QUANTITY SURVEYING

Engr. Conrado Baleña

Instructor
 CONCRETE REINFORCING
• Concrete reinforcing consists of rebar, welded wire fabric, chairs
to position the rebar, and so forth.
• Rebar is designated by bar size, which represents the nominal
diameter of the bar in inches or millimeters
• Rebar is taken off by the lineal foot/linear meter or by the number
of pieces.
• Small quantities of rebar are often purchased by the piece or by
the lineal foot, whereas large quantities of rebar are often
purchased by the tons or metric tonnes.
TheConstructor.org
bluebaybp.co.uk
 Reinforcing Steel Bars
• Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel and reinforcing steel, is
a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and
masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in
tension.
• To improve the quality of the bond with the concrete, the surface
of rebar is often patterned.
• Rebar is necessary to compensate for the fact that whilst concrete
is strong in compression, it is relatively weak in tension.
• By casting rebar into concrete, it is able to carry tensile loads and
so increase overall strength.
 Different uses of Rebar
• Primary reinforcement
• Secondary reinforcement
• Provide resistance to concentrated loads, spreading it through
a wider area.
• Assist other steel bars in accommodating their loads by
holding them in the correct position.
• External steel tie bars to constrain and reinforce masonry
structures, sometimes as a means of building conservation.
• Reinforced masonry
 Manufacturing
• Standards for the specification of rebar are set out in:
– BS 4449: 2005 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing
steel. Bar, coil and de-coiled product.
• Rebar is commonly manufactured using mild or high yield steel of grade
250 or 250 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 characteristic tensile strength.
– The constituents of both of these grades are around 99% iron, along with
manganese, carbon, sulphur and phosphorous.
• The quality and grade of steel is dependent on the proportion of carbon.
– Mild cold-worked steel contains around 0.25% carbon
– High yield hot-rolled steel contains around 0.40%.
Table 3-1 Standard Weight of Plain or Deformed Round Steel Bars in Kilogram

Length of Steel Bars in Meters

Diameter
5.00 6.00 7.50 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50
8 mm 1.98 2.37 2.96 3.56 4.15 4.74 5.33
10 mm 3.08 3.70 4.62 5.54 6.47 7.39 8.32
12 mm 4.44 5.33 6.66 7.99 9.32 10.66 11.99
13 mm 5.21 6.25 7.83 9.38 10.94 12.50 14.07
16 mm 7.90 9.47 11.84 14.21 16.58 18.95 21.32
20 mm 12.33 14.80 18.50 22.19 25.69 29.9 33.29
25 mm 19.27 23.12 28.90 34.68 40.46 46.24 52.02
28 mm 24.17 29.00 36.25 43.50 50.75 58.00 65.25
30 mm 27.75 33.29 41.62 49.94 58.26 66.59 74.91
32 mm 31.57 37.88 47.35 56.82 66.29 75.76 85.23
36 mm 39.96 47.95 59.93 71.92 83.91 95.89 107.88
Steel Bar Designation and their Equivalent English and Metric
Sizes (diameters)
Bar Designation English Size (Diameter) Metric Size (Diameter)
No. 2 1/4“ 8 mm
No. 3 3/8” 10 mm
No. 4 1/2” 12 mm
No. 5 5/8” 16 mm
No. 6 3/4” 20 mm
No. 8 1” 25 mm
No. 10 1 ¼” 32 mm
No. 12 1 ½” 40 mm
No. 16 2” 50 mm
 BAR SPLICE, HOOK AND BEND
• In estimating the quantity of steel reinforcing bars, one has to consider
the additional length for the hook, the bend and the splice whose
length varies depending upon the limitations as prescribed by the
national building code.
Types of Reinforcement Minimum Splice Length

Tension Bars [25 x Bar Size] + 150 mm

Compression Bars [20 x Bar Size] + 160 mm

– Bar splice or the lap splice is created by overlapping two lengths of rebar, then
wiring them together.
 Sample Problem
Determine the length of the splice joint for a 16 mm and 20 mm steel bars under the
following conditions:
a) Tensile reinforcement of a beam
b) Compressive reinforcement of a column
Minimum Hook and Bend Allowance

High Yield
Steel Bars

Mild Yield
Steel Bars
Length of Hook and Bend
Length of Hook and Bend
Length of Hook and Bend
Length of Hook and Bend
 Introduction to Bar Bending Schedule [BBS]
• What is Bar Bending Schedule? and its Importance.
• Guidelines to Follow in Preparing BBS
• BBS Basics and Formulas to be Remembered
• How to Prepare Bar Bending Schedule?
• Use of Bar Bending Schedule?
Bar Bending Schedule and its Importance
• Bar Bending is the process of cutting, bending, and fixing the reinforcement bars
as per drawing.
• Bar Bending Schedule is a definitive list of reinforcement bars for any structural
element. It is often referred to as BBS.
• In BBS, the bars are organized for each structural units (Beams or columns or slabs
or footings etc.) and detailed list is prepared which specifies the following:
– Bar location (Bar in footings, slabs, beams or columns),
– Bar Marking (to identify the bar in accordance with the drawing),
– Bar Size (length of the bar used),
– Quantity (No. of Bars used),
– Cutting length,
– Type of Bend and
– Shape of the bar in reinforcement drawings.
 Guidelines to Follow in Preparing BBS

• Every RCC structural element should have a separate BBS. Do not

group them as one.
• Ensure to follow the IS guidelines for bending, hook length, lap length
& development length calculations.
• It would be handy if you memorize the unit weight of steel bars.
• Ensure the estimation by thumb rule calculations of steel
reinforcement for different structural members.
• Keep Bar Bending Shape Codes handy for easy reference.
 What is the Development Length?
The steel reinforcement that is
prolonged into concrete to avoid steel
slippage and to transfer the load to the
concrete bond smoothly is known as
Development Length or Anchorage
Length.
The steel reinforcement provided
which does not require to carry any
tension stress but need to restrain is
know as development length (Ld)

Source: civilplanets.com
What is Thumb Rule?
Thumb rules are “Approximate
Values”
Thumb rules has no unit
system.
Thumb Rule for Steel in RCC
Percentage of Steel in
Structural Element
Total Volume of Concrete

We use the thumb rules for Slab 1%

almost every calculation like Beam 1 % to 2 %

concrete calculation, Column 2.5 %
manpower estimation, the Footing 0.8 %
material requirement for
plastering, wastage’s
calculation, brickwork
calculation, etc.

Source: civilplanets.com
 BBS Basics and Formulas to be Remembered
• d - diameter of bars (in mm)
• The standard length of reinforcement bar – 12 m or 40 ft
• Weight of bar (kg) per meter formula – d2/162
• Extension Length Formulas
• Footing Lap Length Formula – 40d
• Column Lap Length Formula – 50d
• Development Length for dowel bars – 16d
• Crank Length Formula
• Hook length – 9d or 75mm (for one hook)
• 45° - 0.42d
• Concrete Cover • 30° - 0.27d
• Footing – 75 mm • 60° - 0.58d
• Column and Beam – 25-50 mm • Extra Bars Length – L/4 or L/5
• Bend Deduction • L – length of span
• 45° - 1d
• 90° - 2d
• 135° - 3d
 Preparation of Bar Bending Schedule

• It suggests how much steel is to be procured

• It instructs the contractor to plan the week’s steel purchase
• It instructs the bar bender to fabricate the reinforcement into the
desired shape as per the structural drawing
• It instructs the quantity surveyor for the proper estimation of the
materials

Example….
 Five Steps in BBS Calculations

1. Find the number of reinforcement bars to be used

2. Find the cutting length of each bar
3. Find the number of stirrups or number of distribution bars if it is a
slab
4. Find the cutting length of stirrups or extra bars (top rods)
5. List down all the bars in the table and find out the quantity of steel.
 Example – Bar Bending Schedule

Step 1: Find Length of bars

Step 2: Find the number of stirrups
Step 3: Find the cutting length of the stirrups
 Example – Bar Bending Schedule

Step 1: Find Length of bars

Cutting length of bottom bar
= Lclear - [2 x concrete cover] + [2 x 500]
= 3000 – [2 x 40] + [2 x 500] = 3920 mm
Cutting length of top bar
= Lclear - [2x concrete cover]
= 3000 – [2 x 40] = 2920 mm
 Example – Bar Bending Schedule

Step 2: Find the number of stirrups

Number of stirrups
= [Length of Beam / Spacing] + 1
= [3000 / 200] + 1
= 16 numbers
 Example – Bar Bending Schedule

Step 3: Find the cutting length of stirrups

1. Deduct concrete cover
A = 600 – 2(40) = 520 mm
B = 300 – 2(40) = 220 mm
2. Perimeter of stirrup
P = 2 (L + W) = 2(520 + 220)
P = 1480 mm
3. Hook length = 9d + 9d = 18d
4. Bend length = [3 x 90° bend] + [2 x 135°]
= [3 x 2d] + [2 x 3d]
= 6d + 6d
= 12 d
5. Cutting Length
L = P + Hook length - Bend length
L = 1480 + 18d -12d = 1480 + 18(8) - 12(8)
 Bar Bending Schedule Format
Bar Cutting Number Length of Bar (mm)
Bar Shape
Diameter Length of Bars 8 10 12 16 20

10
-- 3920
- 2- - 7840
- - - -

-
10 -
2920 -2 - -
5840 - - -

8- -
1528 -
16 -
24448 - - - -

Total Length (m) 24.45 13.68

Weight per Meter (kg/m) 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.58 2.47
Total Weight in kg 9.66 8.44 - - -
 Use of Bar Bending Schedule?

• Helps estimate the total quantity of steel required for building or

structure construction.
• Improves the quality of construction and minimizes the wastage of
steel
• Increases faster construction and reduces the total construction cost.
• Makes verifying the cutting length and bending length of the
reinforcement before placing the concrete
 Various Type of Metal Reinforcements
A. CHB Reinforcement
B. Footing Reinforcements
C. Post and Column Reinforcements
D. Beam and Girder Reinforcements
E. Floor Slab Reinforcements
F. Other Types
A. CHB REINFORCEMENT
• Steel bar as reinforcement is a requirement for all types of concrete
and masonry works.
• The National Building Code has promulgated guidelines on how and
what kind of reinforcement is appropriate for a certain type of work
depending upon the purpose for which it is to serve.
• The size and spacing requirements for CHB reinforcement must be
indicated on the plan or specifications.
• CHB reinforcement could be determined in three different ways:
– Direct Counting Method
– Area Method
– Unit Block Method
 Direct Counting Method
Under the direct counting method, the vertical and horizontal
reinforcements are counted individually in the plan.
• The length is determined from the elevation.
• The hook, bend and lapping are imaginably calculated and added to its
length because it is very rare to see a plan in a large scale drawing
showing this particular requirements of rebars.
Estimators must be familiar with the hook, the bend and splicing
requirements to be able to work effectively even if the plan is not
accompanied with such details.
 Area Method
The Area Method is the simplest approach in computing the steel rebar for CHB with
the aid of the table below.

Table 3.5 - Length of Reinforcing Bars for CHB in Meters

Vertical Reinforcement Horizontal Reinforcement

Spacing Spacing
(Length of bars in meter) (Length of bars in meter)
Layer
cm Per Block Per Sq M Per Block Per Sq M

40 0.235 2.93 2 0.264 3.30

60 0.171 2.13 3 0.172 2.15

80 0.128 1.60 4 0.138 1.72

Area Method
Sample Problem
Determine the number of
1. 10 x 20 x 40 cm CHB
2. Vertical reinforcement
spaced at 80 cm
3. Horizontal reinforcement
at every 3 layers
Area Method
Solution:
1. Solve for the Area of the fence.
A = 4 x (2.6+0.4)
A = 12 sqm
N = 12 x 12.5 = 150 pcs
2. Vertical @ 80cm spacing
12sqm x 1.6 = 19.2m
3. Horizontal @ every 3 layers
12sqm x 2.15 = 25.8m
4. Add 2 & 3
19.2 + 25.8 = 45 m
5. Convert
45𝑚
= 𝟕. 𝟓
6𝑚

ORDER:
150 pcs CHB (100mm)
8 pcs 10mm x 6m long
Unit Block Method
Sample Problem:
Determine the number of
1. 10 x 20 x 40 cm CHB
2. Vertical reinforcement
spaced at 80 cm
3. Horizontal reinforcement
at every 3 layers
Unit Block Method
Solution:
1. Solve for the Area of the fence.
A = 4 x (2.6+0.4)
A = 12 sqm
2. Determine the number of CHB
N = 12 x 12.5 = 150 pcs
3. Vertical @ 80cm spacing
150 x 0.128 = 19.2m
4. Horizontal @ every 3 layers
150 x 0.172 = 25.8m
5. Add 3 & 5
19.2 + 25.8 = 45 m
6. Convert
45𝑚
= 𝟕. 𝟓 ORDER:
6𝑚
150 pcs CHB (100mm)
8 pcs 10mm x 6m long
 Tie Wire For Steel Reinforcement
• Tie wire refers to gauge #16 galvanized iron wire popularly
known as GI tie wire.
– Used to secure the steel bars into its designed position.
– Can be ordered by roll or by kilo. (one roll = 45 kgs)
– Its length depends upon the size of the bars to be tied on.
– Tie wire is one item of construction material that is always included
in the bill of materials but never been computed.
– Its quantity is mostly determined through mere calculations which
is “ok” for small projects but a big “NO” for big projects.
 CHB Reinforcement Tie Wire
• The common size of steel bar reinforcement specified for CHB
work is either 10 mm or 12 mm or 16 mm.
Table 3.6 - #16 GI Tie Wire for CHB Reinforcement per Square Meter
Vertical Horizontal Kilograms per Square Meter
Spacing Layer Spacing 25 cm Tie 30 cm Tie 40 cm Tie
40 2 .054 .065 .086
40 3 .039 .047 .063
40 4 .024 .029 .039
60 2 .036 .044 .057
60 3 .026 .032 .042
60 4 .020 .024 .032
80 2 .027 .033 .044
80 3 .020 .024 .032
80 4 .015 .018 .024
CHB Tie Wire
Sample Problem:
Find the required tie wire in
kilograms if the reinforcement
are spaced at:
• Vertical bars spaced at 80
centimeters and one
horizontal bars at every
after 3 layers of the block.
• Vertical bars spaced at 60
centimeters and one
horizontal bars at every
after 2 layers of the block.
• Tie wire in kilograms.
CHB Tie Wire
Solution:
Table 3.6 - #16 GI Tie Wire for CHB Reinforcement per Square Meter
Solution 1:
1. Solve for wall area. Vertical Horizontal Kilograms per Square Meter
A = 4 x 3 = 12 sqm Spacing Layer Spacing 25 cm Tie 30 cm Tie 40 cm Tie
2. Refer to table 3.6. Along 80 40 2 .054 .065 .086
cm vertical spacing and 3 40 3 .039 .047 .063
layers horizontal spacing of
reinforcement at 30 cm, 40 4 .024 .029 .039
multiply… 60 2 .036 .044 .057
12 x 0.024 = 0.288 kg 60 3 .026 .032 .042
Solution 2: 60 4 .020 .024 .032
1. A = 12 sqm 80 2 .027 .033 .044
2. Refer to table 3.6. Along 60 80 3 .020 .024 .032
cm vertical spacing and 2
layers horizontal spacing of 80 4 .015 .018 .024
reinforcement at 30 cm,
multiply…
12 x 0.044 = 0.528 kg
B. FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement detailing of
footing is as much
important as site
investigation for the
structural design of
footing.

A good detailing reflects

the design requirement of
the footing for structural
stability.
Independent Footing
Rebars
Independent column
footing is also referred
to as individual or
isolated footing.
The ACI Code provides
that the minimum
underground protective
covering of concrete to
steel reinforcement shall
not be less than 7.5 cm.
 Direct Counting Procedure
1. Know the actual dimensions of the footing as to its length
and width
2. Consider the 7.5 cm minimum underground protective
overing of concrete to the steel reinforcement.
3. If the plan does not specify hook or bend of the footing
reinforcement, the length of the bar is equal to the length or
width of the footing minus the 7.5 protective covering at
both ends.
 Direct Counting Procedure
4. If the plan indicate hook or bend of the rebar, the bar cut
should include the allowances for the hook and bend as
represented in figure 3-4 and 3-5.
5. Know the spacing distance of the steel bars both ways to
determine the exact number required. As much as possible,
select the appropriate commercial length of steel bar which
is divisible by the required cut length to avoid unwanted
cuts.
Sample Problem
(Solution 1)
Find the number of 12 mm steel bars
required if there are 24 footings
having a general dimensions of 1.5m
x 1.5m
1. Find the net length of one cut
reinforcing bar.
2. Find the total number of these
cut bars in one footing. 1. 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1.5𝑚 − 2(0.075)
3. Find the total number of cut bars 𝐿 = 1.35𝑚
in 24 footings. 2. 10 𝑥 2 = 20 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 12𝑚𝑚 ∅ @1.35𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
4. If 6.00 meters long steel bar will
3. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠: 24 x 20 = 480 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠
be used, we obtain the following
6.00 𝑚
cuts. 4. = 4.44 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 4.0
1.35 𝑚
5. Divide the result of step (3) by
480 𝑝𝑐𝑠
step (4) to get the number of 6 5. 4
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎 𝒙 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑹𝑺𝑩
meters steel bars required.
Sample Problem
(Solution 2)
Find the number of 12 mm steel bars
required if there are 24 footings
having a general dimensions of 1.5m
x 1.5mm
1. Find the total number of cut bars
in one footing
2. Find the total number of cut bars
in 24 footings. 1. 10 𝑥 2 = 20 𝑝𝑐𝑠
3. Find the total length of the cut
bars; 2. 20 𝑥 24 = 480 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 20𝑚𝑚 ∅ @1.35𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
4. Convert this value to a
3. 480 𝑥 1.35 = 648 m
commercial length of steel bar,
say 6.00 m long. Divide 648 𝑚
4. = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎 𝒙 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑹𝑺𝑩
6𝑚
 ANALYSIS
SOLUTION NO 1 SOLUTION NO 2
• No of bars = 120 • No of bars = 108

• The difference results from including the fractional amount of .44 as part of the
divisor in the second solution.
• The second solution, however, could be correct if the quotient in dividing the
length of one commercial steel bar by the length of one cut bar yields a whole
number.
• On the contrary, if the result has a fractional amount, the second example will not
give a correct answer.
Estimating Tie Wire
Estimate the tie-wire under the
reinforcement for CHB from the figure.

1. Determine how many intersections per footing. 1. 10 𝑥 10 = 100 ties per footing
2. Solve for total ties of the 24 footings 2. 24 𝑥 100 = 2,400 ties
3. Using 30 cm long ties, multiply… 3. 0.3𝑚 𝑥 2,400 = 720 m
720 𝑚
4. Convert the length to kilograms. 4. 53 𝑚
= 13.58𝑘𝑔 #16 𝐺. 𝐼. 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
Say 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒈 #𝟏𝟔 𝑮. 𝑰. 𝒕𝒊𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆
C. POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENTS

The reinforcement of post and columns to be considered in the

estimates are:
1. Main vertical Reinforcements
a) Single
b) Bundled bars
2. Lateral Ties
a) Outer ties
b) Inner ties
c) Straight ties
3. Spiral Ties for column
4. Dowels for partitions and other future attachments
C. POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENTS

The quantity and length of the min reinforcement is determined by the

“Direct Counting Method” giving special attention to the additional
length for:
1. Lap joints of end splices
2. Allowance for bending and or hook
3. Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if the height indicated in the
plan is from floor to ceiling
4. Distance from floor to footing slab
5. Provisions for splices of succeeding floors.
Sample Problem – Column Rebar
From the figure on the left, list
down the main reinforcement from
the footing to the second floor
using 20 mm if there are 10
columns in the plan.
Sample Problem Solution
1. Determine the total length of the main
steel bar reinforcements.
a) Bend at the base of the footing
b) Length from footing to GF
c) Height from groundline to beam
d) Depth of beam
e) Thickness of the floor slab
f) Dowel for second floor (20 x 20 mm)
g) Total Length of the Reinforcement
2. Select a 6.00 meters long steel bar
3. Multiply by number of bars in one post by
the total number of posts.
4. Order:
Lateral Ties for Posts and Columns
Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement
called lateral ties.
The ACI Code provides that:
“All non pre-stressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No. 3
in size for longitudinal bars No 10 or smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 18 and
bundled longitudinal bars”
The Code Provision means
1. If the main longitudinal reinforcement of a tied column is no. #10 bars or smaller in size (lower
than 30 mm), the lateral ties should not be smaller than the #3 bar or 10 mm diameter.
2. If the main reinforcement of a tied column is #11 to #18 (35 mm to 66 mm) and bundled bars, the
lateral ties should not be less than #4 or 12 mm in diameter.
3. Lateral Ties shall not exceed the ff:
• 16 x the longitudinal bar diameter
• 48 x the lateral tie bar diameter or
• The least dimension of the column
Sample Problem:
Lateral Ties
Determine the spacing of the
lateral tie for a tied column as
shown in the Figure.
Determine the spacing
distance of the lateral ties.
a)16 x the longitudinal bar
diameter
b)48 x the lateral tie bar
diameter or
c)The least dimension of
the column
The lowest value is 300. Therefore, adopt 300mm
spacing of the lateral ties
Sample Problem:
Lateral Ties
A building has a series of 26
square columns 7.0 m high
with cross sectional dimension
of 300 x 300 mm with 8 pieces
20 mm vertical reinforcing
bars for each column. Make an
order of 10 mm steel bars
required for making the lateral
ties.
Sample Problem:
Lateral Ties
1. Determine the spacing of
the lateral ties.
a) 16 x the longitudinal bar
diameter
b) 48 x the lateral tie bar
diameter or
c) The least dimension of
the column
2. Determine the number of
lateral ties in one column.
7.0
= 23.33
0.3 23 + 1 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 lateral ties
 2. Perimeter, P = 2 (L + W) = 600 mm 4. Bend length = [3 x 90° bend] + [2 x 135°]
= [3 x 2d] + [2 x 3d] = 12 d
Sample Problem: 3. Hook length = 9d + 9d = 18d
5. Cutting Length
Lateral Ties L = P + Hook length - Bend length
L = P + 6d = 600 + 60 = 660 mm
3. Solve for the total ties of
the 26 columns.
4. Find the length of one
lateral tie.
L = Perimeter + 18d – 12d
5. Determine the number of
660mm cut from a 6.00 m
steel bar.
6.00
= 9.09 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟗 𝒑𝒄𝒔
0.66
6. Divide the result of 3 by
result of 5 Order:
624
= 69.33 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟕𝟎 𝒑𝒄𝒔 70 pcs of 10 mm x 6.00 m steel bars
9
Spiral & Column Ties
The spiral reinforcement consists of
evenly spaced continuous spirals held
firmly in place by at least three
vertical bar spacers under the
following conditions:
1. That the center-to-center spacing of the
spiral should not exceed the 6th part of
the diameter core.
2. That the clear spacing between the
spirals should not exceed 7.5 cm nor less
Source: The Constructor
than 5 cm
3. That the clear spacing between the
spirals be less than 1.5 times the biggest
size of the coarse aggregate.
Spiral & Column Ties
SOLUTION:

Spiral Reinforcement
1. Find the total length of the
14 columns
7 x 14 = 98 meters
2. From Table 3-7 for a 50 cm
column diameter 5.00 cm
pitch
Multiply:
= 98 x 3.223
= 315.8 say 316 pcs
 Spiral & Column Ties
Tie Wire
1. Find the number of vertical bars
per column
12 pcs
2. Referring to Table 3-7 for a 5 cm
pitch, multiply:
12 x 21 turns per meter = 252 ties
3. Total tie wire for 14 columns
252 x 7.00m x 14 = 24,696 ties
4. Total length of tie wire at 0.30m:
24,696 x 0.30 = 7,409 m
5. Convert:
7409
= 139.8 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒈
53 Order:
▪ 70 pcs of 10 mm x 6.00 m steel bars
▪ 140 kg #16 G.I. tie wire
D. BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENTS

Direct Counting - the best method in determining the number of main reinforcement
of beams and girders.
The length however, is determined by the physical condition of the structures
in relation with their support.
1. Verify the plan if the span or distance of the column where the beam is resting
indicates the following conditions:
a) Center to center of the column
b) Outer to center of the column
c) Outer to outer side of the column
d) Inside to inside span
2. Verify the splicing position of the reinforcement if it is adjusted to the commercial
length of steel bars. Take note that “the lesser the splice the lesser is the cost”
D. BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENTS

3. Identify the bars with hook and bend for adjustment.

The estimator should be familiarized with the
following:
1. Main Reinforcements
a) Straight bars
b) Bend bars
c) Additional cut bars for tension and compression
d) Dowel bars for future attachment
2. Stirrups
a) Open stirrups
b) Closed stirrups
c) Straight stirrups or ties
3. Cut Bars
a) Over and across the support
b) Between supports
c) Dowels and hangers for ceiling and partition
Where to Provide Lapping in Beam Reinforcement?

Lapping zone for Bottom Bars

 TOP BARS
Given:

L1
- Clear span between columns 1 & 2.
L1/3
- One-third zone of the clear span L1.
L2
- Clear span between columns 2 & 3.
L2/3
- One-third zone of the clear span L2.
Rule 1: The lapping zone for the top bars should be
at the mid- L1/3 or L2/3 part of the beams.
Reason:
The top bars fall under the
compression zone of the beam.
For the compression zone, the
mid-1/3 span of the beam is
said to be a safe zone for
lapping.
The negative moment in this
section are low & hence there
is a minimal chance of failure in
this area.
Rule 2: Not more than 50% of the top beam bars
are lapped in the same zone of any clear span.

Reason:
Providing lapping in the alternate zone of the
beam helps in the safe transfer of the load &
greatly reduces the chances of failure.
 BOTTOM BARS
Given:

L1
- Clear span between columns 1 & 2.
L1/3
- One-eight zone of the clear span L1.
L2
- Clear span between columns 2 & 3.
L2/3
- One-eight zone of the clear span L2.
Rule 3: The lapping zone for the bottom bars should be at the
columns plus the end L1/8 or L2/8 part of the beams.

Reason:
The bottom bars fall under the
tension zone of the beam.
For the tension zone, the end-
1/8th span of the beam near
the column junction is said to
be a safe zone for lapping.
The positive moment in this
section are less & hence there
is a minimal chance of failure in
this area.
Rule 4: Not more than 50% of the bottom beam bars are
lapped in the same zone plus columns of any clear span.

Reason:
Providing lapping in the alternate zone of the beam (
not above 50%) helps in the safe transfer of the load
& greatly reduces the chances of failure
Stirrups for Beams and Girder Reinforcement
• Stirrup is the structural reinforcing member that holds or
binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or a girder
to a designed position.
• Two types of commonly used stirrups:
– Open Stirrups
– Closed Stirrups
Steps in finding the cutting length of stirrups
• Look at the size of column or beam from drawings
• Adopt Diameter of the bar
• Deduct the concrete cover or clear cover
• Find the total outer length of stirrup after deducting concrete cover.
• Add the length of the hook to the length of the stirrup
• Deduct the length of bends
• Use below formula to find the total cutting length of stirrups

Cutting Length of Stirrups = Perimeter of Shape + Total hook length – Total Bend Length
Important Basic formulas:
• Perimeter of Rectangle = 2 ( length + breadth)

• Perimeter of Square = 4 x side length

• Perimeter of circle or Circumference of Circle

C = 2πr = πd (r= radius, d= Diameter of Circle)
 Typical Diagram of
Stirrup
In the image, there are 5
bends at 4 corners, 2 hooks
and concrete cover around the
stirrup.
x = length of the stirrup in the
x-direction after deducting
concrete cover &
y = length of the stirrup in the
y-direction after deducting
concrete cover.
Important standards used in Bends &
Hooks:
The below standards are most important in calculating the hook length and
bend lengths at corners while finding cutting length of stirrups.

• 1 Hook length = 9d or 75mm

• 45° Bend length = 1d
• 90° Bend length = 2d
• 135° Bend length = 3d

Remember, d = Diameter of Bar

Sample Problem:
• A concrete beam with a cross sectional dimension of 230 x
450 mm, requires 8 mm open stirrups spaces as shown in the
figure. Prepare the order of 8 mm steel bars for stirrups of 8
beams with the same category.

8
Cutting length for
Stirrups
1. Considering the Rectangular
column size 230mm x 450mm.
2. Adopting Diameter of Bar used
for stirrups.
3. Deducting the concrete cover
20mm from all sides
• x = 230-20-20 = 190mm
• y = 450-20-20 = 410mm
Cutting length for
Stirrups
4. Total Length of the hooks:
From fig, There are two hooks which
means 9d+9d = 18d.
5. Total Length of Bends:
From above fig, There are 3 bends
which are bent at an angle of 90o and
two bends are bent at an angle of
135o
Total bend length = 3 x 900 Bend
length + 2 x 1350 Bend length = 3 x
2d + 2 x 3d = 12d = 12 x 8 = 96mm

Total Cutting length of Rectangular Stirrup = Perimeter of Rectangle + Total Hook length – Total Bend Length
=2 (x+y) +18d – 12d = 2 (190 + 410) + 18 x 8 – 12 x 8
= 1248mm = 1.248m
 8

Solution:
1. By direct counting, there are 24 pcs @ 1.25m long
2. Total number of stirrups: 24 pcs x 8 beams = 192 pcs
3. Divide total number by length of rsb 192 pcs x 1.25 m = 48
5m
4. Order: 48 pcs – 8 mm x 5.00 meters
E. Slab Reinforcement
1. Main Reinforcements
a) Straight main rebars extending from one beam to the other
b) Alternate main rebars with bend between and over the beam support
c) Main alternate bars over support (beam or girder)
2. Temperature bars tied perpendicular to the main reinforcements
3. Additional alternate cut bars over the support (beam)
4. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and other attachment.
• https://www.civilology.com/bar-bending-schedule-for-slab/

• https://www.civilology.com/difference-between-one-way-
slab-two-way-slab/

• https://www.civilology.com/calculate-cutting-length-in-bar-
bending-schedule/
 QUICK RECAP
ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB
𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
>2 <2
𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦
 QUICK RECAP
ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB
𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
>2 <2
𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦

• One way slab is supported by two • Two way slab is supported by four
parallel beams or walls sides

• Main reinforcement will be provided • Main reinforcement will be provided

on one side on both sides
 ONE WAY REINFORCED SLAB

Given Data:
• Main Reinforcement bars
Spacing
= 150 mm
• Temp bars spacing
= 250 mm
• Size of Reinforcement
= 13 mm
• Type of Reinforcement
= One Way
Solution:
Solving for Main bars @ 150 mm spacing :
• Solve for the area of the floor
4.7 𝑥 4.3 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝟐
• Refer to table 3.8 using 5.00 m bars
20.01 𝑥 3.524 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟐 𝒑𝒄𝒔 − 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
Solving for Tie Wires @ 25 mm cc:
• Refer to table 3.8 using 5.00 m bars
20.01 𝑥 .163 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝒈 − #𝟏𝟔 𝑮𝑰 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆
One Way Slab Reinforcement Detailing
One Way Slab Reinforcement Detailing
 One Way Slab Reinforcement Detailing
Given
• Main bars = 12 mm in diameter @ 150 mm center to center
spacing
• Distribution bars are 8 mm in diameter @ 150 mm center to
center spacing. (Main Bar & Distribution Bar Difference)
• Top and Bottom Clear Cover = 25 mm
• Consider Development length = 40 d
• Thickness of Slab = 150 mm
 One Way Slab Bar Bending Schedule Calculation
Step 1
• Find number of bars required for main reinforcement and
distribution
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = +1
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐿𝑦 5000
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = +1= + 1 = 34
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 150
𝐿𝑥 2000
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = +1= + 1 = 14
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 150
Step 2
• Find cutting length of main bars and distribution bars
• Cutting Length of Main Bar:
= Clear Span of Slab (Lx) + (2 X Development Length) +(1 x
Inclined length) – (45° bend x 2)
=
Step 2
• Find cutting length of main bars and distribution bars
• Cutting Length of Main Bar:
• = [Clear Span of Slab, Lx] + [2 X Development Length] + [1 x
Inclined length] – [45° bend x 2]

Crank Length (inclined):

𝐷 𝐷
= −
sin 45° tan 45°
= 0.42𝐷
LAP SPLICING
THAT WOULD BE ALL.

THANK YOU!!