressure transmitted to the front counter- =67 cm. say 65 cm. fort (137266+124986) 2 =393378 N This acts at a distance of 124986+2 x 137266 1 ="124986+137266 <3 =0°51 metre from c. Moment of upward pressure = 393378 X0'S1 Nm. =200623 N m. Moment due to dead load of slab =1x0°5X3x 25000 X4 Nm. =18750 Nm. Net bending moment for front counterfort = 200623 — 18750= 181873 Nm. = 18187300 N cm. Let the width of the counterfort be 45 cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment, We have, 85 bd?=85X45 d?=18187300 “ d=68'9 cm. *x3xKIN m.QBTAINING WALLS 609 Effective cover Cover to centre of toe slab bars 60cm, Half diameter of toe slab bars - U8 cm. Liameter of distribution bars - DR om. Ficlf diameter of counterfort bars (22 mm )--1! cr. eT om . Overall depth required ~=68°9+23°7 = 776 om Provide an v,crall depth of 80 cm. Actual effective depth = 8&6 --2°7 --71°3 cn. 3187300 : ao 1318730 2 vm* [14000 x 0°87 x 71 3 Provide 6 bars of 22 mm. $ (228i cm2) Maximum shear force = S= 393378 —1 X05 x 5 x 25000 =~ 393378 ~ 37500 = 385878 N Nominal shear stress S 355878, ers Gem ys ycqy THO? Siem =<11l N/mm? Percentage of steel provided 22.81< 100° pea Seca 3 tee Vor 07% steel, 40°33 N/mm #=33 Niem? .. Shear resistance of concrete -~4 bd = 33x45 .x 71 3= 108880 N . Shear to be resisted by stirrups = Vs = 3558 = 249998 N Spacing of 4-legged 10 mm. » stirrups Awted 7 OY 4X0 79% 146608 713 a 249998 . =126 cm. Provide 4-legged 10 mm. ¢ stirrups @ 12 cm c'c mar -- FOS8R80 Ucsign of main counterforts The critical section for the main counterfort at *lns) she610 DISIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES bending moment should be determined is at the section XX (just at the level of the top of the front counterfort). Width of the counterfort of the critical section XX, =3'50— 3.507040 yg» ‘3°50: 65 x0°3 m. =3°36 m.=336 cm. Total horizontal pressure transferred to the counterfort above the critical section XX = 4590 x =264660 N B.M. at the critical section =264660x 2 100 N cm. 5 9°3)2 6593 x3N == 54,696,400 N cm. Effective depth available = 336 —6= 330 cm. Let B be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical tanga 4A. Beas 30" Aux 54696400 sec 25° 30° *= "14000 x 0°87 x 330 Provide 5 bars of 20 mm. ¢. Out of theso 5 bars, let two of them be curtailed at a depth of x metres from top 15 cm? 3 Ano Mi a_i? ‘At2 Ma ha®~ ha? a2 se 3 “(65-03% Hence two of the five bars may be curtailed at 62—4'8=1'4 m. above the base slab. Connection between the upright slab and the counterfort _ Horizontal soil pressure intensity at the level of the critical section XX .'. x=48 metres from the top. = 4590 X 6'2= 28468 N/metre® (Width of counterfort=45 cm)RETAINING WALLS 611 -. Tension transmitted to the counterfort per metre height at this level omit rane @ recuse] Nee persue res 20cm j to ~aane « as pemngginc sms iaeren enn ge nang wom ce ah a = 28458(3—0°45)=72568 N aot 23 sorrel cours Fe Ws aaiaiaeana \ T hsaaes-roane | Bieas a |eartencncn J needed nbsonce a — ee Fig. 373 (a) k fin) ra 30aRs-20mme omno LINKS ar acm cj ammo LINKS 47. 1OCMKe gon, on jpn’ “ann e@ 196m Bers eg SSSI ataiso yen a @ sem“; eBAKs-22mme ECTION AB Fig. 373 (5) 3m. -- om, Jenn o@urcatf sr Z)1 “best +756 SECTION CE612 DESIGN OF REINFUXCED CONCRETE §“RUCTURES o enh me seer0m e+ Fig. 373 (e) .’. Horizontal steel required per metre height T2568 = 5.1 cm? “1 518 cm Spacing of 8 mn. ¢ bars 05x 100 518 Since this reinforcement is provided in the form uf horizontat dinks of two legs, the spacing of the links will be 10 cm. Jc. Connection between the base slab and the counterfort Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel. =96 cm., say 9om end. Nex 1oaa un the surip=51002 N/metre? Tension transmitted to the coubterfort in one metre width = 51002 (3—0'45)=- 130055 N «". Steel required per metre width 130055 14000 Spacing of 8 mm. diameter bars Sens cn ays ca 929 Since this reinforcement will be provided in the form of vertical links of two legs, the spacing of the links will be 10 cm. cle. Design 92. Design a counterfort retaining wall to the following Particulars : {i) Spacing of counterforts =3 metres (A) Surcharge angle = IS =9°29 cm.*RETAINING WALLS 613 (tii) Angle of repose =i iy) Weight of soi! = 1600 kg/metre® (v) Overall height of wall =7 metres (vi) Toe slab to be supported by front counterforts Adopt the following working stresse: c= 50 kg.lem: 1400 k, 2, m= ae g [om.2, m= 18, Lateral pressure intensity at any depth is given by p= Cp wh acting pataliel to the top surface of the retained scil cos x~ V'con where Crmcos « cos Tn or: case = 15" and $= 35° Cy cos 18° = i cos IS + Cy 0297. Thicaness of basc slab This may not be less than the following : (i) FIT IV A407 cm. 4 17 x3 /14-0'T om. --34°7 cm. Gi) ZKATOT) cm, =2KIXxT ‘Tem. = 462 cm. Let us provide a thickness of 50 crs Horizontal pressure intensity at 2 depth h metres is given by Pa= Cy wh COs o =0°297 X 1600 x AX cos 15° kg./metre™ = 459 A kg./en® Height of upright slab =27-5=6 5 m. Hence the lateral ure intensity on the upright slab at its bottom =459%6'S kg/m? 27984 kg./m?. Since the upright slab will be designes as a continuous slab, e maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip 2 ~ BEE 100 kg. em. = 223800 kg. cm.614 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we have, 8°50 x 100 d?= 223800 aa d=16 cm. Providing an effective cover of 4 cm. Overall depth =16+4=20 cm. Width of the base = =0°6 H to 0°7 H In our case, 06 H=0'6x7=42 m. 07 H=0'7X7=4'9 m. 13712 12491 kgim? — kglm? Fig. 374 Let us provide a vase width of 4°5 m. Toe projectior =about + base width Let us prdvice a toe projection of 1 m. » ses tan 15°=0°88 m.RETAINING WALLS 613 Total lateral pressure on the wall per metre run wh? P=C, aoe 07297 «1600x738 ke = 14750 ke. Horizontal component of P =Pr=14750 cos 15° kg. = 14250 kg. Vertical component of P =Po=14750 sin 15° kg. - =3820 kg. Stability Calculations for one metre run of the Wall Load due to Magnitude of | | Distance from a Moment about a load (kg.) (ke. m.) ee = | i ' w, i i 0'2x6'5x 2500 | 3250 1 34 i 11050 : | Ry | | H 4'5x0'S x 2500 5625 | 235 12656 Backing i B x65% 600 | 34320 | 165 56628 | sax SS «1600 | 333 assy ' Pe | a 0 0 | Moment of Ph | l | 785 ' 14250% - 1 37430 } 120319 . Distance of the point of application of the resultant from the heel end a oo 120319 49338 metreO16 DBSIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =2'438 metre Ecceniricity e=z— 3 =2°438 —2°250=0°188 m b 45_,,, But, 6-6 = 0°75 m. 6b en -. The maximum and minimum pressures at the base aro given by Ae eer + 20188 agin? =13712 kg.[m2 wi Pann S287 1-- S291 J bgt = 8216 kg./m.2 Design of apright stab Maxinum B.M. = 223800 kg. cm. Overall depth = 20 em Effective cover to ceinforcement = dom. Effective depth =20 -4-16 cm. 223800 4 va50 x08T x16 = 148 cm? Spacing of 16 mm. diameter bars 201 x 100 14g 175 em. say 17 om. efe Distribution steel =X 20 100 em? Soacing of 8 num. diameter bars = 95X10, 1g a Since the distribution steel will be provided near both the faccs, she spevg of these bars will be at 26 cm. ¢/c near each face.RETAINING WALLS 617 Design of the toe slab. Since a front counterfort is provided, the toc slab should be designed as a continuous slab continuous over the front counterforts. Loading on a one-metre strip of the toe slab will consist of the following : (i) Upward pressure =13712 kg./m2 (ii) Self-weight of slab 2550 = 1250 kg./m2 ©. Net upward pressure =12462 kg./m.2 “. Max. BM. ee ® 100 kg. em. =934650 kg. cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the imaximum bending moment, we have, 8°50 X 100 d?==934650 : d=332 cm. If an effective cover of 6 cm. be provided to the reinforcement effective depth available=50--6=44 cm. =17 40 cm? ~. Spacing of 16 mm. diameter bars _ 201 100 om.=11 cm. 17 40 Design of the heci slab. Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel end. This strip is subjected to the following load: : kg.jm2 (i) Weight of soil=1600 x (6 5+-0°88) 11808 (it) Self weight of base slab=0°5 x 1 X 2500 == 1250 (iii) Vertical component of lateral pressure =Cy wh' sine tan « =-0 297 x 1600 (654-0 88) sin 15° tan 15° = 243 13301 (iv) Upward pressure =: 8216 Net downward load = 5085 kg./m.* Maximum bending moment for this strip 5085 x 32 12 x 100 kg. cm.618 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =381,375 kg. cm. 381,375 1400 X ("87 x 44 =712 cm? Spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars 1:13 x 100 = 44207 =15'8 cm. say 15 cm. e/c. Distribution steel 9) 50% 100 em. =750 cm? Spacing of 8 mm. diameter bars __ 03x 100 on a) : =67 cm. say 6'5 cm. A= cm.é Since the distribution steel will be provided near both the faces, the spacing of the bars near each face will be 13 cm. ¢/c. Design of front counterforts. Total upward soil pressure trans- ferred to the front counterfort = 13712 12894 x3xL kg. =: 39304 kg. This acts at a distance of 12491 +2. 13712 7124914 13712 =051 m. from c xdm. Moment of upward pressure = 39304 x0°51 kg. m. Moment due to seli: =1x05x3x2500 x3 kg. m. = 1875 kg. m. Nec B.M. for front counterfort =20045— 1875 kg. m. =18170 kg. m. =1,817,000 kg. cm. Let the width of the counterfort be 45 cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we haveRETAINING WA .LS 619 89x45 d= 1,817,000 d=68'°9 cm. Fffective cover Cover to the centre of toe slab bars Half diameter of toe slab bars Dia. of distribution steel =0'8 cm. Half dia. of counterfort bars (22 mm. dia.)=1'1 cm. 87 cm. Overall depth required =68°9+8'7 cm. =776 cm. say 80 cm. Hence actual effective depth =80—8°7 cm. =71°3 cm. _ 1,817,000 1400 x0 87 X71'3 =21 cm? Let us provide 6 bars of 22 mm. diameter (22°81 em.*) Maximum shear force = 39304—- 1 x 0°50 X 3 x 2500 kg. A= em? 35554 kg. Nominal she2~ stress _ S 35554 : Gm 7 = 45xTi3 Keo =11°08 kg.jom2 Percentage of steel provided 22°81 x 100 SS For 0'7% steel, ge 3°30 kg./cm.? Shear resistance of concrete Gebd = 3°3 x 45 x 71°3= 10588 kg. Shear to be resisted by stirrups =V,=35554—10588=24966 kg. Spacing of 4-legged 10 mm. ¢ stirrups Avted — 40°79 1400x713 Vase 24966 =12 em. Design of main counterforts The critical section for tue main counterfort at which the bend-620 DESIGN OF RFINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ing moment should be determined is at the section YX Gust at the top of the front counterfort). See Fig. 374. Width of the counterfort at the er“cal section XX. =3°50— 3'50— 0°40) xO3m, =336 m. = 336 cm. Total horizontal pressure transferred to the counterfort above the critical section YX (6 5— pa =4sox' x3 kg. = 26460 kg. B.M. at the critical section. =26460x ©? x 100 kg, om. =5,470,000 ke. cm Effective depth available =336—6 =330 cm. Let 6 be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical tan B= --—— = B=25° 30’ “dune 5s870,000 ee 25° 30" a w=" 1400 x 0°87 x 330 =15 cm?, Let us provide 5 bars of 20 mm diameter. Out of these 5 bars, Iet two of them be curtailed at a depth of x metres from top As Ag _Mi_ a hy? ‘Ag Maha “hy? i x=4°8 metres from the top Hence two of the 5 bars may be curtailed at 6°2—4'8 =1'4 m. above the section XX or 1°4+0°3=1°7 metres above the base slab.RETAINING WALLS 621 Connection between the upright slab and the counterfort Horizontal soil pressure at the level of critical section YX =459 X62 kg./metre2 2846 kg./metre? (width of counterfort=45 cm). .. Tension transferred to the counterfort per metre height at this level = 2846 [3—0°45] kg. =7256 kg. Steel required per metre height 7256 = 1400 cm2 518 em? Spacing of 8 mm. diameter bars 05x 100 S18 =9'6 cm. say 9 om Since the reinforcement is provided in the form of horlzontal dinks of two legs the spacing of the links will be at 18 cm. centres. Connection between the base slab and the counterfort. Consider A one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel end. Fig. 375 (a) Net load on wwe str.p= 5085 kg/m.DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES | omm 0@ remy ' 2mm o@ 96m i, aaa eS 7 SBAKS Femme SeCTiOnw 48 see rion 6b Fig. 375 (6) .. Tension transferred to the counterfort in one metre width? =50%5 (3—0°45) kg. = 12967 kg. seerion 6+ _ Fig. 375 (0) + Steel required per metre width 12967 2 1400 =9°26 cm? .. Spacing or 8 mm. diameter bars 05 x 100 9°26 ‘cm. =5'4 cm. say 5 cm.RETAINING WALLS 623, Since this reinforcement will be provided in the form of vertical links of two legs, the spacing of the lints =10 cm. cle. §155. Buttressed Retaining Wulls Sometimes buttresses are used instead of counterforts to streng- then the upright slab of the retaining wall. Fig. 376 shows a general layout of buttressed wall. Such a wall is designed similar to the counterfort wall but the following points must be noted : (i) The buttresses should be designed as verti- cal cantilevers, but canti- Jevering from the toe slab. (ii) Heavy reinforce- ment in the form of vertical links or U-stirrups should be provided connecting the buttre-ses and the toe slab But only nominal horizontal reinfercement connecting the buttresses and the up- right slab will be provided. (iii) The toe slab should aig, 376, Burtressed Wall. be designed as a continuous slab spanning between the buttresses. (iv) The heel slab should be designed as a cantilever as the hee] slab of a cantilever retaining wall. Wall witk tie rods. If the height to which the soil is to be retained is large 11 may be con- venient to anchor the wall back to the earth itself by means of tie WISI rods. The tie rods may be encased inconcrete The tie rods pass tirough the centroid of the lateral earth pressure Hence, if the height of the stem be f, the tie = rods may be provided at a height 1 ee BLOR of 4 above the base slab. One = __ } end of the tie rod is properly se- as cured or fixed to the stem while Fig. 377 its other end is embedded into a concrete block. The lateral move- ment of the block is resisted by friction between the block and the. soil above and below it.624 DESIGN OF RBINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES If the tie rods be provided at a spacing of x metres the tension in each+tie rod. 2 -T= os kg. Hence the sectional area of each rod pee = 1400 © Size of tne concrete block. Let the area of the block be 4 metres*. Hence effective avea of the block in contact with the soil equals 2 A metre? (since the depth of the block is small only the area of ‘he top and bottom faces of the block are considercd). Suppose the block be y metres below the retained surface (y will be § 4). Vertical pressure intensity on the block =w y kg./m?. .. Frictiona! resistance =lXwy aXe Equating the frictional resistance to the tension in the rod, we ave, co ewy Au 2 From the above relation the area 4 of the bl.ck can be determined. Sometimes, at the end of the tie rod a vertical stecl plafe is provided. This adds to the resistance to horizouta) movement considerably. Connection between the tie rods and the stem. Cotrespénding to the level of ties a horizontal beam may be cast monolithically with the stem, The stem can now be designed as cantilevering on either side of the horizontal beam. “Thee beam wan be designd as a continuous beam, the ties serving as the suppoits. Alternatively vertical-beams (cantilevers) are SuiJt monolithi- cally with the stem and to these beams the horizontal ties way be connected. In such a case, the stem shoald be designed as a “conti- nuous slab spanning horizontally “over the vertical beams... The vertical beams serve as counterfoyts. The vertical beam should be designed as two cantilevers cantilevering 2n zither side of the point at which the tie rod is connected to it. Sometimes retaining walls may be provided on both sides of a high embankment (Fig. 378). In such cases the tie rods will simply connect the two retaining walls. The lateral pressure on one wall provides the necessary anchoring force.RETAINING WALLS. 625 In this connegtion Taylor Thompson and Smulski in their work Concrete, Plain and Reinfurced Vol 1 have mentioned about an interesting wall designed by Gustave kindenthal fof New York connecting rail road In this case, there are two walls 20 metres high enclosing a rail r ad fil! which is nearly 18 metres wide. The rl road fill carries four lanes of traffic (subjected to £ 60 ioading and designed for 10%, impact). The longitudinal walls are con- nected by transverse walls at intervals of iGme res The lateral earth pressure acting on the Jonguzadinal walls 1s resisted by tie toss of 60 mm diameter 931 is of 3 metres apert vertically and horivontally js arr theated: vi nuts are provided over + be pressure is ra ferred to concrete by longitudins! us si ax vertical chanceis plored ire the outside face of the wal. Th, Gots at tne eae ol ae ne rods bear against the arch reantis the See 8 syraanded by concrete to forn aers Ya “aS tone only for protecuion again "186. Sheet Pited Retaining Wait mana tee gates Gavy De ene Bier she pile wn gad RFOOWE avy Me fase Or apy Fig 309 wm of key cmvy be pro- { Sud rraming walls may ay be diven wie by che side of may also be driven at iv'ervals the led with slabs spano horizontally, -t the soit and he pressure id be taken for sufficient depth below Le hilt i many vay The athe cominuousty 3 a SLAB Stadt Pig. 10 the lower sround level so as to prevent the movement of the cetained earth under them. When the piles are driven contiouously their tops will suto- matically form the top of the retaining wall. ‘They are generally surmounted by a continuous capping Sometimes it is found economical to design the piles having626 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRE{& STRUCHERES a T-shape which increases their width without considerable increase of weight or area. Though it is usual to form the point of a sheet pile with a rake so that it is induced to close up to its neighbouring pile, generally a little opening exists between adjacent piles. Often this 1s an advantage since it prevents the accuculatio. of water bebind the piles. Cie IE TEE SHAPED PLE Fig. 381 But, in case it is necessary to provide watertight ee perfectly make it cartbtight, grooves may be provided ‘on bot of each pile, and after the ‘wiles PE One are driven, the tube or the cavity formed can be cleared out and i filled with cement grout or fine concrete. Amcherage of walls. It 4s a necessary to provide means to oareseae oes prevent the forward movement of ‘i piled retaining walls. This is done Fig. 382 by providing anchor-ties at inter- vals near the tops of the piles. The anchor-ties are secured to a horizontal walling which connects all the piles. The walling trans- saffs the thrust of the earth to the ties. The walling is designed as beam. Generally a b ne Tener sends Of a. 0 | 2 EARTH FILLING matically retained ? hy driving them, 1 for sufficient depth : yato the ground. Y However, if found foe necessary. the Tower ends of the i piles may alto be secured by a second Fig. 383 series of anchor ties. The anchor tie may cocsist of one or more steel hars of requisite sectional area. In order to protect them from corro- sion particularly in damp porous soils, it is advisable to surround the ties with dense concrete. Alternatively, the ties may be wrapped with canvas soaked in bitumen. If this is not possible, the ties may atleast be coated with hot tar.14 Stair Cases Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floois of a building. Since a stair is often the Only means of communication between the various floors of a building, the locatvon of the stair requires good and careful consider- ation. In a residential house the stair case may be provided near the maip entrance In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick accessibi- lity to the principal apartments. All stair cases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated. $187. Techpical Terms used in Connection with Stnir Case (7) Tread. Tread means the horizontal upper portion of a step. (it) Riser. This is the vertical portion of a step. Rise means the vertical distance between the horizontal surfaces of two consecutive steps. ‘iii) Winders. These are steps used for changing the direction of the siair. These are usually triangular in plan. - (i) Landing. This is a horizontal platform provided at the head of a series of steps. A landing extending right across a stair case is called a Aaif space landing If a lancing extends only half across a stair case. st is called quarier space landing (+) Nosimg. This is the outer projecting edge of a tread. (i) Flight. This consists of a series of steps provided hetween landiogs (s17; Liwe ef Nosing. This is straight line touching the nosings of the vart us steps and parallel to the slope of toe stair. Classification of stairs {7} Strasgbt Stairs. This consists of steps leading in the same direction "+, 1S provided in a long narrow stair case. This often conausts of one flight: but in some circumstances it mav consist of two flights with an intermediate landing (5: Dog legged stair, 1n this type the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two flights, in plan, are not separated by a well, A landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction of flight changes. 627628 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCIURIS: 'fi.) Opem newel stair. In this type a rectangular well or ovening 1s Jeft between forward and backward tights. Tnis type of slats fh a very comfortable form — The well assists as a means for Rood by hti The forward and the backwaru flights may be con- mectect by a landing platform Buta space allows, a short flight is a tataduced sounectag fhe fooward apd the backward Aights with & quarter space Landis on each side of the snort flight. ir) Geometrical stait. In this type of stairs the well between the forward and te backward fk is curved, Winders bothese vende in whith ev the tof hile Stair ved soar the hig over ube be above Depes OU SUT H, i thea Js BLOM: Trea, 5 aes Focmsy. an” Tread vad ris i ad & may be to satsfy the following the rise be & canis relations + i) TR= 400 to 410 (ii) 2R+T= 60 In dweliing houses the tread may be 25 err and the Tise nay be 16cm, in public buildings the tread may be 27 cm to 30 en. and the rise may he 1S. cm Sn factories a tread of 25 em and rise of 19 cm may be adopted. In cinema theatres the tread may & 27 cre. and the rise may be 15 cm.STAIR CASES 629 The :inimum width of a stair shall be 85 cm. In residentiai buildings :he minimum width is preferably LOS cm. Heac room over a stair ~The head roum over a stair shall be at least 2°10 metres. - Numher of steps in a flight’ The number of sieps ut one stretch in a flight may not preferably be more than (2. If more ure provid- ed than the ad we limit, it becomes difficult and tiresome to ascead znd descend the stairs. Live loads on stairs The live loads 10 considered on staiz< bave been stipulated by 7S 875 Revived) Cok uf Practice for Structura! Safety of Buildings : Loading Standards As per this code th may be take 30 ¢ live load on stairs, laadings and balcenies Non ome Ob ke por sq metrel in ferthaps, bere there are tee possi af svguedmg Bat ia the case of public burddings aad warehouses, bere evercr awd Tkely, the live load may be taken at SuGu N pet dc ire® (SUD kg. sq. metre ) §158. Design of Stairs Based on the direction along wt ’.t a stair lab spans, the stairs may be classified into the following two types + (#) Stairs spanning horizontally, UD Stairs spanning longitudinally 59 Stairs Spanning Horizontally These starrs or atone are supported at each side by walls, stringer bess. by wall and af the other side by a beam = When tue span of the starr does not cceed 1 50 metres one bur of 10 mm dia. pers ibe found suticient. A distributi el of 6 mm dia. bar. at heme centres may ve provided. Gach step will be designed as spanning horizontally. For purposes of design each step will be taken as equivalent to a rectungular beam of width 6 and effective depth D/2. For specifica- w Fig. 385. Stairs spanning horizontally."DISTON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES tions of b and D see Fig. 386. A waist of about 8 cm, may be Provided. Fig. 386 Each step may be designed as an equivalent rectangular beam ine a bresdth /- and effective depihd= Die havi Design 93(S1). 4 light of stairs to be Provided in an office building is to be supported by a stringer keam on one edge anda brick wall on the other The effective horizontal Span of the stairs may be taken as 1°50 metre. The risers are 5 cm. and the treads are 27 cm. Design the steps allowing a live load of 3000 Nimeires?. Use M 15 concrete. Solation. Fig. 387 shows the. ° Steps. Let the thickness of the Waist be Sem, ba VIFF =30°89 cm. 27x15 Da BH ag =21 LL em. Load per metre run of step Fig. 387 DL. of step =4X027X0°15x 25000 — 506 N/metre DL. of waist=0°3089 x 0°08 x 25000= 618 N/metre 13 mm. thick granolithic finish on tread 0013 x0°27x24000— 34 Nimeire Total dead load = 1208 Ni/meire LL. at 3000 N/metre?=0:27 x 3000 = 810 Nimetre Total load/metre run 2018 N/metre:BAIR CASED 63 Maximum bending moment wt _2018 x19 z 8 %100 N em. = 56756 N cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment, 85 bd? = 85 x 30°89 d? — 56756 “ d=465 cm. But effective depth available toe 2 at = 10°56 cm. 56756 = =0. a 4&1 gou0 x 0°87 x 10°56 0 44 Provide one bar of 8 mm. ¢ (0 50 cm.*) Provide also a distribution stee! of 6 mm. ¢ @ 30 cm, cle. Design 94. A flight of stairs to be provided in an office building is to be supported by a stringer beam on one edge anda brick wall on the other. The effective horizontal span of the stairs may be taken as ISO metres. The risers are 15 cm and the treads are 27 em. Design the steps allowing a live load of 300 ke./metre*. Use M 150 concrete. Solution. Fig. 388 shows the steps. Let the thickness of the waist be 8 em. b= V 272+153=30'89 cm. 27x15 : D=8+ 30 g9 CM =2UIL cm, Load per metre run of step Fig. 388 Dead Ioad of step eye Ue = > rae ria * 2500 kg.= 50°6 kg /m. 3089, 8 Waist 100° * 100 x 2500 = 618 kg./m. 13 mm thick granolithic finish ee oe on tread= 1000 “00 * 2400. 84 kg./m. Tota! dead load =1208 kg Jm. Live load at 300 kg./mctre® Top x x 300 = 81 kg./m. Total load/metre run =201'8 kg./m. say 202 kg./m.632 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES -. Maximum bending momeat awe 8 POETS" 100 kg. cm. +5681 kg. om. Adopting ¢=50 kg./em2, ¢=:1400 kg.fom? and m.=18 and equatirg the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we have, 8°5 X 30°89 u2= 5681 « d=46 cm. But effective depth available J 10°56 cm? S63) i400 x.0°87 x 10 56 “™ =0°44 com? Provide one bar of 8 mm. diameter (0 5 em.2) Provide also a distribution steel of 6 mm. diameter bars at 30 cm. centics Stairs spanning horizontally, with # newel wall provided between the two flights Fig 339 shows a usual arrangement of stairs spanning horizontally. Each stair is supposted at one end bv a side waii and at the other end bythe pewe! wall into whichit is chased for 12 cm. The stairs should be designed as in the Previous case A sinall beam may also be provided to span trom end wall to the newel wall. ie (TION The landing slab can now he © PAN OF designed as a continuons slab = ‘76 1-4 supported on the side walls and Fig. 389 the intermediate beam. §160. Stairs Spanniug Longitudinally Stairs of this category span between supports at the bottom and top of the flight and remain unsupported at the sides In -— @ case the beadirg moment per unit width may be taken as ‘ai, where w is the load per unit horizontal area and I's the effective horizontal span Sometimes beams ate avoided to support the stairs and the flight will be cast along with the landings which may be supported on walls. Iu such a case the effective horizontal span may be taken as the horizontal distance between the centres of bearings. The maximum bending mecnent may be taken as wn‘STAIR CASES 633 In this connection I.S. : 456 (Revised) Code of Practice for Plane and Reinforced Concrete has stipulated the following : Effective span of stairs. The effective span «f stairs without Mringer beams shall be taken as the following horizontal distances. (a) Where suppories at top and bottom rise by beums spanning parallel to the risers: Disian ¢ between centres of } ms (6) Where spon. he nat parallel with the eso the stairs anetns whi spans hie the pou of landing er une matt abot aia das tlh en well, th oo Gixet fis se aiyty on ebay oof keoding on stairs He soa. parlly ton toad Ca aren common to mV two such spony may be nel am each ion as shown in Fig. for a length of aor less than 110 mm and are designed to span in the direction of the flight, a 150 mm strip may be deducted froin the loaded area, and the effective breadth of the section increased by 75 mm, for purposes of desiga. See Fig. 391 (a). tg. 295634 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CO.iCREIE STRUCTURES 15mm ! __Etfective breadth Fig. 391 (a) rot: vite Te ie Depth of section. The depth of section shall be taken as the Minimum thickness per sendicular to the soffit of the stair case. Estimation of weight Let the »uist te 15 em. thick measured at right angles to the slope. Its werzist per s@. m. on slope = 250 X 15=3750 N/metre? To obtain the corresponding load per sq. metre of horizontal area, this value should be multiplied by VR = where R=Rise and T=Tread Vr yee tinny thy rites pupte Suppose R=15 cm. Willie Hh and T=27 em. oe in REG Ti_ 4/19 pak er then ¥® ak ~ vasa N at a , =1i4 i ©. Weight on plan=weight on remtsd Slopex 114, OF ast The weight of the steps per sq. metre of horizontal area can be estima Fig. 392 ted by treating all the steps as equi- valent to a horizontal slab of thickness 4. Design 95‘S.L.) The main stair of an office building has to be located in @ stair measuring 35 m.X5'5 m. The vertical distanceSTAIR CASES 632 between the floors is 3°75 m. Design the stairs. Allow a L.L, of 3000 Nimetre®. Use M 15 concrete. Solution. It is proposed to provide two flights for the stairway. Hence, the height ofeach fight=" 75 m, =1°875 metres =187'5 cm. Assuming 15 cms. risers, 2 i 187°5 number of risers required =!87. 12 i “S Hence the actual rise of each riser = !® Number of treads in each flight =number of risers—1 =12—1=11 treads, Let the width of the stairs be 160 cms. Let the tread of the steps be 27 cms. Fig. 393 shows the arrangement of the stairs in plan. Design of the flight AB. Let the bearing for the ‘ight’ be 15 cms, Effective horizontal span gee 29741 60+ “2 = 4645 metres Let the thickness of the waist be 22 cms. (This can be assumed at 4 to 5 cm. per metre run of horizontal span). iret we t a636 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETP STRUCTURES Loads D.L. of 22 cm. waist = 250 x 22 = 5500 N/metre? Ceiling finish (1°25 cm)=240X1'25= 300 N/metre® 5800 Nimetre® Corresponding load per sq metre on plan 2 "622 4.272 = X580= on FOP saci 6 700 Nimetre® Hence, the actual load per sg metre of plan area wil consist of the following : Waist and ceiling finish = 6100 Nimetee® DL of step ( sen ern, vrage ) “BEX 260 1952 Nimeire® Top finish (1°28 cm )=4°25 240: - 3110 N/merre® Live Load 3000 WV, enctre® Total = J Maximum bending moweat per metre width 08) 4 EAS: # eee “100 N em 8 =32234-0 Nom. Adopting car 8 Nimm2%= 800 Nom? , 5 Noon SISELACE. 14000 Nem? s m= 182 and equating the munmeat ot to the bending moment, we have, BS bd2~¥#5 x 100 d= 3223460 d= 19'S en. Providing 14 mm. bars at a clear cover uf 13 sm. Effective cover =-154-7==22 mm.~ 22cm. Effective depth = 22--22=19 8 em fee 22ND 14:00 x 0 87», 19°8 Spacing of 14 mm. # bars 154% 100 = pe WS em. Provide 14 mm. $ @ 11 cm. cle. Destribution steel = 97°. x 22x 100=3'3 cm? = 1337 cm? Provide 8 mm. ¢ @ Il cmSTAIR CASBB 637 1200 01a Baws AT CR CENTRES ae EOS ee ate eee nO + cise} 1 he locaied re vorticul distince between the nay aitwing ab lise foud of 30 hey . “concrete od weed te vide ve tupsts fer the slaw was Loot each fight 1D EERIE metre INT Sunn Tras esers, nucl er UF Msers FeGueree: = ate — $3 som-- iis a ae Big. 95638 DESIGN OF ReINFURCED CONCREFL STRUCTURES Hence the actual rise of each riser= '97° = 15°62 ems. Number of treads in each flignt =number of risers—1 =12—1=I1 treads. Let the width of the stair be 160 cms. Let the tread of the steps be 27 . ms. Fig. 395 shows the arrangement of the stairs in plan Design of the fight AB. Let the bearing for the flight be 15 ems. Effective horizontal span =2974+1°60+ a =4°645 metres Let the thickness of the waist be 2? cms. (This can be assumed at 449 5 em. per metre run of horizontal span). ‘wads. Dead load of 22 cms. waist=25 x 22—550 kg./metre® Ceiling finish (1°25 cm ) thick 24 x 1°25— 30 kg./metre® = $80 kg./metre® Corresponding load per sq. metre on plan eV R47? _ Vi15 624272 TF x557= aay eatae =670 kg /m2. Hence the actual load per sq. metre of plan area will consist of he following : x 580 kg. /metre® Waist and ceiling finish= 670 kg /m.? 1562 a. Dead load of steps ( cm. average ) =781 x25 = 195 kg /m2 Top finish (1°25 cm. thick) =1°25% 24 = 2 kg./m2 Live Load= 300 kg /m? = 1195 kg/m? Max. bending moment per metre width of staus (4°645)2 : = go X 100 kg. cm. : 322290 kg. em. Adopting c=350 kg/cm? 1= 1400 kg Jem? and m=18, we have 9 a=0°87d andSTAM CASES 639 8°50 x 100 d? = 322,290 d=19'5 cms. Providing 14 mm. # bars at a clear cover of 15 mm. Rffectve cover =15-+7=22 mm.=2°2 cm. Rffective depth ~22--2°2= 9% cm. RH A= Tiooxoerxiee 13°36 cm? Spacing of 14 mm. dia. bars (area 1°54 cm.*y 1 54x 100 shone Provide 14 mm. 4 @ 11 em. cle. Distribution steel == ©! Tg 24x 100 ~Fa em? Provide 8 mm. $ @ II cm cle. ce ame a a 4 17 Gua BAR at 5 Cm CEM Tere S t 21m Osa. BARS AT 0 (@ EMTRES { | ie pa Fig. 396 Design 97 (S.1.). Fig. 397 shows an arrangement jor a stair case (0 be Ponte’ for ofa building. Design the stair case, The risers em. and the treads are 25cm. The walls are 40 cm. thick and the ae slab has full bearing on the masonry walls. The supporting beam is 40 cm. wide. Use M 15 concrete. Solution. Let us provide a waist of 20 cm. Loads DL of waist =20x 250 == 5000 N/metre® Ceiling uaish = 200 Nimetre? = 9300 Mimetret640 DESIGN OF REINFORCED C INCRETE STRUCTURES 400m as Ce a 4 Dond pur sq eet sea phe 261 Nfinen Waist go" cull we at Vel 25 me KTS Nengoe & vetah fF PLel og se UR Nypmiesre* s MI0G Nimeres® pha me . Load ‘Total wd 1d Since the ‘andiay sinh is og two way slaby the ioud on fhe landing slab mas be taken 1s 5677 5 Nimetre®STAIR CASES 641 Flight AB Effective span=centre to centre distance between the supporting walls. +1°70 = U504+1°70—= 4°90 metre 5677-5 N/m 11355 N/m 5677-5 N/m eaareeeee 90m Fig 398 Consider a one metre wide strip of the flight. Reaction at each support NBSSXIS4S6TTS%3° ggg, Maximum bending moment _l8t68 x49 2 —(5677°5 x 17 1'6) 075? -( 11355x z ) =44511°6— 15442'8—3193'6 N m. =25875°2 Nom. Fquating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, 85 bd?=85 x 100 d¥=25875'2 x 100 ae d=17'4 em. Providing a clear cover of 15 mm. and using 12 mm. ¢ bars, Effective cover =15+6—21 mm.==2°1 om. Effective depth available =20—2'1—17°9 cm. 25875°2 x 100 14000 x 0°87 x 17°9 Provide 12 mm. ¢ @ 10 cm. cle. hlight DA I:nective span=Centre of beam to centre of bearing on wall =2+1°5+0°20+0'20=3'90 metre Consider a one metre wide strip of the flight. Fig. 399 shows. the loading on the strip. A =11'87 cm?642 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 41355 N/m 5677-5N/m 0 Ma Kens 399 T:.king moments about D, Vo x 3°9 = (11355 % 2°2X 1°1)+ 5677'S x 1°7 (2°2+0°85) Vom 1459409 N, Vo =(11355 x 2°2) +(5677'5 x 1°7)— 1459409 = 20038°66 N Let the shear force be zero at a distance of x metres from D. For this condition, 20038°66— 11355 x=0 2003866 x=- 11355 1°76 m. Maximum bending moment “162 = 20038'661'76—11355x I wm, = 1TES1°40 Nm. = 1768140 N cm.stam CASES 1768140, : 40 fago0 x0'87x179 B10 om Spacing of 12 mm. ¢ bars 113X100 810 Provide 12 mm. $ @ 14 cm. cle. Fig. 400 shows details of reinforcements. Design 98. Fig. 40! shows an arrangement for a stair case to be provided for an office building. Design the Stcir ease. The risers are 15 cm. and the treads are 25cm. The walls wre 40 cm. thick and the stair slab has fuli bearing on the masonry walis. The supporting beam i3 40 cm. wide. =14 cm. , som 150M te 650m be p50m- m4 Fig. 401 Solution. Let us provide a waist of 20 cm. onda. Dead load of waist =20X25 = 500 kg./m.® Ceiling finish = Whkg/m! 530 kg./m?644 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURI Corresponding load ~-:r sq. mctre on plan =530 { v. — } ketm2=530 {viists2S Veims =618 kg./m2 Load per sq. metre on plan Waist and ceiling finish = 618 kg./m2 D.L. of step’ (= cm, average = 187 kg./m.2 Top finish = 30 kg./m2 Live load = 300 kg./m2 Total = 1135 kg.fm2 Since the landing slab is a two way slab, the load on the land- ing slab may be taken at 567°5 kg /m.? Flight AB Effective span =Centre to centre distance between the supporting walls “70+1°50+4-1°70 m =49 m. SE7Skg/m IBS kg/m 567-5 kg/m (7m 15m '7m Fig. 402 Consider a@ one metre wide strip of the flight. Each vertical reaction 1135 x 1°5+567'5 x 3'4 = NBS X 1S 456715 X34 kg. = 1816 kg. Maximum bending moment = E1649 _(567°5x1°7 x 16)— — (1135 «278 ke. m = 2586'4 kg. m.=258640 kg. em. Adopting c=50 kg./em4, t=1400 kg./em? and m=18 and sauating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we have, 8'5X100 d?=258640 “ d=174 cm.STAIR CASES 645 Providing a clear cover of 15 mm. and using 12 mm. ¢ bars. Effective cover =15+6=21 mm.=2°10 cm. Effective depth available =20—2°1=17°9 cm. =. 258640 1400 x 0°87 x 179 Provide 12 mm. ¢ @ 10 cm. c/e Flight DA. Effective span=Centre of beam to centre of bearing on wall =24+-1'5+0 20+02 m, =3'9 m. Consider a one metre wide strip of the flight. Fig 403 shows the loading on the strip. Taking moments about D, we have, ae At em.2=11'87 cm.* N35 kg/m 567 5 kg/m o 22m Wm A Vd Va Fig. 403, Va X 3°9=(1135 x 2'2 x 1°1)4+567°5 x 1°7 (2°2+0°85) Vu=1458°76 kg. Ve (1435 X 2°2)-+(567'5 x 1°7)— 1458°76 = 200299 kg. Let the shear force be zero at distance of x metres from D. For this condition. 1135x= 2002'99 x 76 m. B.M. at x= 1°76 m. 7 1:76? 200299 x 176-1135 x—>— kg. m. =1767 kg. m. 1767 X 100 ~ 1400 0°87 x 18 07" =8'10 cm?ME DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES .. Spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars 113x100 ey om. 14 em. Fig. 400 shows details of reinforcements. Design 99. Fig. 404 shows the general layout cine balcony. Design the balcony. Allow a live load rede sn tread and rise of the steps are respectively 80 em. and I. fulcrum girder is 50 cm.x100 cm. Take weight of R.C.C. oe kg.Im?. Use M 150 concrete. Soletiea. Design of the decking slab. The decking slab is supported on the rakers and is designed as a continuous slab. Loads Dead load of waist slab (10 cm. thick) =24x 10 — fo V PTT 245 bgt Dead load of steps 4 (12) 24 =144 kg./m® Live load 450 kg./m3 Tota) =837 kg.jm® Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab Maximum bending moment aM Eas? te x 100 kg. em. pn keg. em. Equating the M R. to the B.M. 85x 100d? = 52310 . d=T84 em Effective depth available =10—2=8 cm. : $2310 : . A Tao x 08T XE 537 emt Spacing of 10 mm. bers 079x100 S77 167 cm. Provide 10 mm. ¢ bars @ 14 cm. centres.STAT Cases on Fig. 404 Design of rakers Consider one intermediate raker. The raker is a T-beam. Let the depth of the rib be 30 cm. Let the width of the rib be also 30 cm. Load from decking slab =:837 2° 2093 kg./m. Dead load of rib =03x03%2400 = 216 kg/m. =2009 kg/m. ‘Tes loading on the gangway will also be taken as 2309 kg./me.648 DISIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Load due to 10 cm. balustrade=0°10X0°80%2'5 x 2400 = 480 kg. This ‘cad acts as a concentrated load at the free end of the Provide a‘ bearing of 50cm. for the raker. Since the width of the fulcrum girder is also 50 cm., the effective span of the raker beam between the fulcrum girder and the supporting wall =4°80+0'50=5'30 m. Fig. 405 shows the raker beam and the loading on it. Let Ve and Vo be the reactions at the supports A and B. Taking moments about 4, 653 Vo x 5302309 x "+ 480 x6'65 7 Vo=10235 kg. : Ve= (2309 x 6°65)+480—10235=5599'85, kee Fig 423 shows the S.F. diagram for the raker beam. Let the section of zero shear dex metre from A. Equating the shear force to zero 5599°85—2309 x=0 -. x=2'43 m, B.M. calculations Moa=M.=0 b= — 2309 x 132" — 480 x 1°35 2M Dlegrom a72kgm Fle. 405STAIR CASES 649 B.M. at 2°43 m. from A 243% = 5599°85 X 2 43—2309 x ae = +6790 kg. m. Fig. 405 shows the B.M. diagram for the raker beam. In the region of sagging bending moment, the beam will be considered as a T-beam. In the region of hogging bending moment, the beam will be considered as a rectangular beam. Consider the region of hogging bending moment. Maximum hogging bending moment =2752 kg. m. = 275,200 kg. cm. Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment, 8°50 x 30 d?=275200 .. d=-32'85 cm. Overall depth of the beam =30+10=40 cm.. Available effective depth (with an effective cover of 6 cm.) =40--6=34 em. ated eee i= Fa00 x 0°87 x 34 7°84 Om Provide 3 bars of 20 mm. diameter (3 x 3°14=9°42 cm.?) Maximum shear force near the support B =6637°85 kg. Nominat shear stress=%e ~- = oe kg.fom* 65 kg./om? Percentage of tensile steel myo? x10020'92% 30x34 ‘ : For 0°92% steel %0==3°6 kg./cm.® Shear resistance of concrete =4 bd ~~ 36 x30 x 343672 kg. .'. Shear to be resisted by stirrups = Ve 663785 —3672=2965°85 kg. Spacing of 4-legged 10 mm. ¢ stirrups Acted (4x0'7! eee “Z 1400 X34 50 om. Provide a spacing of 30 cm. elec.650 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Now let us consider the region of sagging beading moment. As mentioned earlier the region of sagging beading moment will be designed as a T-beam. Maximum sagging bending moment =6790 kg. m. =679,000 kg. cm. Flange width of the T-beam Flange width amt +be+6 de 530+ 304-(6x 10)=178'3 em, say 178 om. Effective depth d= 40—6=34 cm. Approximate lever arm=a=d— $ = e =29 cm. Approximate steel required _- 679,000 : Bape 71672 em: Provide 6 bars of 20 mm. diameter(18°84 em.*) Position of Neutral Axis Assuming the neutral axis to lie within the flange and taking moments about the neutral axis, 178 X08 18x 18°84 (34—n) Solving, we get n=9'64 cm. Actual lever amma=d— > =34—-24 30°79 om. . 679000 Actual stress in steel i994 36°79 kg.jem? =1170 kglem® Corresponding compressive stress in concrete 70 964 “Te 34-964 =25°7 kg.fom* Shear analysts S.F. at A and at the point of coatrafiexure = 559985 ky.STAIR CASES 651 .. Nominal shear stress — 5 _5599°85 ied "30x34 5°49 kg.jcm.* Percentage of tensile steel a fX314 ee Sorga *100=1'23% For 1°23% steel %0"*4 kg. /em.* Shear resistance of concrete = Ge brd== 4 x 30 x 34=4080 kg. Shear to be resisted by stirrups = Vom 5599'85—4080 = 1519°85 kg. Spacing of 4-legged 10 mm. ¢ stirrups = 4 X0°79 X 1400 34 _ og 1519°85 ie Provide 4-legged 10 mm. ¢ @ 20 em. c/c. Design of the fulcrum girder The fulcrum girder supports the raker beams. Hence the on the raker beam consists of (i) a number of concentrated loads transmitted by the raker beams and (ii) its own weight. Concentrated load transmitted by each raker beam=10235 kg. Depth of the fulcrum girder = 100 cm. .. Dead load of the fulcrum girder =0'S x 1 x 2400=1200 kg./m. Providing a bearing of 60 em. for the fulcrum girder effective span of the girder= 15+0'60 = 15°60 m. Total load on the fulcrum girder =(5X 10235) + 1200 x 156 69895 kg. Reaction at each support S885 anes ke. Fig. 406 shows the — and B.M. diagram for the falcrum Max. BM. at the centre =34947'$ x 780—1200x te —10235 x S— 10235 x 2s. 199,320 kg.652 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ae eee Mzitg — 10235kg esky 102 35g £60m 250M "250M —ohe— 2 50h Hasensap EP ch spc 0218-60 — 36967 549 35675 i $6 omswam 9°75 BFF i i iansa5 7 : i i IS9320kgm 5 14278pkgm Sgr 5 7142 780tgm 778 HIS ssisorgr 8M. DIAGRAM Fig. 405 Equating the M.R. to the maximum B M. 8°50 x 50 d? 159320 x 100 uv. d=194 cm, The overall depth of the fulcrum girder is only 100 cm. The fulcrum girder will therefore be designed as a doubly reinforced beam. Providing an effective cover of 8°5 cm. to the compression as well as tension reinforcement. Distance between the centres of the top and bottom steel 100-2 x 85 = 83 cm. —159320x100 __.,.. 2 Ac At 1400 x83 =137 1 em, Providing 40 mm. ¢ bars number of bars at top or bottom Number of bars =Bo =I11 bars Let us provide 12 bars of 40 mm. diameter arranged in two layers with 6 bars per layer. Check for shear Maximum S.F. =S=34947'S kg. S 349475 _g. 2 Shear stress= 75 = 93 5¢5,) 8°42 kg.fem. Spacing of 4-legged 12 mm. diameter stirrups _Avtea_ 4x 1°13 x 14000 x 83 15 Ss 604TS ee .. Provide 4-legged 12 mm. diameter stirrups at 15 cm. cfc.653 STAIR CASES Loy “S14 yI0HID WhAIING wood ae wae DSS ie saruzs pr0b71% —guwor-9 sult OD-9 nee ta as es pata > usez om me G 1 / 3 puuor-9 pawor-9 F208 te 08» ar aps wn sang Yo uD puu zs p2563;% Y%ur068 euaogs pabdarr i PuuoZ-2 @ uu Oe-b / Jf daa extra | 7 Murer d oud £26600 9 euuzs-e aye x 0s109 WI wazt sie654 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES These stirrups will be provided for a distance of 2°50 m. from each support. In the remaining region provide nominal 4-legged 12 mm. diameter stirrups at a spacing of 30 cm. centres, Curtailment of steel Perimeter of bottom bars required from local bond stress consideration, near the supports i S _349475_ a5 7 83 x 10742 10 em. Perimeter of | bar =nx4=12'S6 em. 42°10 12°56 Let the lower 6 bars of the bottom bars be present for this whole span. The other 6 bars of the upper layer will be curtailed “. Number of bars= 4 at J of the span fe, at 4 (156)=223 m. say 225 m. from the support. Similarly the bars may be curtailed in the compression zone also.15 Design of Water Tanks A reinforced concrete tank (is a very useful structure which is meant for the storage of water, for swimming baths, sewage sedimen- tation and for such simular purposes. The usual types of water tanks are the following : (i) Tanks situated on the ground. (i) Tonks sttuated under ground, (iii) Lauks situated above ground level. The tanks may be either open or roofed cver and they may be either circular or rectanguiar ia plan. Concrete used has to be watertight. This can be achieved by Proper mixing and placiog and curing of concrete. Well graded cement in richer proportion shall be used. The mix usually adopted is M 20 in S.1. designs and M 200 in M.K.S. designs (nearly 1 : 1}: 3). The impermeability can be appreciably increesed by asphalt lining or puddle backing. $161. Stresses tu Steel In order to reduce any possible tensile cracking of concrete of the tank wall, it is usual to assume a working stress of 100 N/mm.® (1000 kg jem) in steel reinforcement situated near the water face. The stress in the stee) reinforcement situated away from the water face will be taken at 125 N/mm. (1250 kg./em®.) §162. Basis of Design There are two important factors .o be noted in the design of an R.C. tank. It is not enough if the structure is designed so as to ne a desited strength. What is required in addition is water- tightness. It is necessary to prevent shrinkage cracks in the tank walls. ‘This is possible by adopting a distribution reinforeement amounting to at least 0°3 pergent of the gross area of the wal!. Further, slabs should be eonereted in lengths rot greater than 7°S metres. It is also necessary to proyide contraction joints hetween adjacent slab units, In order to accommodate any additional thermal displace- ments. exparision joints shall also be provided at intervals of 30 m. For ficors it is necessary that tbe ground should be first covered with a 8 cm. 1HCk lever of pisin concrete. 655656 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Figs. 408 to 411 show the common forms of joints used in tanks. 3163. Jciats w Tanks Rigid Jaints These are joints provided to serve a continuity between a firs? cast concrete and a second cast concrete. When a gocd bond is required, it is usual that the whole fave of the joint is completely removed for a depth of 3 mm. by jetting or bush hammering and a layer of 1} sand cement See Maree Ba mortar is spread on the face which is cast first immediately before the new concrete is placed. A typical detail of such a joint is shown in Fig. 4ux. A galvanised steel-water bar is also cast into the concrete work to prevent the passage of water across the line of the joint. Flexible Joint. For larger structures 16/0 Jom flexible joints are preferred. Fig. 408. Rigid Joint. These joints are meant to provide a free movement. The joint faces should not be allowed to remain rough. They shall be finished evenly. The second-cast concrete should be worked into a layer of 14: 1 sand cement mortar which should be spread on to the first cast concrete face. Fig. 409 (a) shows a flexible horizontal construction joint in the wall of a structure. Such joints are required for the sake of con- venience in setting the form work and also to afford proper access for compaction of concreting. SEAL SAL WATER FACE ~PREPARED. JOINT SURFACE (b) VERTICAL CONTRACTION JOINT OF A WALL (B) HORIZONTAL CONS TRUC TION JOINT OF a Walt Al FLEXIBLE FUER SEAL WATER FACE fC) VERTICAL EXPANSION JOINT Fig. 409. Wall joint. Fig. 409 (b) shows a vertical contraction joint in a wall. Such are to be provided at intervals of 7°5 metres at places of zeroDESIGN OF WATEE TKS 637 shear. The first placed concrete surface should be left smooth and unkeyed so that the joint is allowed to open as the concrete on either eide cools or shrinks. Thus, all movements are localised or collected at pre-determined pcsitions. A poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) water stop is found satisfactory. It is also necessary to provide a triangular fillet seal on the water face Fig 409 (c) shows vertical expansi@h ‘joint io ¥ Nall. Such joints are necessery ag-intervals of 30 metres at a place df zerd shear. A flexible filler of 2 cm. thickness is provided in the joint. This allows the joint @o partially close when the concrete on either side. should expand. A suitable’ filler consists of cellular cane fibres 11 CEMENT SAND (upede LAvER REINFORCED SLAR ” BOTTOM LAYER ik PLAIN CONCRETE Si AB BUILDING PAPER (@) CONTRACTION JOINT iN UPPER SLAB WATER FACE UPPER LAYER REINFORCED SLAB BOTTOM LAYER ‘SEAL PLAIN CONCRETE BUILDING PAPER ¢) guty JOINT IN THE whose AB Fig. 410. Tank floor joints. Sia (@) CONTRACTION JOINT FLEXIBLE FULLER™ BUILDING ebee (by) EXPANSION JOWT Fig. 411, Roof stab joints.gs DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES impregnated with bitumen The joint 1s sealed at both faces The seal on the water face is meant to provide watertightness while the seal on the outer face is meant to protect the flexible filler. Rottom slabs of tanks. These slabs are bettor cast in two sepa- rate layers The joints of the layers are staggered Figs. 41\. (a) and (b) show the various arrangements. The joints of the upper layer are contractiun joints. A gap 1s left between adiacent panels. This gap should be filled only after seven days are over since concreting of the Jast adjacent slab. So far as the joints of the bottom layer are conceiued they form butt joints The slab panels are cast alternately in chess-board fashion The slab in the upper layer is reinforced with at least 0 3 percent reinforcement. Roof slab joints. Contraction joints are provided at intervals of 75 metres at position of zero shear. The panels which are formed by the joints are cast alternately in a chessboard fashion. Expansion joints are provided at intervals of 30 metres. See Fig. 411. Joints between wall and floor. Sometimes the design of the tank might allow the tank walls to be unrestrained at the base. Fig. 412 shows a usual arrangemeot for the joint. CONNECTION BETWEEN VERTICAL WALL AND BASE OF TANK Fig. 412 TANKS SITUATED ON GROUND LEVEL $164. Circular Tanks Circular tanks on ground may be designed either with flexible connection ot the wall with the base or with a rigid connection of the wall with the base. In the former case the expausion or contraction of the side walls are possible. In the latier case the walls are monohthic with the base. §165. Circular Tanks with a flexible joint between the walls and the base The walls of sych a tank will be designed as vertical cylinders subjecied to water pressure. It is usual to apply the theory of thin cylinders in the analysis of the walls.DESIGN OF WATER TANSS 659 _ The intensity of water pressure at any depth h is equal to wh units per unit area. .. _, The corresponding hoop tension per metre height at this level is given by poke D where D-=lIoternal diameter of the tank The area of reinforcement to be provided should be calculated to resist the above tension. The permissible stress in steel will be taken as 100 N/mm.? (1000 kg /cm.2) For 1 metre beight a whD : 2 (safe stress ia steel) oe w ~ specific weight of water in N/metre® (kg./metre*) 9810 N/metre? or 1000 kg./metre® h=depth in metres D=Internal diameter in metres. This boop reinforcement may be provided preferably near both faces with a cover of 25 mm However, the amount of steel provided shell not be less than 0°3% of the gross area. The spaciags of hoop stee! may be increased at higher levels. Thickness of wall. Even though the reinforcement has bees provided so as to safely resist the hoop tension, the concrete Aas nor been prevented to resist a part of the tension. Hence cracks are likely to be formed and the watertightness of the tank may bo afiected To take this factor into account the tensile stress on tl: equivalent area of concrete is limited toa certain value. On th: assumption that the concrete has not yet cracked, the tensile stress 11 concrete is given by, A eee T oT rtim—)Ae where T—Hoop load on b units of height of wall t= Thickness of tank wall m= Modular ratio In our case since Thas been calculated per unit height of the wall (b= 100 em) Ee NOt+(m—1)At (t should be ta%en in cms.) The above stress may be limited to 120 Njem.® (12 kg.jem.7i Hence the thickness of the wall may be such that the above atress on the eqyivelent area of comerete is not exceeded. It is con- £ Niemi? (kg.jem.3)660 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES sidered that walls of thicknesses less than 12 cm. are not advantage- ous since the cost of fixing reinforcement, pouring and tamping concrete will only further increase the cost of the structure. It is even preferred to adopt a thickness of at least 15 cm. Hence to sum up, the following rules may be adopted in finding the thickness of the walls. The thickness of the wall should not be less than the follow- ing: (@) 15 em. (Hi) 3 em. per metre depth+5 cm. (ii) Thickness required to limit the tensile stress in concrete to 120 N/cm.8 (12 kg./cm.*) : $166. Vertical Distribution Steel A minimum percentage of 0'3% of the gross area of the wall will be provided. These bars will herve to hold not only the hoop bars but also the various layers of concrete. §h67. Bottom Slab This may consist of a15 cm.to 20 cm. thick slab with a reinforcement forming @ top mesh anda bottom mesh. Usually a mesh with 10 mm. dia. bars at 25 cms. centres will be sufficient. §168. Design Requirements , It is necessary that the reinforced concrete member for liquid retaining structures should be impervious. For reinforced concrete to be impervious the following two conditions must be satisfied : © (a) The concrete used must be of uniform well graded mix ‘of low water-cement ratio and it should be fully compacted and should be free from all defects such as segregation and honey- combing. (b) The concrete must be free from cracks. Cracks in reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete may develop various types of cracks. The cracks are generally of the following types : (a) Very fine well distributed cracks in the tension zone of a concrete member. (b) Excessive cracks in the tension zone of a concrete member caused by overloading it. {c) Cracks caused by expansion and contraction of restrained members. (d) Cracks caused by differential expansion ia thick members due to the heat of hydration. (©) Cracks caused by shrinkage ot concrete. (f) Cracks caused by settlement of « structure.DBRON OF WATER TANKS 661 Avoiding normal tensile cracks. The very fine cracks which occur in the tension zone of a member designed by the normal taethods must be avoided in impervious reinforced concrete by designing it in two ways : (a) By designing against cracking baving regard to the tensile strength of concrete. (b) By designing for structural strength ignoring the tensile strength of concrete. It is worthwhile to note the following points concerning this aspect of design : (1) The safety factor against cracking is less than the safety factor required for structural safety. (ii) Since the safety factor in design against cracking is Telatively small, the possibility of tensile cracks occurring must be envisaged. Hence to restrict the width and depth of such potential cracks alow permissible tensile stress in steel is adopted in the structural design. Inspite of this general rule, there are many instances where desiprers design members for structural strength alone wheo the thickness is 25 cm. or more and if the liquid retained is in contact with the compression face only. lv addition to these steps taken to prevent tensile cracks the cre:p of concrete may turn out to be a practical advantage to prevent ¢ img by applying fhe working load slowly. This is often possible is; the case of a tank or reservoir by slow filing. Avindunce of other cracks Cracks caused due to expansion and contraction due to siirkege can be avoided by the proper use of movement joints in weed concrete. Shrinkage cracks may also be avoided by slow out of concrete. Cracks caused by differential expansion in thick members de heat of hydration are not likely to occur in members less thin AS cm thick, Cracks caused by settlement can be minimized or avoided by fu! site selection and good foundation design and construction. §to + ¥5 Design Requirements (IS 3370) The following are the general design requirements recommended LS. code: ti) Plain concrete members of reinforced concrete liquid retaia- iny structures may be designed against structural failure by allowing tension in plain concrete as per the permissible limits for tension in bending. (IS 456). This introduces the necessary provision to prevent failure due to cracking. However, nominal reinforcement shail be provided for plain concrete structural members complying with the requirements of IS : 456.662 DESIGN OF RFINFORCPD CONCRETB STRUCTURES (i) Permissible stresses in concrete In all calculations pertaining to the resistance of members to cracking, the permissible stresses in tensiou (Jirect as well as due to bending, shall conform to the values specified in the table below. ¢ permissible stresses in tension due to bending are appli- cable to the face of the member in contact with the liquid. In the case of members of thickness less than 225 rim. and in contact with liquid on one side, the permissible stresses iu bending specified in the table apply also to the face remote from the liquid. Permissible stresses in concrete in compotation: pertaining to resistance to cracking SI, UNITS M.K.S. UNITS Permissible siress in ka.icm* Permis:ible Grade of conerete| tensile stress Nem? ae Direct | Bending Direct | Bending MIS 110 150 {4s M20 120 170 i 7 M28 130 180 18 M30 150 200 20 M35 160 220 22 M40 170 0 a (iit) Permissible streses in steel (a) Cracking stress consideration. When steel and concrete ure assumed to act together while determining the tensile stress in concrete to avoid cracks, it is necessary that the tensile stress in steel is so that the permissible tensile stress in concrete is not exceeded. From this consideration the tensile stress shall not exceed the Product of the modular ratio and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete. (6) Strength consideration. The permissible stress in steel in calculations shall be taken as given in the stable below, (iv) Stresses due to drying shrinkage or temperature change Stresses due to drying shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored provided that (a) The permissible stresses specified in the above table are not exceeded.DBSTON OF WATER TANKS 663 (6) Adequate precautions are taken to prevent cracking of con- crete at the time of construction and until the reservoir is put to use. (c) Recommendations regarding joints explained in the earlier articles { r suitable sliding layer beneath the reservoir arc complied with or the reservoir is meant to be used for storing water or aque- ous liquids at or near ambient temperature and that the conditions are such that the concrete is never liable to dry out. In special cases shrinkage stresses may however have to be calculated. A shrinkage coefficient of 300 x10~® may be assumed. When shrinkage stresses are allowed the permissibls tensile stress in concrete may be increased by 33} per cent. Permissible Stress in Steel (strength consideration) Pramissible tensile stress Nature of tensile stress Nicm3| kg jem! Tensile strese due to direct tension 30,000 1000 Tensile stress due to bending in steel pear the liquid fece ‘or away from the liquid face when the thickness of the 10,000 —-10CO0 member is less thaa 225 mm. Tensile stress in steel provided away from the guid face 12,500 1280 10 members of thckness greater thac 225 mm. Tensile stress iv shear renforcements : When the thickness of meibers is less than 225 a 10,090 1000 ‘When the thickness of members 1s yieater than 275 mm. 12,500 12:0 Compressive stress in steel i R.C.C. columns subjected 12,500! 125 10 direct load. Note 1, The limitavons of stress for liquid retaining faces sbail also apply to : (1) Otber faces within 225 mm, of the liquid retaining face, (2) Outside or exterpal faces of structures away from the liquid but Provided in water-logged soils upto the level of the highest sub-soit water level. Note 2, The permissible: siress 10,000 Nicm® (1000 kg./cm*: in the table above may be increased to 11250 Niem.? (1125 kg om") for plain Mild ated) bars when the cross reinforcement is spot welded {othe man reiaforcement.664 DESIGN OF REIN!ORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Design 100(S.I.). Design a circular tank to the following Particulars : (i) Diameter of tank= 3°50 metre. (ii) Depth of war, =3 metre. (iit) The tank rests on ground. (iv) The walls and base slab are not monolithic with each other. (v) Specific weight of water=9810 N/metre®. Solution. Consiocr the bottom 1 metre height of wall. Pressure intensity corresponding to the centre of the bottom one metre height of wall, =p=wh=Y810 x 2'5—=24525 N per metre® Hoop tension =T= 22 _ 24525% 35 Lgoig Nv 2 Steel required for | metre height 42919. og =] o00u 74 3 cm: Spacing of 10 mm. ¢ bars 0°79 x 100 : “3 18°4 om. Provide 10 mm. ¢ @ 18 cm. cle (4.4 cm.) If the steel is provided near both the faces, the spacing of bars will be at 36 cm. c/c. Thickness of wall, This shall not be less than the following : i) 1S cm (i) 3 cm. per metre depth +5 cm.=(3x3)+5=14 em. (it) Thickness required to limit the tensile stress in steel to 120 Nicm ® (m=13) 42919 120= icorpiaxad Hence let us provide an overall thickness of 15 cm. t=>'04 cm. Vertice! Reinforcement (distribution steel) This snail be at 1east 0°3%, of the gross area, -4. (15 x 100) =4 5 cm.? per metre run Spacing of 10 mm. ¢ bars W810. =175 em. say 10 mm. ¢ @ 17 em. elc. If the reinforcement is provided near both the faces, the spacing of these 10 mm. ¢ vertical bars will be @ 34 em. ele.DESIGN OF WATER TANKS 665 Base slab. This will be a 15 cm. thick slab with a top mesh and a bottom mesh of steel with 10 mm. ¢ bars at 24cm. c/c. Fig. 413 shows the details of reinforcement. ee 15.C FREE BOARD == 10mm Bars Bg (7 CENTRES ~+ 10MM BARS at 34C€M CENTRES, 10MM BARS AT 24M CENTRES Fie. 413. Circular tank with a flexible connection of the wall with be base Design 102. Design a circular tank to the Following require- ments : (i) Diameter of tank=3'50 metres. (ti) Depth of water =3°00 metres. Siti) The tank rests on ground. (iv) The walls and the base slad are not monolithic. Solation. Consider the bottom | metre height of wall Pres- sure intensity corresponding to centre of the bottom one metre height of wail, = 1000 x 2°5= 2500 kg./m.? .". Hoop tension = 2500 35 po, = 4375 kg Steel for I metre height 4515 = =43 a =7000 4375 cm!666 DESIGN OF RFINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Spacing of 10 mm. bars 079x100 __J.. = 437 =18'l cm. say 10 mm. bars at 18 cm. centres (4°4 cm.*) If these bars are provided at both faces the spacing would be at 36 cm centres. Thickness of wall. This shallot be less than the following . @ 15 cm. (ii) 3 cm. per metre depth+5 em. =3x3+5=14 cm. (iii) Thickness required to limit the tensile stress in concrete to 12 kg./om® m=13) ’ 4375 = por Ia vad t=3'12 em. Hence let us prove an overall thickness of 15 cm. Vertical reinforcement This shall be at least 0°3% of the gross area - % 15% 100=4°5 sq. em. per metre run Spacing of 10 mm. ¢ bars = 22100 17'S om. say 17 om. ele. If the reinforcement is provided near both the faces, the spacing of these 10 mm. ¢ vertical bars will be ai 34 cm. cle. Bottom stab. This will be a 15 cm. thick slab with a top mesh and a bottom mesh of steel with 10 mm ¢ bars at 24 cm. c/c. Fig. 413 shows the details of reinforcement. §170. Circular Tanks with the wall restrained at the base In this case the wall will resist the water pressure partly by hoop action and partly by cantilever action, Deformation obser- vations reveal that for a certain height from the base there will be lominant cantilever action, and that at higher levels there will predominant hoop action. (See Fig. 414). The tanks of this category are analysed by the following methods : (®) Dr. Retssner's Method (it) Carpenter’s Stenplificasion of Dr. Reissner's Method. (The simplified method by Carpenter may be found more casy to analyse tanks.)DESIGN OF Ws ATER TANKS 667 (i) Dr. Reissner’s Method. According to Reissner the load distribution curves for tanks with equal values of a constant K will 4 be similar ; where K= ne Lyn ( 7)! where H=Height of the tank wall. D-=Internal dicmeter of the tank. t=Thickness of the wall. The canti K are giver in t's + bending nsicvent M, for the various values of Te MAX *V8 MOMENT tof a u "@) DEFORMATION OF Walt (DI LOAT’ JRESTRIBUTION —(C) APPROX BM DIAGRAM Fig. 414. Tank wall restraint at the base, Table 1. Values of Restraint Moment Mr. (p=wH) 0 0'167 pH? 10 0110 pH® 0°0582 pH* 024 pH* 0°0085 pH* ° K Rectangular wall se.tion | Triangular wall section 0"167 pH* 0140 pH 0.0707 pH* 0°02» pH* 0°09 p* o The position and magnitude of maximum ring tension can be obtained from the table given below :668 DERGN OF REINFORCED CONDRETE STRUCTURES Table 2. Ring Tension in Tank Wall (p=wH) Rrc.angular wall section Triangular wall section | Hetahe from vase Design 103 (S.I.). A circular woter tank has an internal dia- meter of 12 metres, the maximum depth of water being 4 metres. The walls of the tank are restrained at the base. The tank rests on ground. Design the tank. Solution. H=4 metres D=12 metres Thickness of wall. This shall be not less than (i) 15 ems. (ii) 3 cm. per metre depth+5 cm.==3*44+5=17 cm. Hence Jet us provide a thickness of 17.cm. 12. H4 12x44 (Dyan @ xen 7293 2 From table 1, we find Tor K=1000 M=0'024 pH? K=19,000 — 4-0'0085 pH# (Adopting logarithmic interpolation), For K= 2953, M=« pH* log 10,000—Iog 2953 where, 2 =0°0085+(0'024—0'0085) tog’ 10,000—log 1000DESIGN OF WATER TANKS 669 =0°0085-+(0°024—0°0085) x 0°5298, =0°0167 M=0°0167 pH? M=0'0167 (98104) 43 Nr = 10485 Nm. = 1048500 N cm. Adopting c=700 N cm.2, t=10,000 N/cem2 and m=13 m=0°476 d, a=0'84 d, Q=140°3 Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment, we have, 140°3 x 100 d?= 1048500 an d=8'64 cm. But effective depth available to the centre of 12 ma. ¢ bars =17—2'5—0°6=13°90 cm. 1048500 gg A= T9000 x0"84x 13°50? Snacing of 12 mm. ¢ bars = 1X10 195 om. Provide 12 mm. ¢ @ 12 cm. cfc. Hoop tension. From table 2, we have For K=1000, max. hoop tension 2 7=0'47 of 2) at 0°47 H from the base For K= 10000, 67 p( 2. 7-067 2) at 0°31 H from the base. Following 2 logarithmic interpolation, max. hoop tension for K=2953 will be equal to Bp( e) where : 7" log 2953—log 1000 8=0'47+ (0'67—0°47) 709 {0000—log 1000 =0°4740°20x0'4702 =0°47+0'094=0'564 Max. hoop tension wostd 2)670 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: =0'564 (98104) 2 N 132788 N This occurs at +H from the base where Y=0'47—(0°47—0°31) x 0°4702 =0°40 . Maximum hoop tension will occur at 0'4 Hffrom the base, ie. at a height of 0°4x 4=1°6 metre from the base Steel for hoop tension = att 1928 cm Spacing of 12 mm. $ bars! |5%100. 2 8°5 cm. say 8 em. ele. Since this steel is provided in the form of rings near both the faces the spacing of the rings will be @ 16cm. c/e near each face. Fig. 433 shows the details of reinforcement. on : a ° am + ae sak seme 90 raence = ot he eH i Fig. 415. Check for tensile stress in concrete : _ 132788 Teaslcietce 10OX17-+(13—1013'54 =71 Nicm.? (less than 120 N/em) Base slab This slab may be 15 cm. thick with a top mesh and & bottom mesh of steel with 10 mm. ¢ bars @ 24 cm. cle. It is also used to provide 15 em.%15 cm. haunches at the junction ofDESIGN OF WATER TANKS 671 wall and base. A haunch reinforcement of 10 mm $ @ 24 cm. cle may be provided. Design 1°1. A circular water tank has an internal diameter of 12 mei.es, the maximum depth of water being 4 metres. The walls of the tank are restrained at the base. The tank rests on ground Design the tank. Solution. H=4 metres, D=12 metres. Thickness of wall. This shall be not less than @ 15 em. (ii) 3. cm. per metre depth+S cm.=3x4+5—17 cm. Hence Jet us provide a thickness of 17 cm. 12H4 12x 4% E> (Dig Bx 77953 ia From table 1, we find For K =1000 M=0'024 pH® K=10,000 M=0008S pH® (Adopting logarithmic interpolation ), For K=2953, M=apH? anes 7 log 10,000—log 2953 where, a=0'0U85+,(0'024—0'0085) Cea = foe 100 =0°0085-+ (0°024—0°0U85) x 0'529% =0°0167 M=0°0167 pH? =0°0167(1000 x 4)43 kg. m. +1069 kg. m. Adopting c=70 kg./em2 — t= 1000 kg./em® LO m= 30 =13 n=0°476d, a=0°84d, Q=14°03 Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we have, 14°03 x 100 d? = 1069 x 100 oe a=8-73 cm. But available effective depth to the centre of 12 mm. dia. bars 17-25-06 =13'9 cm. 1069 x 100 A= 1069x100 "16 om? TOOOKORAx 1g CM IIG cm.672 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars 113 x 100 916 =123 em. say 12 cm. cle. Hoop tension. From table 2, we have For K=1000, max. hoop tension =0" BD T=0'47 p ( 3 ) at 0°47 H from the base For K= 10000, T=0'67p ( P) Vat opt H from the base. Following a logarithmie interpolation, cm Max. hoop tention for K=2953 will be equal 10 Bo 2 ) where =0" 67~(0'47) 108 _2953—log 1000 B=0°47-+(0°67—(0°47) log 10000— log 1000 =0°47+0°20 x0°4702 =0°47+4'094=0 564 *. Max. hoop tension=0°564 of 2) =0'564x (1000 x 4)/2 ke. = 13536 kg. This occurs at yH from the base where ~=0°47—/0°47—0°31) x 0°4702 =0°40 .. Maximum hoop tension will occur at 0°4 H from the base ie. at a height of 0°4x 4=1°6 metre from the base, Steel for hoop tension 13536 “Too = 13°54 cm? . V3 x 100 Spacing of 12 mm. bars= 1554 cm, =8'35 cm. say 8 cm. cfc.DLSIGN OF WATER TANKS 673 Since this steel is provided in the form of rings near both the faces, th spacing of the rings near each face will be @ 16 cm. e/c. Check for tensile stress in concrete a ise ensile stress 100x173 — I) 54 =T3 kg./cm.* (less than 12 kg./em2) Base slab. This slab may be 15cm. thick with «top mesh and a bottom Mesh of stee! with /0 mm. @ 24 em. c/c. {18 also usual to provide 15cm. x13 cm haunches at the junction of wall and base slab. A baunch reinforcement of 10 mm. $ bars @ 24 cm. cle may be provided. Circular tanks with the wall restrained at the base —Carpeater’s simplification of Dr. Reissoer's. Method. As stated earlier, the design of tanks with Carpenter's simplir fication will be found comparatively easier than the previous method. The mazimum cantilever bending moment and the position and amount of maximum ring tension are given by the following Telations : Let H= jeignt of wall ternal Diam. of Tank te: Thickness of Tank wall. (i) Position of maxunum ring tension=KH from the base Where K--a cocfcient dependivg on the values of & ang Table 3. Coefficients F and K. = | 050 }o4s | a40 \ | 07032 | 0019 | oor ee 055 | 043 | 35 [oss 0024 | 014 f0010 | 0007 | os0 | 039 ' G35 ‘aw 0.020 | 0012 | 0:009 | O'Ore | 045 | 037 [ow 7 = 3 3 2 0012 {0006 ; 05 | 0003 | 037 | 0728 | 02 ' gor | 0002 | 030 , 022 lous st6 0002 f 0°00! 027 | 020 017 014674 DPSIGN OF RE'NFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Refer to table 3 find K. (él) Max. hoop tension = Hoop tension at KH metres above base ~ oH KH) 7 = 1 KD (iti) Max, cantilever bending moment =FwH® . 7 H H where F=a coefficient depending on the values of D aod oan Refer to table 3 and find F. The following examples show the use of the following table. Design 104(S.1). A circular water tank has an internal diameter of 12 metres with 4 metres depth of water. The walls of the tank are restrained at the base The tank rests on the ground. Design the tank with carpenter's simplifications. Solotion. Thickness of wall. This shall be not less than. () 1S em. (ii) 3 em. per metre donh+5 em.=124+5=17 cm Let us adopt 17 cm overall thickness. Thus, in this case, H-=4 m. D--12m. 1017 om Hea H_ D = 7 7033 and ae Referring to table 3, we have For g =0°3 and Ht =20, F=0°019 and K=0'43 aad. For # mo'3and #30, F=0014 and K=0'38 By linear interpolation, For --03and #255, F=0017 and K=041 | wall Agni ror M04 and Hom, F=0'011 sad K=0°39 HDESIGN OF WATER TANKS 675 aad for Eos and Hom, F=0'010 and K=035 By linear interpolation = For © 0'4 and 23's, Fm0'013 and K=0'38 | (2) Hence from relations (1) and (2), we bave by further linear interpolation, E F033 and 2 23's, P=0016 and K=O" | Position of maximum ring tension -KH =0°40 x 4=1°6 metres from the base or 4—1'6=2'4 metres from the top. Pressure intensity at this 1eve) =9810 x 2°'4=23544 A /metre® Maximum hoop tension =73544x 12 2141264 N Safe stress in steel=10,000 N/em.? 141264. 2 A= 10,000 7 '4 12 em: Spacing of 12 mm. ¢ bars 113x100 1412 Since the hoop stress is provided near both the faces, provide 12 mm. ¢ @ 16 cm. e/¢ near each face (14°12 em?.) Check for teasile stress in concrete Tensile stress in concrete =8 cm. cle. FC EET \We aa Niem3 =76 Njem? (less than 120 Nicm.*) Maximum bending moment =F wi® =0°016 x 9810 x 48 = 10045 Nm.676 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Taking c=700 N/cm.3, t=10,000 N/em.?, m= 13, a=0°84 and Q~=140°3 and equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment 140 3x 100 d?= 1004500 a d=8'S cm. But effective depth available (overall depth—clear cover to boc p bar—diameter of hoop bar— half diameter of vertical bar). 17 —25—1°2—0'6=127 cm. 1004500 10000 x 0°84 127 113 100__,,.,, fogs le ‘02 cm. Atw 94cm? . Spacing of 12 mm. d= Provide 12 mm. $ @ 12 cm. clc. Distribution steel = tax 17x 100=5°10 cm? Spacing of 12 mm ¢ bars 1°13 x 100 ast Spacing of bars near each face=44 cm. c/c. Fig. 415 shows the details of reinforcement. We find that there is no appreciable difference in results berween Reissner’s method and Carpenter’s method. The bottom slab will be 15 cm. thick with a top mesh and a be tc 2 mesh of /O mm. $ @ 24 cm. cle. Design 105. Design a circular tank 12 metre diameter with 44. ue depth of water. The walls of the tank are monolithic with the =22 em. ba The tank rests on the ground. Design the tank with Carpenter's 2. Feation. 3olation. Thickness of wall. This sball be not less than, (i) 15 em. ti) 3 cm. per metre depth+5 cm.=12+5=17 em. Let us adopt 17 cm. overall thickness Thus, in this case, H=4 m. D=i2m t=—017 m. Referring to table 3, we have, von H 20, F=0'019 and K=0'43DESIGN OF WATER TANKS 677 and For 4-03 and / —30, Fav014 and K-08 By linear interpolation, For xz =0°3 and # =23'5, F=0'017 and K=0'41 wll) Again, aa H 7 . For D =0°4 and 220, F=-0014 aad K=0°39 and For 2 =04 and -/ 30, F=0010 and K=0'35 .. By linear interpolation LS _, For Lmod and 2 =23'5, Fa0013 and K=O'38 | (2) | ad Hence from relations (1) and (2), we have by further linear {nterpolation, For #4.=0'33 and L235, F=0'016 and K=040 Position of maximum ring tension KH =0°40 X4=1'6 metres from the base or = 4—1°6 = 2°4 metres from the top Pressure intensity at this level =1000 x 2°4=2400 kg./m.2 Maximum hoop tension = 2400 $2 = 14400 keg. With stress in steel at 1000 kg /cm.?, we have steel for hoop tension = 14400 ag cm? 000 14°4 em: ~. Spacing of 12 mm. bars = 113x100. ieee ae678 DESIGN OF REINBORCED CONCRETE STRUC(URES Since this ring steel will be placed near both the faces, the spacing on each side =16 cms. Let us provide 12 mm. bars at 16 cms. centres near both faces (14°12 em.) Check for the stress on the equivalent area of concrete (tensile stress in concrete should not exceed 12 kg./cm.? on the equivalent area’. Tensile stress = 7555 OM Dx 1 aig7 756 kg.lem2 <12 kg /cem® Maximum bending moment =F w H® =0'016 x 1000 x 43= 1024 kg. m. With c=10 kg./em.2 and t= 1600 kg./cm.*, m— 2 13, a= 08d and Q=1403 14°03 x 100 x d?== 1024 x 100 d=85 cm. But effective depth provided =17 cm.—2'5 cm.—0'6 cm. = 139 cm. (overall depth—clear cover—} dia. of 12 mm. bar) Steel requirement e024 xO0F oie: : mAL 1000 x0'84x 139 8°77 em: Spacing of 12 mm. bars 377 = 12°8 cms. Let us provide 12 mm. bars at 12 cms. centres. Disiribution steel 03 x17 100=511 ems Spacing of 12 mm, ¢ bars = 113% 100 xt Spacing of bars near each face=44 cm. c/c. Fig. 415 shows the details of reinforcement. The bottom slab will be 15 cm. thick with a top mesh and a bottom mesh of 10 mm. ¢ @ 24 cm. cle. =22 cm.“ DESION OF WATER TANKS 679 §171. The I.S. Code Method ‘The bending moments, and hoop tension and shear at base for the tank wall of cicular tank may be determined by using sppropriate Coefficients given by the IS. code. These coefficients depend on the a Se Dr tatio. Hoop tension per metre height = coefficient xi 2 kg }m. B.M. per meire run=coefficient x wH3 kg. m./m. ae The S.F. at the base of the wall =coefficient x wH? kg. Cylindrical Tank (Fixed at Base and Free at Top) Coefficient for Shear Force f - Coefficient ee He ; | Coesicient | Baw | Confictent i 04 +0436 3 +0°262 3 +0188 oe +0374 ! 4 i +02% | 2 +0145 i +0339 | 5 +o23 || 14 +0135 a om | 6 | +0197 | 16 +0127 | 20 | +0 .99 8 | +0174 || “0 +0116 Note: Positive sign indicates inward acting shear. Design 106 (S#.). Design a circular tank 12 m. diameter avd 4 metre high. The tank rests on firm ground. The walls of the tank are restrained at the base Svuiution. H—4 metres, D=12 metres. Thickwess of Wall, This is taken as the greater of the following : (i) 15 cm. (ii) 3 cm. per metre depiht+ 5 cm =(3% 4)4+-5=217 em. Provide a thickness of 17 cm. HH? _ 4x4 sens 78 Dt 12*017 f 7 . we Max. coefficient for hoop tension for Di =6, is 0'S14 at 06 H depth 2 Max. coefficient for hoop tension, for H =8, is 0°575 at 0°6 H depth.DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: “wortuas seivoypuy udye 241nib0d + 310N SOF | SOF | 90+ | OIF , TeSO0F | cikOr OC.0F 6610+ 60.0 woo [ost 1970+ 1s 0+ 999-0+ 6£9.0+ : 6€5.0+ 0z9.0+ 90E.0+ 00z.0+ 960.0+ 700.0— ot 829.0+ rs 0+ 67PO+ ZIE.O+ 107.0+ 160.0+ $00.0— ow 8090+ tps.0+ Utb.o+ £7E.0+ 907.0+ 8600+ 10.0— oor SLs 0+ VES.OF ‘Ehy.0+ SEEO+ BIZ 0+ p0l.o+ 110.0— os vIS.O+ | 0S.0+ 1ww.0+ ‘vvE-O+ vEZ.O+ 610+ s10.0+ 09 699.0+ | LLy.0+ 87b.0+ SE O+ $9Z.0+ LEt.0+ stoo+ os OrO+ | ezto+ | fovor | 6te0+ | sszo+ | soto+ | 900+ | oF Of O+ | ules LSE.0+ EOF 197.04 €07.0+ vELO+ o€ CEZ.0+ PLT.0+ $82.0+ S8Z.0+ €LZ.0+ 1870+ VET OF Oz ssro+ 90+ 0$7.0+ | 997.0+ 997.0+ 992.0+ $92.0+ ot wot | ost.o+ | ooro+ | vezot | szo+ | uezot+ | cszot | 28 960.0+ | O€t.0+ | optot | osiot | sizo+ | cezot | soot | 80 600+ | 9900+ | zeoot+ | toot | ozd+ | vero+ | eptot | 20 H90 | SO Heo Heo a10 | Hoo 1a imag sepyfoen 7 A OR) 8] woqene., 205 yworeyBeeD (Go 1 onlg pas Osu 40 pom) Ye POPeERED+ 681 DESIGN OF WATER TANKS a “20nf s91mo ay) sau uopua} sejoo%puS UBS oapIEOd | 910N | 6L000— | 100°.0— | o00.0+ | E100.0+ ' yo00.0+ | 1000.0- | 10000— 0600.0~ | 1000.0- | €z00.0+ | 6to0.0+ | 8000.0+ | 1000.0+ 0 910.0— $000.0— \ 9700.0+ £700.0+ | £'00.0+ £000.0+ 7000 0+ zz00— | zoo.0— | s700.0+ | 6000+ | 6too.0+ | 10000+ | 4000.04 9r10.0 - 7200.0— | 6700.0+ 8£00.0+ | 8700.0+ 9100.0+ 000.0+ t8t0.0— | wooo | ezoo.0+ | ts00.0+ | ¥00.0+ | reo00+ | 61000+ zzr0.0— | 2s00.0— | z00.0+ | ss000+ | 6s000+ | sr000+ | 6z00.0+ 8970.0 - 0800.0 ~ | £200.0+ 6900.0+ £L00.0-+ 9900.0+ 400 0+ cero.0— | 6tt0.0— | zt00.0+ | 1000+ | 16000.+ | 6020+ | 1200.0+ 9£90.0— $310.0— 1200.0+ $100.0+ $T10.0+ az100+ 6600.0 + sog0.0— | zezoo— | tso00— | sso00+ | 1110.0+ | Telo.0+ | L010.0+ z080.0- | r1e0.0- | so100— | zeovot | osoos+ | zroo+ | coroot seto.0— | soro.o— | »7z00—~ | 2900.0~ . 4000+ | 0800.0+ sozi.o— | 9180.0— | 6zs0.0- | zoL00— oo | 200.0~ jomet Hor | #60 i 80 | 490 | Hoo | HPO HLo ' 1000.0— . 0 0 0 ' 1000.0+ 1000.0—- | 1000.0+ 0 2000.0+ 1000.0+ 000 0+ £000.0+ 91000+ | 8000.0+ 700.0+ 1900.0+ 9909-04 $400.0+ ££00.0+ £900.0+ 1700 0+ Byjod 30 19320 TEA OW wy womopy Baypoog 107 Ju019 20D (doy ye 02g puE osug Je POT!A) ABB] OEE) oor Ont Oz 0.01682 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2 Coefficient for hoop tersion, for a =—78, is equal to's! 4 O05 » wey =0°514+0055—~0°569 Max. hoop tension =0°569 wH 3 =0°569 x 9810 x 4x 2 == 133965 N Hoop steel per metre beight 143965 =" 10,000, Spacing of 12 mm. ¢ bats 1131009. = 74 84 em Provide 12 mm. $ @ 16 cm. c/s. near each face Vertical distribution steel ="9 5617100511 em? Spacing of 8 mm. ¢ bars 05x 100 x1 Provide 8 mm. ¢ @ 18 em. cle near each face. 2 Max. B.M. coefficient for x =78,- =13°4 cm? =9'8 cm. is equal to-[oois7— =-—v'0150 Max. cantilever moment =0°015 wH3 =0°015 x 9810 x 43x 100 N cm. =941760 N cm. Fffective depth to the centre of 8 mm. ¢ vertical bars =17—(2°5+1°24+0°4)=12'90 cm. Vertical steel for B.M. (0) tech is x18 ] 941760 = 981760 gg om 70000 x0'e4 x12.9~87 omDUSIGN OF WATER TANKS 683 Spacing of 8 mm. ¢ bars 220 $2109. 59 om. Provide 8mm. ¢ @ 4°5.cm. cic. Fig 446 shows the details of reinforcement. “4/709 — D0 +l8m 8mm @ teem 1amm@ 16m owm © s0cm near coch foce Fig 416 Desiga 107. Design a circular tank I? metre diameter and 4 metre high The tank rests on firm ground. The walls of the tank are restrained at the base. Solution. H = 4 metres, D=12 metres. Thickness of wall This is taken as the greater of the following : (@ 15 em. (it) 3 cm. per metre depth +5 cm.=(3X4)4+5=17 em, Provide a thickness of [7 em... £=0'17 m. : Here Gea) 7 Di x017 778 H* Max. coefficient for hoop tension for pr® is 0 S14 at 0°6 H depth a Max. coefficient for hoop tension for wang is (V575 at 0°6 H depth 2 «'. Coeffieient for hoop tension for x =78 is equal to 20°5144 (0575-0514) 1g684 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =0°514+0°055=0°569 «". Max. hoop tension =0°569 x wH 2 =0°569 x 1000 x 4x 22 13656 kg. Hoop steel per metre height = 13656 560m 7000 13°6 cm: Spacing of 12 mm. ¢ bars we 13100 36 ~83 om. Provide 12 mm. bars @ 16. cm. c/a near each face. Vertical distribution steel : 23. 517x100=51 em, Spacing of 8 mm. bars— 571.09 8 cm, Provide 8 mm. bars @ 18 cm. cle near each face, Max. BM. B.M. coefficient for a =78 is equal to (0'0187—-0 0146) | ] --[ 00187— =-00150 ~. Maximum cantilever moment =—0°0150 wH® = —0°0150 x 1000 x 48 x 100 kg. cm. =—9£000 kg. cm. Effective depth to the centre of vertical 8 mm. bars 17—(2'5+1'2+0 4)=12'9 cm, "+ Vertical steel for B.M. sO ees ippoxowaxiz5 6 SemDESIGN OF WATER TANKS 685 .. Spacing of 8 mm. bars 0°5x100 _ «,, es) 5°6 cm. cle. Provide 8 mm. at 4°5 em. cle. Fig. 416 shows the details of reinforcement. §172. Approximate Design of Circular Tanks with Walls Restrained at the Base When Reissner’s tables or Carpenter's tables are not available, a an approximate desigh of the tank can be made ’ as follows. It will be assumed that the cantileveriog effect of the wall will be present for a height approximately equal to one-fourth of the height of the tank. This height sball be taken for design Ppusposes at least at 1 metre (see Fig. 417). The pressure variation is given by the pressure dia- gram ABC with the ordinate BC representing the maximum water pressure of wH. Drawa horizontal line intersecting the pressure diagram Fig. 417 at D ata height of h’'= - or ! metre from the a base whichever is greater. For the bottom A’ units height the tank wall will be designed as a cantilever subjected to a triangular load given by the area DBC of the pressure diagram. Hence the bottom 4h’ units height of the wall will be treated as a vertical canti- lever carrying a load varying from zero at the top of the cantilever to wH at the bottom (see Fig 418). Vertical steel to resist the maximum bending moment can now be computed. The hoop tension will be calculated at the level D. Fig. 418 Maximum hoop tension per unit height at this level _™H-h)D 2 Steel for this hoop tension can be computed and may be Provided near both faces. The hoop steel may be provided at a uniform spacing for a height A’ from the base. At higher levels the spacing of the hoop reinforcements can be proportionate!y iooreaged This is illustrated in the following design. Design 108 (SI.) Design a clarifier tank of diameter 39 metres. The walls stand 5 m>tres hove the floor. The tank rests on ground. Solution, It wii! be sumed that the walls cantilever up from686 DESIGN OF REINFORCtD CONC RETE STRUCTURES: the floor fer the bottom 4 or 1 metre whichever is greater. In our case the cantilevering height will be ++1°25 metre, from the base. Maxitaum ring tension at this level per metre height =9810(5—1°25) x22 N =551813 N if $51813 Steel fos ring tenn “19000 Spacing cf 22 mm. ¢ bars 55°18 cm.” . 6°9 cm. say, 6 5 cm. Since tke reinforcement is provided near both the faces, the spacing of the bars near each face will be 13 cm. elc. .'. Steel provided per metre height = 38 100 55 2 : €5 58°50 cm. Thickness 0° call This shall be not less than the following : (i) 15 om. (ii) 3 em. per metre depth+ 5 cm =(3x 5)4+5=20 cm. (iii) Requirement to limit the tensile stress on the eqv valent concrete area to 120 Nicm# rm. 0@ s0Cmck Fig. 419DESIGN OF WATER TANKS 687 _ 550813 120= 007-413-1958 5 1=38-96 cm. Provide a thickness of 40 cm. Distribution steel = tor X40 X 100 crn.2 = 12 cm.? Spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars at 13 100 om. =9°4 cm. say 9 cm. Sinee this steel is provided near both tha faces the spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars neat each face will be 18 cm. cic Design of the bottom 1°25 m. cantilevering part Water pressure at the bottom =9810 x 5=49050 N/metre? Maximum cantileverizg bending moment = 4 xa9050x1 asi 2S Nm =12'773 Nm If 12 mm. ¢ bars be provided at a clear cover of 25 nnn., the effective depth available = 40—2°50— 2°06 ==34'7 em, 1277300, 1000 %0 84 IST Available yertical steel near water 6 as part of distribution A= aa 438 cm steel 42 =F bem 2 The base slab may be made 25 cm. thiak. Nominal reinforce- ment of a top mesh and a bottem mesh of steel with 12 mun. ¢ @ 30 em. e/c. may be provided. Design 109. Design a ciarifier tank af d@aq.ctcr 20 meters. The walls stand 5 metres above the floor The tonk ywsts on ground. Solution. It will be assumed tat the walls cuntilewer up from the floor for the bottom 4 or | nmtre whichever is greater. In our case the cantilevering height will be Sf==1°2S marra, from the base, Maximum ring tension at this level per mereheight = 1000(5— 12st ky $6250 kg Steel for ring tension | 2. a 1000 em **$6°25 cm : It 22 ma Wamerer bars be ured the Gpacing of ttis bars will be 9°80 X100688 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =67 cm. say 6°5 cm. Since the reinforcement is placed near both faces the spacing o, the bars near each face will be 13 cm. centres. a Steel provided per metre height 38100 ee 2 65. 58 5m Thickness of wall This shall not be less than the following : G45 cm. (it) 3 cm. per metre deptht+5 cm.=(3 x 5)+5=20 cm. (ii) Requirement to limit the tensile stress on th equivalent concrete area to 12 «g./cm.® ore Hence provide a thickness of 40 cm. Spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars = 113100 12 Since this steel is provided near both the faces the spacing of 12 mm. diameter bars near exch face will be 18 cm. cle. Design of the bottom 1°25 m. caatilevering part Water pressure at the bottom = 1005 x 5 5000 kg. /metre® Maximum cantileverirg bending moment cm.=9'°4 cm. say 9 cm. 2 = 4 x5000% 125 x Bee m.=1302 kg. m. If 12 mm. diameter bars be provided at a clear cover of 25 mm., the effective depth available = 4U—2°5-22-06=74'7 cin. 1302100 Cave. A= 1000 «0°84 x37 O44 Cm: The vertical distribution bars holding the rings near the water face will also serve to resist the cantilever bending moment. The floor may be mage 25 cm. thick. Nominal reinforcement of a top and bottom mesh with 12 mm. diameter bars at 30. cm. cle may be provided. §173. Rectangular Tok Resting on Ground Rectangular tanks are useful for small cepacities, For large capacities circular tanks are preferred. Circular tanks, by virtue of their having the least perimeter for a given capacity, require the minimum amount of materials, But often this economy is over- looked, from the point of view of the costly formwork they require.DESIUN OF WATER TANKS 682 : The vertical walls of rectangular tank are subjected to bendin, in two — directions The walls are liable to be tent a§ horizontal strips supported at the corners. They are also liable to be bent as vertical cantilevers, cantilevering for a certain height from the base. It is difficult to exactly estimate as to for what height there may be cantilever- ing effects and: from what level onwards the strips span hori- zontally The following ee 5 cae in erage —— f units below the water surface. Let the centre lin: dimensions of the tank be L The tension in the short wall at |~| 1 metre above the bese is therefore 13] equal to wH—1)x1 per metre short wall being subjected paprtele org gDESIGN OF WATER TANKS al far as the long wall is concerned, the steel for pull is horizontal bu the steel requirement for the bending moment is vertical. In this case, however, the steel requirement for each of the effects may be separately computed and provided. The base slab will be 15 cm. to 20 cm. thick rsinforced with a top mesh and a bottom mesh with 10 mm. bars at 24 cm. centres. 74. Analysis of a Tank Wail Section Snbjected.to Bending Momen and Pall The following approximate method is,adopted in the analysis of tank wall subjected to a bending momed \apeompanied by? pall. Fig. 421 shows a wall section subjected to al ; axial pull [and a bending moment M. Let the nature of the bending moment be such that tension is induced on the right side of the section (see Fig. 424). Note the direction of the arrow indicating the type. of moment. Let two equal and opposite forces T beimagined in the reinforcements The moments and the various forces may therefore be considered as equivalent to a resultant moment (M—Tx) and @ pull Tin the reinforcement The steel for this resuitant beading moment and the pull may vow be separately /, calculated. Steel for the resultant B.M * M—Tx Fig, 424, Section ae ESSscsasaegetetone neeroeoe sSeaeeaeeeaeesananed sal 8 Safe stress in steel b rae. wheDeSIGN OF WATER TANKS 69 Since this steel ts provided near both the faces, the spacing of the 10 mm. ¢ bars will be 32 cm cle near each face. Design of short wails. Consider a level one metre above the top of the haunch. The pressure intensity at this level =9810 (235-1) =13243°S Nimetre® Effective span of the horizontally spanning slab =3+016=3'16 metre Corner section B.M. at corner section (i.e. ends) 2 re = PE BS x 9 16 Nm.=11020 Nm =1102000 N cm.700 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ‘Water pressure per metre height at this level, on one metre length of the long wa)! will be transferred to the short wall. Tension transferred per metre height of short wall = 122435 1132435 N .". Resultant bending moment =M-Tx = 1102000 —13243'5 (12°7~8) = 1039760 N cm. This bending moment produces tension near the water face. Hence steel tor bending moment 1939760 10,000 x u'84 x'12°7 13243°5 10, =An= =975 cm? Steel for pull = Arg= =1°32 em? Total steel required A= 75+ 132— 11°07 em? Provide 16 mm. $ @ 17 cm. ele Mid spas section. Bending moment at :nid span pi? 13243°5 x 3°16? fe Com. 2 24 =5510 Nm.=551000 N cm. Pull = 132435 NV Resultant B.M. =M—Tx ~ 551000 —13243°S (12°7—8) N cm. = 488753 N cm. This bending moment produces tension away from the water face. . Ape 488755 «. Steel for BLM. =An= 12500 x 086x127 73 6 cmt Steel for pull —An= HES tt cmt Total steel required = An+ Ars=3°6+1'1 = 4°7 cm Spacing of 16 mm. ¢ bars we 10100. a2°8 cm, At is convenient to provide 16 mm ¢ bars @ 34cm. cle which Js ‘ust double the spacing of the bars provided near the corners.DBSGN OF WATER TANKS 701 Design of the bottom one metre caotilevering part of the short wall. Maximum bending moment for cantilevering effect 9810 2 == 3842'25 Nm. =384225 Nem. Effective depth to the centre of 10 mm. ¢ vertical bars =16—2°5—16—O'S=11°4 cm. 384225 4m Tooooxosaxira ~4Ol om* x2'35x1x 3 Nm. But 03% gross area= or X16 %100=4°8 em,? 1 Spacing of 10 mm. ¢ bars = SRR 16846 om. say 16 cm. ele. If the steel be provided near both the faces, the spacing will be at 32 cm. c/c. But the requirement for cantilevering effect itself is 409 cm®. We will provide a spacing of 32 cm. cic away from the water face and a spacing of 16 cm. e/e near the water face. Of these vertical bars near the water face alternate bars will be curtailed ata height of one metre above the haunch. Figs. 427 and 428 show the details of reinforcement. Design 113. A reinforced concrete tank is 6 m.x3m. with @maximum depth of 25 m. of water. The tank rests on ground. 1S cm.x15 cm. splays are provided at the junction of walls and base slab. Design the tank. Solution. L=6 metres 1=3 metres this ratio 4 als 2 the long walls will be designed as oe ‘and short wall as spanning horizontally between long walls.202 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CORCRE! B STRUCTURES Design of long walls. These are designed as vertical cantilevers. Since splays are provided it is enough i: the cantilevering effect is considered above the top of the splay, i.e, the effective height of the cantilevering long wall ‘will be 2°50 - 0°15=2'35 metres. .”. Maximum bending moment per metre width of the long wall wH® 6 a 1000 x 2°35? 6 8. =2163 kg. m. 216300 kg. cm. This bending moment produces tension near the water face. Fig. 4.9 Adopting c=70 kg. cma t= 1000 kg./em2 m=13, Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment,{we have, 14°03 x 100d?= 216300 d=1242 em, With a clear cover of 25 mm. and providing 16 mm. diameter (bars, the overall depth required j = 12'42+-0°80+2'5u cm. = 1372 cm. Hence let us provide 16 cm. overall. ~. Actual effective depth =16—3'3—12°7 cor. : - 216320 a a i000 KOBE x17 -". Spacing of 16 mm. diameter bars 2°01 x 100 038 o™- =9°9 cm. say 9 cm ele, Pall on the long wall. The water pressure -will be transferred to the long wall as tension ‘Since the thont wail will cantilever from the base slabfor the bottom one metre of its ‘height, the pull transferred to the long wall iat level, one metre above the baunch’ \"™! #esl! also, be calealated = 20°28 cm ®DESIGN OF WATER TANKS 73 *. Pull on the long wall per metre height at the above level . toons) 23 kg. =2025 kg. *. Steet required for this pull 2025 _ 4. = To00 "202 cm, But 0°3%, of gross area . o3 : = Joo *16%100 cm?, = 48 emi. -. Spacing of 10 mm. diameter bars 0°79 x 100 ag. o™ == 16°46 em. say 16 cm. Since the steel is 10 mom. ameter bars wil beat 38 em cle need cach fac 1 Design of short walls. Consider a level one metre above the top of the haunch. The pressure intensity at this level +=1000(2°35—1) 1350 kg./metre? Effective span of horizontally spanning slab =clear span+thickness of wall =3+0°16 m.=3'16 m. Corset Section. B.M. at corner section (i.e. ends) ir 1350 3°16 Ree 1123 kg. m. =112,300 kg. cm. ‘Wa +: pressure per metre height at the level on one metre lengt®: of the long wall will be transferred to short wall. .. Tension tran:terred per metre height of short wall 13501 -1350 kg. .’. Resultant bending moment ~M—Tx =112300—1350(12°7—-8) kg. cm. = 105955: kg. em,