GROUP MEMBERS –

ANANYA SAINI
ANJALI GAUTAM
ANUKRITI MISRA FORMS AND
ASHUTOSH SHILWANT MATERIALS FOR
JITESHU SINGH
KSHITIJ MISRA
SPEEDY
MOHAK MAHAJAN CONSTRUCTION
PRIYANKER JAIN (CONSTRUCTION
RAVI YADAV
SAURABH AGRAWAL
AND MATERIALS)
SONALI SRIVASTAVA
YASH RAJ
 CONTENTS
1. Reinforcement types Advanced formwork systems
◾ Reinforcing bar Table / flying form
◾ Reinforcing mesh
System column formwork
2. Ready mix concrete
Horizontal panel systems
Vertical panel systems
Concrete panel system
Masonry panel system
Jump form
Slip form
Tunnel form
REINFORCEMENT
• Reinforcement is of fundamental importance for the
function and safety of a reinforced concrete structure.
• Reinforcement includes deformed bars, plain bars, wire,
fabric and steel products, all of which increase the tensile
and compressive stress carrying properties of concrete.
• Steel reinforcement is also the essential contributor
towards crack control of concrete structures.

Types-
1.Reinforcing Bar
2.Reinforcing Mesh
 1.) REINFORCING BAR
A bar is a finished product rolled to close tolerances. Generally
regarded as being supplied in straight lengths, it is also manufactured
in coiled form.
• methods of manufacture such as coiled-bar or straight-rolled bar.
• methods of production such as quench and self temper steels and
micro-alloy steels.
• hot rolled and cold worked reinforcement

Rolled bar Coiled bar

 REINFORCING BAR PROCESSING
The term “processing”, as used in the reinforcement industry, includes the
complete range of operations that translate information on an engineering
drawing into usable pieces of steel delivered to the building site. The summary that
follows applies to the processing of reinforcing bar:

1. The bar and mesh schedule

A document giving details for manufacture, delivery and fixing prepared by a
“Scheduler”. The Scheduler reads the engineering and architectural drawings
to determine the number, size, length and shape of reinforcement required.
2. Cutting to length
Bar reinforcement is manufactured in stock lengths as straight bars, or in coils
for sizes 16 mm and below. One or two stock lengths are held for each bar
size. As the dimensions of concrete members rarely match these lengths, the
bars must be cut to the required length. Reinforcement cut,
bent,
bundledandtagged
 REINFORCING BAR PROCESSING
3. Bending to shape
After cutting, reinforcement may need to be bent to shape. The required
shape is determined by the shape of the concrete outline. The shape is
defined by a dimensioned sketch on the schedule and tag.
4. Bundling and tagging
Following bending and/or cutting, bars of similar size and shape are grouped
and tied together. A tag identifying the location of the steel in the structure is
tied to each bundle. This location, or label, corresponds with the member-
numbering system shown on the structural drawings. If the structural
drawings show insufficient detail to identify the reinforcement location, a
marking drawing may be required.
Trailer loadedwith
5.Delivery instructions reinforcementreadyt
Transport from the ARC factory to the job may be by truck or rail, and in each obe delivered tosite
case requires an identifying tag and associated delivery instructions such as
address and customer.
REINFORCING BAR BENDING
-GENERAL SHAPES
 2.) REINFORCING MESH
• Mesh is manufactured in flat sheets with bars up to 12 mm
diameter, or rolls for fabric with bars up to 5 mm diameter.
• The sheets are typically 6 metres by 2.4 metres.
• The fabric consists of reinforcing bar welded in either a square or rectangular grid.
• Automatic welding machines ensure that the grid of bars has consistent spacing to
provide a defined cross-sectional area for designers.

Mesh sheet Mesh production

 REINFORCING MESH PROCESSING
A bar is a finished product rolled to close tolerances. Generally
regarded as being supplied in straight lengths, it is also manufactured
in coiled form.
• methods of manufacture such as coiled-bar or straight-rolled bar.
• methods of production such as quench and self temper steels
andmicro-alloy steels.
• hot rolled and cold worked reinforcement
Meshproduction byautomaticwelding
machines
 REINFORCING MESH PROCESSING
• Folded Mesh Spacers - Folded mesh in 2.4 metre lengths provides a fast
and accurate method for spacing layers of reinforcement. Folded mesh
spacers are suitable for separations between layers from 70 mm to 400
mm. Mesh is folded to order, hence the height is made to suit the project.
Foldedmash
• Truss Spacers - Truss spacers are used in suspended slabs and are made in
lengths from 3 to 6 m. They are available in 80, 110, 150 and 190 mm
heights.

• Trench Mesh Supports - Plastic bar chairs for supporting trench mesh in Trus
strip footings. These chairs provide 50 mm of cover. The trench mesh s
supports clip onto the trench mesh before lowering into the trench.

Trenchma
sh
REINFORCING MESH
PROCESSING
 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF
REINFORCEMENT- MESH
Mesh Sizes Cross Sectional
Type BS Nominal Pitch Wire Sizes Area Per Weight Sheets Sheet
Reference of Wires Metre Width Per m² Per Tonne Weight

Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross

mm mm mm mm mm mm KG KG

SQUARE
MESH
FABRIC:
200mm x
200mm
A393 200 200 10 10 393 393 6.16 14 70.96
A252 200 200 8 8 252 252 3.95 22 45.5
A193 200 200 7 7 193 193 3.02 29 34.79
 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF
REINFORCEMENT- MESH
Mesh Sizes Cross Sectional
Type BS Nominal Pitch Wire Sizes Area Per Weight Sheets Sheet
Reference of Wires Metre Width Per m² Per Tonne Weight

Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross

mm mm mm mm mm mm KG KG

STRUCTURAL
MESH FABRIC:
100mm x 200mm
B1131 100 200 12 8 1131 252 10.9 8 125.57
B785 100 200 10 8 785 252 8.14 11 93.77
B503 100 200 8 8 503 252 5.93 15 68.31
B385 100 200 7 7 385 193 4.53 20 52.19
B283 100 200 6 7 283 193 3.73 24 42.9
 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF
REINFORCEMENT- MESH
Mesh Sizes Cross Sectional
Type BS Nominal Pitch Wire Sizes Area Per Weight Sheets Sheet
Reference of Wires Metre Width Per m² Per Tonne Weight

Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross

mm mm mm mm mm mm KG KG

LONG MESH
FABRIC:
100mm x 400mm
**C785 100 400 10 6 785 70.8 6.72 13 77.41
**C636 100 400 9 6 636 70.8 5.55 16 63.94
**C503 100 400 8 6 503 70.8 4.51 19 51.96
**C385 100 400 7 6 385 70.8 3.58 24 41.24
**C283 100 400 6 6 283 70.8 2.78 31 32.03
SIZE AND QUANTITY OF
REINFORCEMENT
Sl. No RCC Member Quantity in kg/m3 Size of reinforcement required
1 Column footings 75 10mm or 12mm
12mm, 16mm – 85%
2 Grade beams 100 Stirrups – 6mm or 8mm– 15%

8mm diameter – 85%,

3 Plinth beams 125 Stirrups 6mm – 15%

16mm, 20mm and 25mm – 90%

4 Columns 225 Ties – 6mm or 8mm – 10%

12mm, 16mm dia – 85%

5 Lintel beam 125 Stirrups – 6 mm or 8mm – 15%

8mm dia – 75%

6 Sunshades 60 Distributer – 6mm – 25%
 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF
REINFORCEMENT
Sl. No RCC Member Quantity in kg/m3 Size of reinforcement required

10mm dia – 80%

7 Canopy slab upto 2.0 m span 125 Distributor bars – 6mm or 8mm – 20%

12 or 16mm dia – 80%

8 Staircase waist slab 150 Distributor 8mm dia – 15%
8mm dia – 70%
9 Roof slab- (a) One way slab 80 Distributor – 6mm – 30%
(b) Two way slab
100 8mm dia – 100%

(c) Square slab – 4m to 6m size

150 10 – 12mm dia – 100%

20mm, 16mm, 12mm – 80 – 85%

10 Main beams above 6m 250 Stirrups – 8mm – 15 – 20%
 ECONOMY
The economy of reinforcement and reinforcement work.

• Reinforcement costs as a percentage of the overall cost

• for a concrete structure
• Contributory factors
• Cost allocation
• Cost and productivity trend

The following factors are probably the most important:

• Primary: Series size, project type, appearance and design of

construction site, overall planning and organization.
• Secondary: Reinforcement type, bar diameter, design of
structure, degree of prefabrication, physical planning,
resources and work methods on the construction site.
RMC (READY MIX
CONCRETE)
 INTRODUCTION
• According to IS-4926 : 2003 (R2017)
• The definition of Ready mixed concrete is:
“Concrete delivered at site or in to the purchaser’s vehicle in a plastic condition and requiring no further
treatment before being placed in position in which it is to set and harden”

• RMC is scientifically manufactured in the state of the art technology plants

• RMC IN INDIA: In India RMC was first initially was used in 1950 during the construction sites of Dams like
Bhakra Nangal, Koyna.
• At the construction the transportation of concrete is done by either manually or mechanically using
ropeways & buckets or conveyor systems.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE
OF RMC
• Better quality concrete is produced

• Elimination of Storage space for basic materials at site

• Elimination of Procurement / Hiring of Plant & Machinery

• Wastage of basic materials is avoided

• Obtained fast Construction process

• Time saving

• Hassle free mixing

• Economical for Large Projects

 MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR RMC
1. AGGREGATE

2. SAND

3. CEMENT

4. ADMIXTURE(s)

Air-entraining admixtures

Water-reducing admixtures, plasticizers

Retarding admixtures

Accelerating admixtures
 MATERIALS
5. Super plasticizer(optional) or high range water-reducer (significantly
reduce the dosage of water while maintaining the workability)

6. Miscellaneous admixtures (optional) such as corrosion inhibiting,

shrinkage reducing, coloring, pumping etc.

7. Fly ash is a by-product from coal-fired electricity generating power

plants. (optional)
As partial replace for cement.
As partial replacement for sand.
As simultaneous replacement for both cement
and sand.

8. Water (pH 6.0- 8.0)

9. Rice Husk (optional , to increase the strength)

 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
TRUCKS (6 cubic m AGGREGATE FEEDING-
SILOS
vol.) CONVEYORS
 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
MANUAL BATCHING SEMI-AUTOMATIC FULLY-AUTOMATIC
PLANT BATCHING PLANT BATCHING PLANT
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
 LAYOUT OF RMC PLANT

Batch Mixing
Storage of
Aggregates

Transportation
 METHODS OF PRODUCTION
Transit or Truck mixing
• The dry materials are
proportioned at the RMC plant,
the water being added & the
mixing done in route to the job
in a truck mixer. It is provided
with a water supply tank.
• As soon as the mixer drum is
charged with materials the
truck proceeds to the concrete
pouring point, the mixing
operation taking place in route,
the water level and the mixing
controls being operated by the
driver.
Central Mixing
• In central mixing, both the
operations of proportioning
& mixing are carried out at a
batching plant & deliver the
mixed concrete to the site
in an agitator truck, which
keeps the mix concrete in
correct form.
• More concrete can be
transported in a single trip,
The effect of this is to reduce
the transportation charges.
Shrink Mixing
• Concrete that is partially
mixed in a plant mixer and
then discharged into the
drum of the truck mixer for
completion of the mixing is
called shrink mixed concrete.
• The amount of mixing that is
needed in the truck mixer
varies in these applications
and should be determined via
mixer uniformity tests.
 DELIVERY OF RMC
• Delivery of RMC is done by the Trucks having
capacity 6 - 10 cubic m (vol. of RMC)
• Truck mixers have a revolving drum with the
axis inclined to the horizontal. Inside the
shell of the mixer drum are pair of blades or
fins that wrap in a helical (spiral)
configuration from the head to the opening
of the drum.
• This configuration enables the concrete to
mix when the drum spins in one direction
and causes it to discharge when the
direction is reversed.
• Generally RMC needs to be delivered within
2 hours of batch making.
 NEEDS TO BE SPECIFIED BY
ARCHITECT/
ENGINEER FOR
• Characteristic strength or grade (N/mm2) RMC
• Target workability or slump in mm required at site
• Exposure conditions for durability requirements
• Maximum water to cement ratio
• Minimum cement content
• Maximum aggregate size
• Type of cement
• Mineral admixture and its proportion (Kg/m3)
 CHECKS BY ARCHITECT/ENGINEER
BEFORE ORDERING
THE RMC
• Calibrations of all measuring devices and their
accuracy.

• Mode of operation of plant should preferably be

fully automatic and not manual.

• Quality of materials proposed to be used.

• Adequacy of quantity of materials used.

 ADVANTAGES OF RMC
• RMC is more advantageous to the consumer from both the technical and economical aspects of concrete-
making.
• Assures consistent quality through accurate computerized control of aggregates and water as per mix
designs.
• It facilitates speedy construction through programmed delivery at site and mechanized operation with
consequent economy.
• Elimination of material storage on congested building site-no need to allocate place at site for storage
of cement, aggregate, sand.
• It minimizes cement wastage due to bulk handling and there is no dust problem and therefore pollution-
free.
• Save contractor’s time, usage of Labor’s energy to mix concrete and also saves project time.
• Multi transportation of raw materials.
• Creates a clean pollution free (noiseless and dust less) environment.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RMC
• Double handling results in additional cost and losses in weight.
• Requirement of godowns for storage of cement and large area at site for storage of raw materials.
• Aggregate get mixed and impurities creep in because of wind, weather and mishandling at site.
• There are always the possibilities of manipulation, manual error and mischief as concreting are done at the
mercy of gangs, who manipulate the concrete mixes and water cement ratio.
 COMPARISON READY MIX & SITE MIX
Ready Mix Concrete
• Consistent Quality- concrete is made in high tech
batching plants in a computerized environment.
• Construction in double quick time.
• Raw materials are chosen after strict quality checks
• Large quantities of concrete can be ordered. This
allows you to upgrade yourself and handle projects
of any size.
• No wastage of raw materials at your site
• No hassle of managing labor on site.
• Safe work practices – no disruption in your
schedule
• No need to stock materials and watch over them.
Site Mix concrete
• Quality is inconsistent–because concrete is hand mixed.
• Manual mixing is time consuming.
• Quality of raw materials is manually checked. Or not
checked at all.
• Repeated mixing needs to be done for large
quantities as
the mixer will be too small to handle the
requirement
• High wastage of raw materials due to manual
mixing.
• Involves the use of laborers for mixing the concrete on
site.
• Unskilled and untrained laborers may work carelessly
resulting in dangerous working conditions
• Risk of pilferage of raw materials is high.
 RMC RATE LIST
BRAND *PRICE IN INR/Cubic Metre
PRISM M10 MIX 3800 + GST
ACC M10 MIX 5200 + GST
ACC M15 MIX 5350 + GST
ACC M20 MIX 5500 + GST
ACC M25 MIX 5600 + GST
ACC M35 MIX (Without Flyash) 5700 + GST
LAFARGE M25 4100 + GST
ULTRATECH M40 7500 + GST
Other Brands M20 3800 + GST

*Transportation charges included

TABLE FORM/FLYING
FORM
 WHAT IS TABLE FORM?
◾ large preassembled formwork and falsework unit
◾ forms a complete bay of a suspended floor slab
◾ quick installation for projects with regular plan layouts
◾ reused on multiple stories of a building without being
dismantled
◾ The assembled sections are either lifted per elevator
or "flown" by crane from one story to the next
◾ Once in position the gaps between the tables or table
and wall are filled with "fillers"
◾ can greatly reduce the time and manual labour
involved in setting and
striking the formwork
 FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE
OF MATERIAL
◾ offers mobility and quick installation
◾ Used for construction projects with regular plan layouts or long
repetitive structures
◾ is highly suitable for flat slab, and beam and slab layouts
◾ has a simple structure
◾ easy to assemble and disassemble and can be reusable
◾ vary in shape and size as well as their building material
 MATERIALS
◾ Materials used for the construction of concrete formwork range from traditional materials such as timber,
steel, aluminium, and plywood to non-traditional materials such as fiberglass.
◾ The systems used can be a combination of two materials.
◾ Wood products are the most widely used material for formwork.

Timber Steel Aluminium Plywood

 MATERIALS
Timber
◾ Timber is the most common of the materials used for form, because it has the advantage of being
easily cut and assembled on site. Also known as traditional formwork. Timber is graded by strength
into classes. It is important to use the correct class of timber.
Steel
◾ Steel is made in both proprietary and purpose-made forms. Proprietary systems usually consist of
panels with steel frames, clad with either a plywood or steel facing. A range of adjustable props,
soldiers, light walling and variety of ties and accessories is available for securing the formwork in place.
Aluminium
◾ Range of proprietary beams and smaller joints made from aluminium may be used in formwork.
Aluminium is
strong and light, and often you need fewer supports and ties.
Plywood
◾ Both traditional and proprietary forms use plywood for panels. The plywood should be farmed in the
largest- size panel that can be handled on site.
 COMPONENTS
The components of Table Form Shuttering consists of 4 different
members-
◾ Aluminium/timber scaffolding system which consists of frame, Jake and cross braces.
◾ Channel beams in longitudinal direction usually made of steel or timber.
◾ The lifting brackets are fitted into these for the lifting of the shuttering by crane.
◾ Channel beams in smaller lengths are also of the same material.
◾ The top surface upon which the concrete is placed is made out of
plywood.
COMPONENTS
 ASSEMBLY
◾ Table form is assembled by linking series of falsework sections including primary beams and props that are
connected to form a complete table. Trusses are linked by cross-bracings. Table formwork can be fitted with
wheels or trolley components allowing for movement on solid ground.

1 2 5 6

3 4 7 8
 ASSEMBLY
During Erection
◾ Loads on formwork during
erection can arise from: the
weight of material, equipment,
which may be stacked on it prior
to pour.
◾ the effects of wind which may
apply forces on the formwork and
its supports.
◾ Care should therefore be taken to
avoid excessive load
concentrations and to ensure that
bracing is installed as early as
possible.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
HANDLING
◾ Shifting trolley, only operator is needed for the system shifting.
◾ Swivel table head, helps in uplifting to next level and is quick and safe.
◾ Lifting straps or lifting forks give always the possibility for safe and fast vertical
shifting.
 SELECTION OF TABLE MOULD
After receiving the structural and architectural drawing, we have to look for the arrangement of table in that
place. Points to be considered while selecting table arrangement are as follows:
◾ Arrange the tables in such a way to minimize the types of table mould.
◾ The filler ply used between the tables should be of uniform width and check to minimize the wastage of
plywood at site.
◾ Arrangement should be done in typical manner so that the repetition of same table can be done on above
floors also.
◾ Selection of size of table should be done in such a way that, it could attain proper stability of its own and
easy to handle at site.
 POURING OF CONCRETE
During concrete pour
◾ Dead weight on the forms is placed. Also the weight of workers and equipment on the platform should be
considered. At this stage, also, lateral stability should be considered. Dumping concrete on one span of the
form member may cause uplift of the form in other spans. Forms must be designed to hold together
under such conditions.
Preparation for concrete pour
◾ Check that all the formwork is free of residue or any material that may damage the finish and spray the
formwork with release agent to make dismantling of formwork easy without damaging the finish. Check that
all repairs have been completed. Check that formwork joints have been sealed. Make sure the line, level and
plumb are correct, props and supports are in the correct locations. All safety checks such as bracing systems,
wedges are nailed, clamps are tight all bolts, jacks, are in place. Once the pour starts, the work of vibrating
can cause displacement of the forms.
After pouring
◾ On multi-storey projects, it is usual for work to proceed on upper floors whilst the concrete structure below is
still gaining strength. Consideration should therefore be given to the additional loads being imposed on the
formwork.
 TOOLS AND WORKMANSHIP
◾ If guard rails have been removed, workers must wear a personal fall protection system attached to an
individual anchor that is independent of the flying form.
◾ Be aware of your surroundings and never place yourself between the formwork and column or wall.
◾ Hoisting and moving forms safely requires clear and reliable communication. Hand signals along with direct
radio or cell phone communication between the signaller and the crane operator should be used.
 ADVANTAGES
◾ increases speed, time efficiency and cost ◾ offers good sustainability through reusability over
economics on site. many construction cycles with little waste.
◾ Minimal System components in the table system ◾ The simplicity of assembly and disassembly results
make it a quick and easy to assemble system. in large savings in time, effort, manpower and
◾ Since no leg ties are required in the table system, labour costs.
areas below the soffit are kept clear ensuring easy ◾ Table System can be transported and stored
movement of site operatives and machinery within quickly and easily with a combination of crane
the structure, which maximizes safety. lifting and trolley movement.
◾ With a leg capacity of 35kN, larger tables can be
constructed with various decking and propping
options that enable the contractor to pour larger
areas resulting in minimizing construction cycle
time and cost.
 DISADVANTAGES
◾ Being hit or struck by falling material or moving forms can cause serious injuries.
◾ Flying forms are very heavy moving objects. If one hits you, it can cause cuts, broken bones, contusions,
or amputations.
◾ A worker is positioned between an incoming form and a column or wall.
◾ The form is improperly or inadequately braced or supported.
◾ A form that is not properly secured can roll off the edge and strike workers below.
◾ Loose material or equipment on a flying form can fall and strike workers below.
 SAFETY
◾ Interconnected truss members provide a stable working platform.
◾ Repetitive nature of work ensures quick familiarity of safety procedures.
◾ Falsework units can be assembled at ground level minimising work at height.
◾ The system requires enough space around the new construction to fly the table unit beyond the building line
on everyday use.
◾ The supporting slab must be capable of carrying high loads at bearing locations.
 POSSIBLE DEFECTS
◾ Formwork has to be designed strong enough to take the pressure or weight of the fresh concrete during
placing and compaction at bearing locations, as well as any other loads it might have to face. Weak forms
will result in distortion, excessive deflections, leaks or other failure.
◾ It is important to consider all the safety concerns relating to access, working areas, platforms, toe boards and
guardrails have to be provided separately.
◾ The system requires space around the construction to fly the table after every use therefore sufficient
carnage is required for lifting the table unit with appropriate lifting plans. Movement of tables must be
controlled using appropriate castors and trolleys.
◾ Planning is required to ensure sufficient space for assembling the units. Pre-assembly is important on city
centre sites with restricted construction space.
 PRE-CAST AND CAST IN SITU
SLABS
◾ The assembled table formwork units are rolled into position and the joints sealed.
◾ Reinforcement is fixed and the concrete for the slab is cast.
◾ Once the concrete has achieved sufficient strength, the complete table is lowered, rolled out from under the
slab and moved by crane to the next position.

Pre-cast slab Cast in situ slab

CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
 APPLICATIONS
It is routinely used for:
◾ Residential flats
◾ Hotels
◾ Hostels
◾ Offices
◾ Commercial buildings
◾ in high building and skyscraper
◾ multilayer industrial factory building
◾ substructure
 COMPARISON

Traditional shuttering Table formwork

◾ Material used is plywood for the mould.
◾ For small scale projects.
◾ Requires less time in assembly with hands.
◾ More than one material with plywood is used.
◾ For large scale projects.
◾ Requires more time in comparison to
traditional shuttering, assembly requires crane
time.
Image to be put here SYSTEM COLUMN
Of the topic FORMWORK
 INTRODUCTION
• The column formwork systems now available are normally modular in
nature and allow quick assembly and erection on-site while minimizing
labor and crane time.
• They are available in steel, aluminum and even cardboard (not reusable
but recycled) and have a variety of internal face surfaces depending on
the concrete finish required.
• Innovations have led to adjustable, reusable column forms which can be
clamped on-site to give different column sizes.
• As the sizes of concrete column increases, the stiffness of the formwork
must be increased by either increasing thickness of sheathing or vertical
stiffeners must be added to prevent sheathing deflection.
 PROCESS EFFICIENCY
• Metal column forms can be assembled and erected more easily than
traditional formwork. Disposable forms come ready assembled to site.
• Increased speed and efficiency in construction.
• The simplicity of assembly and disassembly reduces the requirement for
skilled labour.
• The highly engineered nature of the metal formwork systems enables
precision adjustment to the formwork.
• High quality surface finishes are possible.
 COMPONENTS
It consists of the following
• Side & End Planks
• Yoke
• Nut & Bolts

Two end & two side planks are joined by the yokes and bolts.

• As the sizes of concrete column increases, the stiffness of the

formwork must be increased by either increasing thickness of
sheathing or vertical stiffeners must be added to prevent sheathing
deflection.
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
The basic construction sequence using this type of formwork is as follows:
◾ The column forms are assembled and positioned over or enclosing the reinforcing bar cage.
◾ The forms are positively restrained and braced using props.
◾ Concrete is poured.
◾ Once the concrete has hardened sufficiently the formwork is stripped and moved to the next position.
◾ Manually or by crane. Disposable forms may be left in place for an extended period to aid curing and strength
gain of the concrete before removal.
 TYPES OF COLUMN FORMWORK
1. Circular column formwork : is designed
for the concreting of circular section
columns, in all types of building
constructions.

Projects that used circular

column formwork:

• Skyliner, Warsaw, Poland

• Blockbuster Mall, Kiev, Ukraine
 TYPES OF COLUMN FORMWORK
2. Lightweight Column Formwork: The LGR
column formwork is designed for the
concreting of rectangular section columns,
mainly for residential construction.

Projects that used Lightweight

column formwork:

• Residential Complex, Tolosa, Spain

 ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGE
◾ The metal column forms are easy to clean and reuse with little waste generated compared to
traditional
formwork.
◾ Increased speed and efficiency in construction.
◾ The simplicity of assembly and disassembly reduces the requirement for skilled labor.
◾ Disposable forms that are stripped and discarded after one use can often be recycled.
◾ Simplicity of the assembly process ensures that site operatives can quickly become familiar with
health and safety aspects of their job.
 HORIZONTAL PANEL
Image to be put here FORMWORK
Of the topic SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
Due to the advancement in the field of formwork, new types of materials are entering the market. Many businesses
are preferring smaller and lightweight formwork systems for construction. This type of systems is generally made
of fibreglass, aluminium and steel. These types of materials are used for horizontal formwork systems.

This type of a system usually consists of a series of interconnected falsework bays and decking panels which are
pre-formed. These are the ones that are usually used for slab construction. The lightweight of these materials
makes it an ideal choice for horizontal systems as compared to the traditional ones. Another major advantage
of this system is that is its safety. This is mainly because construction workers do not have to work at a height.
TYP
ES
 CONVENTIONAL WOOD SYSTEM
Conventional wood formwork systems, is simply composed of
sheathing which is supported by the joists, which transfers its
loads to the shores through the main beam which is called the
stringer. All the components of this system are made out of
wood (lumber) and this system is considered one of the first
formwork systems that have been made and used.
 CONVENTIONAL METAL (ALUMINIUM)
SYSTEM
The concept of the conventional metal system is the
same as the conventional wood system; however, the
main difference is the type of material used; especially in
the shores. According to Hanna (1999) The Metal
system can be formed of a wood joist, and a metal
stringer, and an aluminum prop, and it can be formed of
a metal joist and stringer and steel frame. Now a days,
there are many systems for conventional Metal systems
as the Props system, Frame systems, and cuplock
system.
 JOIST-SLAB FORMING SYSTEM
A one way joist slab is formed of regularly spaced joists arranged in one
direction and a thin cast in place slabs as the one shown in figure A The
one way joist slabs is formed by a steel pans, that is supported by a
secondary beam called support member, this support member is
supported on a main beam that transfer the load to the shoring system as
shown in figure B.
 DOME FORMING SYSTEM
Standard Size domes are used for waffle slab construction Robert L.
Peurifoy, and Garold D. Oberlender (2011). The formwork system can be
composed of a traditional wood or metal formwork system, while the
sheathing is composed of standard size domes as shown in figure.
 FLYING FORMWORK SYSTEM
The flying formwork is also known as table formwork is one of the first
flying formworks that was produced, and this formwork was composed of
Sheathing Panels, which is made either of plywood or plyform, which are
supported by Aluminum Joist “Nailers” that can be a I-shaped beam or
symmetrically designed joists with wide top and bottom flanges. The
aluminum joists are supported by an Aluminum Truss, which has a
telescoping extension legs that transfers the load to the ground and allow
for leveling the formwork, and for lowering during stripping. The previously
mentioned components are shown in figure.
 FLYING FORMWORK SYSTEM
The basic idea of flying formwork is to reduce the time to strip the
formwork, and install it in another floor. In other words, instead of
stripping the formwork, the formwork is lowered, and moved to the
upper floor by a crane, without the need to disassemble the formwork at
the lower level, and reassemble it again in the upper level
 COLUMN MOUNTED SHORING
SYSTEM
The system consists of two major components which are a deck panel
and a column or wall mounted bracket jack system. The deck panel
consists of a plywood sheathing supported by a system of wood joist
and a nailer type open web stringer to allow the wood section to be
inserted into the open web. Both the joists and the stringers are
supported by a truss system steel I beams that run on all the sides of the
deck panel. The I-beam rests on the column mounted jacks bolted in the
concrete columns; therefore there are no shores required as shown in
figure.
 TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM
This is mainly used where the building has many rooms, and modules that are repeated many times. Tunnel
formwork reduces the construction time of a building hugely, since both the vertical and horizontal elements are
poured together at the same time. A tunnel formwork system is composed as shown in figure 18 of deck panel,
which is a thick steel skin used to form the ceiling, and a wall panel, which is also a thick steel skin, used to form
the walls between two adjacent modules; also, one of the most components of a tunnel formwork system is the
waler and the waler splices which is used to create a stiffer deck and wall panels so as to minimize the deflection
due to the concrete lateral pressure, in addition; a diagonal strut assembly is used to provide additional support
for the floor slab and keep the wall and the floor perpendicular to each other.
 VERTICAL PANEL
SYSTEM
Image to be put here
Of the topic
 CLASSIFICATIONS
Its a structural systems that consists of planar
wall and slab elements, which form an enclosed
space. The panels can be made of steel, timber
construction materials ,concrete or masonry.

MATERIAL USED
◾ TIMBER
◾ STEEL
◾ CONCRETE
◾ MASONRY
 VERTICAL PANEL
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
◾ SMALL PANEL CONSTRUCTION

- The wall and slab elements are constructed

in widths of 60 to 120 cm.
◾ LARGE PANEL CONSTRUCTION
- Box like structure. Small panel cons. Large panel cons. Cross wall cons.
- Both vertical and horizontal element- load
bearing.
- One story high panels.
◾ CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION

- Swift and adaptable residential buildings

with good acoustic values .
 STEEL PANEL
◾ Framework construction is the basic principle
employed when building
with steel panels.
◾ Steel frames and cross ribs are manufactured in
factory then delivered to the site.
◾ Prefabrication – frame work and complete
cladding.
◾ Panels constructed out of cold rolled-steel
section.
◾ Advantages-
- Low weight & high load bearing
capacity.
-Quick construction
◾ Frames are constructed of studs 40 to 80 cm
gapped & connected from top and bottom by
U- channel section.
 STEEL PANEL BUILDING METHOD
◾ PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

-Building erected storey by storey.

-Floor slabs rest on the wall units.

◾ BALLOON FRAME CONTRUCTION SYSTEM

-External wall stretches over the full height of the building.

-Floor slabs are separate but welded to the stud section. 112.5 mm plasterboard
cladding
2 0.38 mm metal panel
◾ COCOON TRANSFORMER
3C-section (416mm
-The wall units are manufactured, fully finished, in the plant center distance)
and are ready for assembly on site. 4 insulating
fiberboard
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
ELEMENTS
◾ Sectional sheet panels
•-Wall panels of sectional sheeting
are prefabricated, non-load-bearing
elements and are solely suitable
for partitioning and enclosure.
•-Single and double layered
◾ Light weighted steel section
• -formed of hot-dipped galvanized
• steel sheeting with thicknesses of
1 to
• 2.5 mm.
◾ Sandwich elements
•-They are self-supporting composite
building units that can be used for
both facade and roof cladding.
•-. Facade elements are produced in
standard construction dimensions of
600 to 1200 mm with depths of 40 to
200 mm.
◾ Steel sheeting
• -Rolled in fabrication plants in widths
of 2000 mm.
• -Cold-rolled sheeting up to 1 00
mm thick,
• -Hot-rolled sheeting up to 3 mm
 TIMBER PANEL
◾ Timber panel construction systems are
subdivided into-

1. Panel construction
2. Framework construction
1 2
3. Block construction
4. Building with timber modules

3 4
 TIMBER PANEL BUILDING
METHOD
◾ Timber panel construction a. Timber block panels b. Solid timber panels
- Small and large panels both can be - They are stabilized against - Can carry loads in two
load bearing. bending with cross ribs making directions.
- them exceptionally stiff and -
Fulfil both structural and openings for door
dimensionally stable building
partitioning functions. and windows
elements.
as well as cavities are
pre-cut.
 TIMBER FRAMEWORK
CONSTRUCTION
◾ Lightweight stud construction technique.
◾ Combination of traditional and modern construction technique.-Bracing
& cladding both.
◾ the cross-sections are between 60 x 120 and 80 x 160 mm. The fields between
the timbers provide space for thermal insulation panels
 TIMBER BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
◾ The walls are constructed of horizontal beams that are
fixed at the corners. Thus, the beams fulfil the functions
of partitioning and load-bearing.
◾ The contraction of the solid timber elements can reach
25 mm per storey after assembly.
◾ Double leaf walls are constructed, with insulation in the
cavity. a. round timbers
b. notched round timbers
c. notched scantlings
d. tongue-and grooved scantlings
e. prefabricated sandwich elements
f. block-construction wall with external insulation
g. block-construction wall with internal insulation
 BUILDING WITH TIMBER
MODULES
◾ These practical modules can be assembled to form
loadbearing walls in a specialized, interlinked course.
◾ The structural system appears planar and can absorb both
vertical and horizontal loads.
◾ Constructed of crosswise laminated solid timber panels
and thus offers great stability and durability.
◾ Usage: single and multi-family housing, industrial and
administration buildings, schools and kindergartens, infill
elements for frame constructions.
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
AND ELEMENTS
◾ Wood fiberboard
-Wood fiberboard panels are produced by compacting and pressing fibrous timber particles.
◾ Particleboard panels
- They are produced of sawdust mixed with an adhesive agent and pressed flat
◾ OSB panels (Oriented Strand Board)
-Are produced of large chips of wood, glued under heat and pressure with their strands at
90° to each
◾ Cement-bonded particleboard
-Due to frost resistance- suitable as façade elements.
◾ Stacked-plank panels
- Are solid timber elements with a high load-bearing capacity
◾ Glue-laminated timber panels (glulam)
- Manufactured of three or five glued timber layers orientated according to
alternating direction of fibres.
Image to be put here
CONCRETE PANEL
Of the topic
SYSTEM
 CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

1. Reinforcement Concrete wall 2. Sandwich Element 3. Double wall elements

element
 CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

Porous Concrete elements Porous Concrete façade elements

Image to be put here
MASONRY
Of the topic
PANEL
 CLASSIFICATION
Prefabricated masonry building elements:

1. Hand laid Masonry Panels 2. Cast Masonry Panels

 TRANSPORTATION AND
HANDLING
1. Crane-lifted panel systems are commonly used on
building sites to form vertical elements and usually
consist of a steel frame with plywood, steel, plastic
or composite facing material.
2. The systems are normally modular in nature, assembly
times and labor costs are considerably lower than
traditional formwork methods with far fewer
components required.
3. They offer greater opportunities for reuse for
different
applications on site.
4. Panel systems are extremely versatile and the larger
crane-lifted versions can be used for constructing
standard concrete walls, perimeter basement walls,
columns and in conjunction with jumpform climbing
systems.
 BENEFITS
1. Assembly is very simple reducing the requirement of skilled labor.

2. Easily adaptable to varying structural geometries, wall heights, etc.

3. Increased speed in construction in comparison to traditional wooden formwork.

4. Engineered nature of the panel formwork systems allows quick adjustment of the
formwork.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
CHOICE.....
1. The most frequently used form of panel construction system is prefabricated reinforced concrete panels.
2. Cross wall construction is the most commonly employed method.
3. The load-bearing walls can act as partitioning elements between two dwelling units.
4. These load-bearing elements can fulfil sound insulation and fire
protection requirements.
 SAFETY AND CONSIDERATION
1. Working platforms, guard rails and ladders can be built into the completed units of the formwork.
2. Site operative can quickly become familiar with health and safety aspects of their job due to the simplicity of
the assembly process and repetitive nature of the work in certain types of structure.
3. Usually these formwork systems require minimal use of power tools.
Other considerations
4.The panel systems are designed for specific maximum concrete pressures. The concrete placement rates
have to be adjusted accordingly to keep the concrete pressure within specified limits.
5. Lightweight manhandled systems are available with steel or aluminum frames and plywood facing-
commonly used in ground works construction.
3.For a fair-faced exposed concrete finish it may be necessary to line the panels with a secondary layer of
material.
4. For concrete where enhanced durability is required, controlled permeability formwork may be used.
JUMP
FORM
 INTRODUCTION
• Generally JUMP FORM systems comprise the formwork and
working platforms for cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel
fixing and concreting.

• The formwork supports itself on the concrete cast earlier so

does not rely on support or access from other parts of the
building or permanent works

• Jump form, often described as climbing form. It is suitable

for construction of multi-storey vertical concrete elements
in high-rise structures, such as shear walls, core walls, lift
shafts, stair shafts and bridge pylons.

• It is a highly productive system designed to increase

speed and efficiency while minimizing labor and crane
time.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF
JUMP FORM
• Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for crane
time considerably. By allowing the crane to be used for other
construction work this may reduce the total number of cranes
needed on site.
• High quality surface finishes are possible
• The formwork is independently supported, so the shear walls
and core walls can be completed ahead of the rest of the main
building structure.
• Climbing forms can be designed to operate in high winds
(when the use of a crane is less viable). This allows
construction work to be carried out at reduced risk from
adverse weather
• The highly engineered nature of jump form systems allows
quick and precise adjustment of the formwork in all planes.
• Some formwork systems can be used at an inclined angle,
which is particularly useful on bridge pylons or where walls
vary in thickness.
THE BASIC ACCESSORIES USED
IN JUMP FORMWORK
SYSTEM
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) (j) (k) (l)

 COMPONENTS OF JUMP FORMWORK
SYSTEM
• Components of jump form:
 COMPONENTS OF JUMP FORMWORK
SYSTEM
Climbing sequence

• Step 1: Positioned wall form panel with pilot anchor

attached supported by wall braces. Proceed with first
concrete pour.

• Step 2: After concrete reaches required strength, remove

wall form. Attach pedestal support bracket and place
jump form brackets JB-240 on it. Install pilot anchor on
wall form panel. Proceed with second concrete pour.

• Step 3: After concrete reaches required strength, retract

wall form panel and attach pedestal support bracke
 COMPONENTS OF JUMP FORMWORK
SYSTEM
• Step 4: Lift Climbing Formwork JB-240 with crane, to
next section.

• Step 5: Place Jump form Bracket on pedestal support

bracket and lock in position with safety bolt. Install
tension cable to secure climbing wall form before
workers are allowed to use platform areas. Place re-bar
and prepare plywood surface for next concrete pour

• Step 6: Move wall form panel forward with pilot anchor

in place and proceed with concrete pour. Continue
following Step 3.
 WORKING OF JUMP FORMWORK
SYSTEM
• Retractable rail consists of a rack and pinion device for
sliding the wall form panel backwards, while rolling
mechanism keeps rail in line and insures easy operation .

Step-1 step-2 step-3

WORKING OF SELF CLIMBING JUMP
FORMWORK SYSTEM
WORKING OF CLIMBING
FORMWORK SYSTEM
 TYPES OF JUMP FORMWORK
1-NORMAL JUMP/CLIMBING 2-GUIDED-CLIMBING 3-SELF-CLIMBING JUMP
FORM : Units are individually JUMP FORM : Uses a FORM : does not require
lifted off the structure and crane but offers greater a crane as it climbs on
relocated at the next safety and control rails up the building by
construction level using a during lifting as units means of hydraulic
crane. Crane availability is remain anchored/guided jacks.
crucial. by the structure.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
FOLLOWED IN JUMP FORMWORK
TECHNIQUE IS AS FOLLOWS
 DELIVERY OF JUMP FORM
COMPONENTS
• Delivery of jump form accessories done
by truck.
• And then heavy parts were lifted to height
By crane.
 ADVANTAGES OF JUMP FORM
• Fast construction can be achieved.
• The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with little formwork waste generated compared to
traditional formwork.
• Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and cost effectiveness for certain high-rise
building
structures.
• The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the engineered nature of the formwork, allows fine tuning
of the construction operations, which in turn leads to minimal concrete wastage.
• Many repeated uses of formwork are possible before maintenance or replacement is needed, the number of
uses depending on the quality of the surface finish of concrete specified.
• Climbing forms can be designed to operate in high winds.
• precise adjustment of the formwork in all planes.
• Some formwork systems can be used at an inclined angle.
• Jump Formwork System is the better solution in the case of Multistory structures rather than conventional
formwork
 DISADVANTAGES OF JUMP FORM
• Costly to installs compared to traditional form work.
• Required skilled workmanship.
• Shortage of cranes resulting in unable use of normal form type.
• Not economical to use in four storey building.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
TRADITIONAL AND JUMP
FORMWORK SYSTEM
Image to be put here
Of the topic
SLIP FORMWORK SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
• Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform
construction is a method in which concrete is poured into a continuously
moving form.
• This technique is an alternative for conventional formwork system which
helps in continuous vertical and horizontal construction. The process
stops only when the required length of casting is completed.
• It can be used to form any regular shape or core. The formwork rises
continuously, at a rate of about 300mm per hour, supporting itself on
the core and not relying on support or access from other parts of
the building or permanent works.

Slip forming system

 HISTORY
• The slip forming technique was in use by the early 20th century for
building silos and grain elevators.
• The Swedish company Bygging developed in 1944 the first hydraulic
hijacks to lift the forms, which got patented. The first houses was built
in Västertorp, Sweden.
• Residental and commercial building also was introduced in the late
1960s in USA. One of Its first uses in high-rise buildings in the United
States was on the shear wall supported apartment building at Turk &
Eddy Streets in San Francisco, CA, in 1962, built by the San Francisco
office of Macdonald Engineering.
• In addition to the typical silos and shear walls and cores in buildings, the
system is used for lining underground shafts and surge tanks in The first residential houses built with
hydroelectric generating facilities. The technique was utilized to build Slip forming, was erected 1950
the Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario, and the CN Tower in Toronto. In in Västertorp, Sweden by AB
2010, the technique was used to build the core of the supertall Shard Bygging
London Bridge tower in London, England.
 COMPONENTS
• The slipform system is designed with varied features. Generally, it
consist of yoke legs. Yoke legs are employed to lift and sustain the
weight of the entire structure, so that it behaves as a single unit. Yoke
legs are also used to connect with the beams, scaffoldings and working
platforms to serve the supporting purpose.
• To the yoke legs, walk-away brackets are connected. These walkway
brackets will enable proper placement of the concrete.
• The whole slipform assembly is lifted by means of strand rods and
lifting jacks. These primary components are located at equal intervals
so that the uniform and good distribution of weight is performed. In
some construction, lifting process are supported by means of hydraulic
pump components.

Components of Slipform; Source: Kjell Tore

Fossa, Department of Structural Engineering
The Norwegian University of Science and
Technology N-7491 Trondheim Norway
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF
MATERIALS
• The height of the formwork is designed such a way that, during the pouring of the upper level formwork, the
concrete poured in the below formwork would have gained initial setting and be able to support the pressure of
the new concrete.
• This formwork is more economical for buildings more than 7 storeys high.
• Little flexibility for change once continuous concreting has begun therefore extensive planning and special
detailing are needed.
• Setting rate of the concrete had to be constantly monitored to ensure that it is matched with the speed at which
the forms are raised.
• The structure being slip formed should have significant dimensions in both major axes to ensure stability of
the system.
• Standby plant and equipment should be available though cold jointing may occasionally be necessary.
• The main factors affecting lateral pressure are temperature and the rate of filling.
• Other factors that must be taken into account are the amount of cement in the mix and the water cement ratio,
and whether or not the concrete is consolidated by mechanical vibration. The faster the forms are filled and the
lower the temperature, the greater will be the pressure because the concrete does not have ample time to set and
relieve the pressure. Concrete at a low temperature will set slowly, and for a given rate of movement the pressure
may be 50 to 75 percent greater than when the temperature is twice as high.
 PROCEDURE
• Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and
the wall starter is in correct alignment.
• Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes.
• Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
• Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams for
simultaneous upward movement.
• Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5 meters.
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the working
platform.
• Structure should be rigid and shape maintained at all
times.
• Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the structure from
free upward movement.
• It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses as the
construction gains height and arrangements have to be
made in the slip form structure that will enable such
reduction at regular intervals.
 PRECAUTIONS
Concrete
• Concrete in heavy walls and piers, in which large stones or "plums" can be embedded, will always exert less
pressure on the forms than when the stones are omitted, because true hydrostatic pressure will not exist. Rich
mixes exert greater pressure than lean ones and wet concrete greater than dry concrete.
• The slump should be between 3” and 6”. depending on temperature, wall thickness, reinforcing congestion
and anticipated rate of movement. Control of concrete slump should be placed in the hands of the field
engineer or superintendent who should vary the slump without change to the water cement ratio.
• Care must be taken to spade or vibrate concrete thoroughly. (3-1137)
• Concrete is placed in horizontal layers of 6 to 10 in. in thickness, the 6 in. layers being the most desirable.
• Not more than 1 hour should elapse between the placing of successive layers of concrete; this will insure proper
bonding between layers and prevent spading of partially set concrete.
• If delays occur, concrete should be placed in layers less than 6 in. thick rather than allow the time between
placing successive layers to exceed 1 hour. Set may be retarded by substituting crushed ice water or accelerated
by heating the water.
• Decks must be kept broom clean at all times and concrete must not be allowed to accumulate around forms.
 PRECAUTIONS
Reinforcement
• Detailing and placing of reinforcing steel varies only in the following respects. Vertical bars are limited in length to
prevent excessive lash from the wind. Verticals over 20 feet long should not be used unless a second deck is
planned over the work deck for use by the reinforcing crew, since bars weighing more than 35 pounds are difficult
to handle from the bottom end.
• During construction vertical steel must be held in place by appropriate templates and care should be taken that
required cover is maintained.
• In detailing vertical reinforcing steel splices should be staggered at various levels so as to equalize the burden on
the iron crews.
• Horizontal bars should also be limited in length to enable the steel to be threaded through the vertical steel and
the form yokes. Lengths should generally be limited to 18 to 20 feet and when hooks are required 10 feet is a
better figure. The use of 90 degree hooks instead of standard hooks considerably facilitates placing.
• Horizontal steel should be designed in full layers, to facilitate placing and inspection, and different spacing of
horizontal steel at any one layer should be avoided.
• Whenever possible, horizontal steel should be spaced at 6 to 18 in. on centers with the spacing nearer 12 in. being
the most desirable.
• Bars 3/4 in. in diameter and smaller are generally preferable to larger sizes. (3-1134)
 CURING AND FINISHING "FORMED"
SURFACES

• To the eye and touch of an experienced superintendent the condition of the concrete when first exposed below
the sheathing indicates appropriateness of the rate of movement, the structural stability of the wall and the level
of safety of the operation at any time.
• One indication that the concrete has cured sufficiently is a finger pressed into the concrete at the point of
exposure should leave an imprint about 1/16 in. deep on removal.
• Finishing provides no problems in the vertical slipform system. The concrete is in excellent condition for a
float
and brush finish.
• The finishers work comfortably from the hanging scaffold.
• The absence of joints result in a finish that is durable when exposed to the weather.
• One curing method is the use of membrane-type curing compounds applied directly from the finishers'
scaffold.
• Another method is water curing using water lines hung from the forms.
• If water curing is used, fog spray is recommended to prevent % erosion or discoloration.
 EQUIPMENT
2 Deck Slipform System 3 Deck Slipform System
Typically used on small or mid sized structures, the system The 3 deck system is generally used on larger structures,
consists of a “Working Deck” and “Trailing Deck” continuous pour projects and projects with heavy vertical
arrangement. reinforcement. Comprising of a “Top Deck”, “Working
Deck” and “Trailing Deck” the system enables vertical
reinforcement and concrete pouring activities to take place
from the top deck, thus splitting up the operational task
 EQUIPMENT
Hydraulic Jack

The hydraulic jack climbs on a

consumable jack rod which can be
continually extended throughout
the travel of the slipform
system. The jacks consist of a
single acting mechanism with
internal mechanical grips resulting
in a fail safe approach to lifting the
system.

In vertical slip forming the concrete
form may be surrounded by a
platform on which workers stand,
placing steel reinforcing rods into the
concrete and ensuring a smooth pour.
Together, the concrete form and
working platform are raised by means
of hydraulic jacks. Generally, the
slipform rises at a rate which permits
the concrete to harden by the time it
emerges from the bottom of the
form.
TYPES
In horizontal slip forming for
pavement and traffic separation
walls concrete is laid down, vibrated,
worked, and settled in place while
the form itself slowly moves ahead.
This method was initially devised
and
utilized in Interstate
Highway construction initiated
by the Eisenhower
administration during the 1950s.
Tapered slip-forming is also used in
the construction of conical chimneys,
cooling towers, piers and other tall
concrete structures involving
constant or changing thicknesses in
walls, diameters and/or shapes. A
form is used with sections which
overlap so that one gradually slides
over the other. This is commonly
done in chimney construction but it
is not satisfactory for architectural
concrete because the lap shows.
 PROPERTIES/CHARACTERISTICS
• The slipform construction technique is a rapid and a economic construction method compared to the
conventional formwork technique. This helps to achieve huge cost saving. The technique is best suitable for
large building structures and bridges. When small structures are concerned, the projects with identical
geometry can be easily completed by slipform construction.
• Continuous movement of formwork in upward direction is performed in slip form technique. The movement is
facilitated by hydraulic jacks and jack rods. In the construction of vertical structures, the rate of rising the
formwork upwards will be almost in the rate of 300mm per hour. These rise with the help of the supports from
other permanent parts of the building.
• The technique of slipform construction will vary based on the type of structure constructed. Based on this the
frameworks required to support the system will vary.
 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
Slipforming enables continuous, non-interrupted, cast-in-place "flawless" (i.e. no joints) concrete structures which
have superior performance characteristics to piecewise construction using discrete form elements.

Advantages of Slipform Construction Technique Disadvantages of Slipform Construction Technique

1.Non-stop Method of Construction 1. High cost for initial setup
2.Increase rate of construction 2.Requires Specialized workers and expertise
3.Increase the productivity 3.Need sophisticated Equipment
4.Provide more working space 4.Dimensional Accuracy can go low in certain
5.Creates safe work environment for the workers conditions
6.Employs less accessory equipment
7. Increase flexibility in construction
8. Reduced Labor costs
9.Scaffolding and temporary works in construction is reduced
10.Uniform wall sections and layouts are obtained
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
 DEFECTS AND REMEDIES
• Concrete is continuously protected against loss of moisture and rapid
temperature changes for 7 days .
• Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and flowing water.
• Prevent plastic shrinkage.
• Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.
 APPLICATIONS
1. Construction of Regular core high rise structures
The slipform construction technique used in high rise building construction
will be performed by vertically extruding the reinforced concrete section.
Regular shaped core structures and buildings are easily constructed by this
method.
2. Slipform Technique for Chimney Construction
The slipform technique used for the construction of large chimneys, cooling
towers and piers are called as tapered slipform. This technique is used for
constructing vertical structures with varying wall thickness, or shapes or
diameters.
3. Construction of Steel Tanks
Slipform construction technique helps to construct the large volume cisterns
in industries and factories in a cost effective way.
4. Construction of Water Towers Slipform Construction of
The slipform technique helps to construct the walls of water tanks Collie Power Station,
uniformly with better quality. Tanks of thousands of litres are easily Western Australia; Image
constructed by this method. Courtesy: SRG, Australia
 APPLICATIONS
Capital Gate Tower, Abu Dhabi King Abdul-Aziz Airport Inn Canal,Germany
 TUNNEL
FORM
Image to be put here
Of the topic
 1.WHAT IS TUNNEL FORM
CONSTRUCTION?

Tunnel form is a formwork system that allows the contractor

to cast walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. It
combines the speed, quality and accuracy with the flexibility
and economy of in-situ construction. Construction durations
are reduced significantly by this rapid system when compared
to conventional methods.

Tunnel form is a formwork system that allows the contractor

to cast walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. It
combines the speed, quality and accuracy with the flexibility
and economy of in-situ construction. Construction durations
are reduced significantly by this rapid system when compared
to conventional methods.
 2.WHY TUNNEL FORMWORK
SYSTEM?
• It is economic… - With one set of formwork, 500 times laying works
can be fulfilled in the same project.

• It is fast and reliable… - It is a formwork system that allows the

contractor to lay wall and slab concrete at a time on a daily
basis. Therefore, one layer can be constructed with a set of
formwork everyday.

• It is safe… - It has integral working platforms and edge protection

systems, ensuring considerably successful results in terms of
work safety.

• It provides High Quality… - It ensures the correct application and the

completion of the Project in start-up quality.

• It is environmentally friendly… - It is known to be environmentally

friendly as no wooden material is used
 3.HOW DOES IT WORK – THE 24-HR
CYCLE?

The basic construction sequence is shown in the diagram. In

summary, the forms are positioned, steel reinforcement is fixed
and concrete poured and left overnight to cured. The next day
when the concrete has hardened tto around 60%, the
tunnelforms are then lowered, removed, the area then
backpropped and the tunnelforms are then positioned for the
next days work. This way a team of 20-30 workers can complete
500m2 +/- of slab and wall construction daily.
MACHINERY REQUIREMENT (TO
ACHIEVE 24-48HR
SLAB CYCLE)
 LIMITATIONS OF TUNNEL FORM
• Not suitable for small projects, and if there are many variations in design
• High initial investment of formwork and other machineries.
• Imported formwork, need 5 to 6 months early finalization of plan.
• Dependent of formwork supplier for amendments in form work and accessories.
• Wall thickness need to keep 200 mm thick as no offset for column beams possible.
• Need to design building suitable for system.
• Due to speedy construction, high cash flow management required.
• Basement storey cannot be constructed by using tunnel formwork system, removal of formwork is not
possible.
• Various geometrical forms and angles are difficult for which special formwork to be designed, which will be very
expensive
•Due to high production speed management-related functions are vital. Coordination problems may cause
remarkable delays in schedule.
• Skilled labor force is needed compared to traditional systems.
CASE STUDY – ROHAN ABHILASHA,
PUNE

• Location – Wagholi, Pune

• Plot Area – 30 acres • No of blocks – 7
• No of Buildings – 25
• LG+G+13 • Total apartments around 2200 nos
• Slab area with tunnel form around
23 lac sft and parking around 7 lac sft
• RCC duration 2 years
• With 2 sets of tunnel form (5000 sqft)
FINISHING ITEMS

Due to the use of tunnel form

construction technique, which is a
rapid construction technique, the
finishing items too needed to be
completed at the same speed in
order to avoid any bottlenecks. The
following technologies have also
been used at Rohan Abhilasha to
complement the speed ot tunnel
form.
 REFERENCES
• IS 4926 : 2003, (R2017)
• A.K. Gaikwad, S. T. (2019). Optimization Of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC). IJEDR 2019 | Volume 7, Issue 1, 1-6.
• Abhishek shah, P. J. (2014). READY MIX CONCRETE : ECONOMIC AND QUALITATIVE GROWTH FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. National
Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World, 1-5.
• Amiyangshu Biswas, S. K. (2016). Study on Ready Mix Concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4,
April-2016 , 157-162.
• I. Hurd, M.K., 2005. Formwork for Concrete, Special Publication No.4, Seventh Edition, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Michigan, U.S.A.
• II. Ministry of Railways, June 2017, Report on Modern Formwork System Research Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow
• III. Peurifoy, R.L., and Oberlender, G.D., 2011. Formwork for Concrete Structures, McGraw Hill, U.S.A
• IV. Ramesh Kannan, Helen Santhi, (2013), Constructability Assessment of Climbing Formwork Systems Using Building Information Modeling,
ScienceDirect International Conference on Design and Manufacturing IconDM 2013
• V. RMD KWIKFORM, RAPIDCLIMB, Jan 2010 Brochure
• VI. Snap the Master builder, (May 2013) A Special Compilation of Formwork Articles, Formwork Digest
 REFERENCES
• https://theconstructor.org/construction/slipform-construction-uses/185/
• https://www.concretecentre.com/Building-Solutions/Formwork/Slip-form.aspx
• Simulation analysis for schedule and performance evaluation of slip forming operations, Hesham Abdel Khalik , Shafik Khoury , Remon Aziz ,
Mohamed Abdel Hakam
• http://brm.ae/index.php/slipform-equipment/
• Bitschnau Slipform MONOBOX, Bitschnau Gleit & Schalungstechnik
• THE VIABILITY OF USING SLIPFORM CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL 1% FORMWORK IN
THE NAVAL CONSTRUCTION FORCES , Marks Eugene Banks, University of Florida, 1986
• http://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-
nuggets.asp?cmd=display&id=857#:~:text=The%20column%20formwork%20systems%20now,to%20give%20different%20column%20sizes
• https://www.ulmaconstruction.com/en/formwork/wall-formwork-column-formwork/lightweight-column-formwork-lgr
• https://theconstructor.org/building/formwork-shuttering/types-formwork-shuttering/3767/
• https://www.directindustry.com/industrial-manufacturer/column-formwork-80234.html