Henry VIII

Eduardo Harispe, Nerea Gisel García, Marisol Olivera

1 House
1.1 Tudor House
The three greatest Tudors who
1.1.1 Henry VII (1485-1509) conformed THE TUDORS DESPOTISM
1.1.2 Henry VIII (1509-1547) (An all powerful monarchy based on
the support of England)
1.1.3 Elizabeth (1558-1603)
2 Period
2.1 Period III
2.1.1 Henry VII (1485-1509) Predecessor and father of Henry VIII
2.1.2 Henry VIII (1509-1547)
2.1.2.1 Events:
2.1.2.1.1 Arrest and warrant to death of Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, unpopular deb
collector´s from Henry VII´s throne.
2.1.2.1.2 Alliance with Spain by Henry VIII´s marriage with Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533)
2.1.2.1.3 The First French War of Henry VIII, being allied with the king of Spain Fernandino, the
emperor Maximilian and the Pope Julius II. This alliance was called "The Holey Alliance".
2.1.2.1.4 Peace treaty with France in 1514.
Despite of Henry VIII´s campaign victories against France. He realized that he had been used
by the other alliance integrants, who was more experienced in political affairs. So he withdrew
the alliance and made a peace treaty giving his sister Mary in marriage to the old french king
Louis XII. That marriage supposedly killed him and was distasteful to Mary.
2.1.2.1.5 Rise and fall of Thomas Wolsey (1470-1530)
Wolsey was one of the three most the capable minister of Henry VIII, being a son of an Ipswich
merchant, he was who managed the commissariat side of the second campaign in France
successfully.
As Henry wanted a capable administrator to carry on the business of government while he
was enjoying life, and Wolsey was his man.
Wolsey´s chief interest was in foreign affairs, he was one of the richest and powerful man of
England.
When Henry was no longer a mere playboy, began to direct details of government which made
Wolsey´s position very difficult.
Wolsey's failures in foreign policy indirectly contributed to his fall from power. Henry
desperately wanted Wolsey to obtain from the Pope a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. So,
Henry had no further use of him.
The Wolsey's unpopularity amongst the English nobility also meant that when Henry VIII's
favor was withdrawn, no voice was raised in his support.
At the end, he was arrested for treason in Yorkshire (4 November 1530), and died at St. Mary's
Abbey, Leicester on his journey south (24 November 1530.)
2.1.2.1.6 The Breach with Rome in six stages:

1529 Acts against Abuses—excessive fees, pluralities, Benefit of Clergy, etc.

1532 Annates Act—giving the King power to withhold “first- fruits” (the income of the first
year paid by newly appointed bishops, etc., to the Pope).
1533 Act forbidding Appeals to the Pope against decisions by English Church Courts.
1534 Act of Succession, making children of Anne Boleyn heirs, in defiance of papal decree.
1535 Act of Supremacy, declaring the King Supreme Head of the Church in England.
1535 Act dissolving smaller monasteries—which made the breach irrevocable, for the
purchasers of Church lands would never give them up.

2.1.2.1.7 Rise and fall of Thomas More (1478-1535)

He was another of the three most the capable minister of Henry VIII, and his political career
was shorter than Wolvey ´s.
He was a successful lawyer and become a personal friend of Henry VIII. After the fall of Wolvey
he became Lord Chancellor. Then of that he shown disagreed with the destruction of Papal
power and resigned.
Henry wanted that he taking an oath recognizing him as The Supreme Head of the Church, but
Thomas more refused because he believed that the Pope must remained being the Head.
He was beheaded in 1535 for his ideological position.
2.1.2.1.7 Rise and fall of Thomas Cromweel (1485-1540)
He was the last of the three most the capable minister of Henry VIII.
A merchant lawyer in London who was originally employed by Wolfey in various "shady" jobs
for the government. Intelligent and ruthless.
It was him who suggested Henry VIII The act of Supremacy and The act of dissolving smaller
monasteries.
His downfall was because Although Henry VIII followed the suggestion of Tomas Cromweel of
forming an alliance with German Lutheran princes by the marriage with Anne of Cleaves. Then
Henry repudiated that alliance and marriage, ordering the decapitation of Cromwell.
There were another ministers after the three greatest, but they did not have important
significant.
2.1.2.1.7 Renewed War
In June 1542, France attacked Charles V's dominions. Henry VIII decided to take advantage of
this to attack France, which had been making moves to strengthen its alliance with Scotland.
But neither the French nor the Scottish campaigns produced any long-term gains, yet the
expense was enormous.
The economic disruption caused by debasement and inflation continued into the 1560s; it was
only in 1562 that the debased coins were fully withdrawn from circulation.
2.1.2.2 Background information:
2.1.2.2.2 Scotlan
Henry tried to form an alliance with Scotlan by a marriage of Prince Edward to Queen Mary,
but that did not work because scots felt that would make a puppet country and did not
accept.
2.1.2.2.2 Ireland
Henry destroyed the power of the Earls of Kildare, being recognized as King of Ireland (instead
of Lord) by the Irish Parliament. He also dissolved the Irish monasteries and was the Head of
Irish Church.
2.1.2.2.3 Marriages of Henry VIII and their political significance
Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533); marriage declared null; one daughter, Mary, born 1516.
Led to alliance with Spain against France, which, lasted till 1525
Anne Bolcyn (1533-1535); executed for high treason; one daughter, Elizabeth, born 1535
This marriage led to the breach with the Pope.
Jane Seymour (1535-1536); died; one son, Edward VI, born 1536.'
Breach with papacy just completed; doubtful how far Henry will go towards Protestantism; the
Seymours strongly inclined that way.
Anne of Cleves (1540); marriage declared null: no children. . Cromwell had warned Henry that
Franco and Spain might unite to carry out crusade against him on behalf of the Pope;
recommended counter-alliance with Lutheran princes of Germany. Henry agrees reluctantly.
But the alliance proved unnecessary, as France and Spain fell out again; and Henry did not like
the looks of Anne. So he repudiated the whole thing and beheaded Cromwell.
Catherine Howard (1540-1542); executed for high treason; no children. Henry’s later reaction
 against Protestantism was expressed by this marriage, the Howards being rivals of the
Seymours and staunchly Catholic.
Catherine Parr (1543); survived him; no children.
No political significance; a widow woman to look after him and nurse him

2.1.2.2.4 Henry VIII´s religion

Henry VIII held no Protestant convictions. He objected to papal control of the English Church
not for doctrinal reasons, but because he believed that he should be its Supreme Head.
2.1.2.2.5 Economy
England continued to be a rural society, largely dependent on agriculture.
The most important industry was cloth manufacture. The exports of raw wool had fallen and
towns such as Lavenham and Boston that had grown prosperous on the wool trade declined.
There was a boom in house building during the early Tudor period. Throughout the country,
the nobility and gentry spent their growing wealth on more comfortable and impressive
homes
2.1.2.2.5 The reformation under Henry VIII was popular.
People were delighted at the refusal of paying tributes to the Pope; and at the withdrawal of
many of the privileges of the clergy and the limitation of their powers and fees. Opinions were
more divided about the Royal Supremacy, but it was accepted without much demur. But there
were as yet few out-and-out Protestants in England. The great majority quite agreed with the
King in maintaining all the old doctrines and practices except the supremacy of the Pope, but
many people regretted the loss of the monasteries, and resented the callous way in which the
monks were robbed and turned adrift under Cromwell’s directions.
2.1.2.2.6 England Navy
Henry VIII made the Navy one of his chief interests.
He designed ships himself, and was proud to act as pilot on them;
built the finest ship afloat (the Great Harry), introduced heavier guns firing through portholes,
in place of the customary light guns mounted on the “castles”, founded the Board of Admiralty
and Woolwich Arsenal, left a royal fleet of eighty-five vessels.
This began the English tradition that naval actions should be fought at long range instead of by
boarding.
2.1.2.2.7 Reasons of the monasteries´ dissolution
The excuses it were:
That the monasteries had outlived their usefulness; that many of them (especially the smaller
ones) were badly conducted, the monks living slack and sometimes disreputable lives; and
that they were conspiring with the Pope against the King’s supremacy.
Monasteries were not usually subject to the bishops, but had always been under the direct
authority of the Popes.
But the real reasons were:
That the King coveted their vast wealth; and that the nobles and merchants (the two classes of
which parliament chiefly consisted) wanted
the chance to buy estates cheaply.
2.1.3 Edward VI (1547-1553) Successor of Henry VIII and only son
2.1.4 Mary (1553-1558)
2.2 Period IV
2.2.1 Elizabeth (1558-1608) The last and considered the greatest Tudor
4 Main contributions
4.1 He gave his nation what it wanted: a visible symbol of its nationhood. He also had done
something toward giving it a better government, a useful navy, a start on religious reform and
social improvement. But he was not a great man in any sense.
5 Personal Trains
5.1 When Henry VIII was youth was tall, strong, handsome, and athletic, he could hold his own
with any of his subjects in hunting, jousting, archery, sword play, and horsemanship. He was
highly accomplished, and dabbled in theology, poetry, and musical composition. He was genial,
good humoured, and high spirited.
Although he had been full of generous impulses, beneath the surface he was a selfish egoist,
and this developed as he grew older. By the end of his life he had become a coarse, corpulent,
diseased old tyrant, ruthlessly striking down anyone who dared to oppose his will.

Bibliography:
A Concise history of Britain (most of the information is from that book)
Internet pages:
https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20202%20HVII%20policy.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VIII-king-of-England
http://spartacus-educational.com/Tudors.htm
https://historywitch.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/poems.jpg

in 1535 the English Protestant reformer Hugh Latimer presented King Henry VIII with a bible instead of the customary gift
of a purse of gold. The bible had a marker on the passage 'whoremongers and adulterers God will judge'. The list of
actors who have played this "whoremonger" include Ray Winstone, Eric Bana, Keith Michell. Richard Burton, Charles
Laughton and the perhaps slightly too skinny Jonathan Rhys

https://www.travelgumbo.com/blog/fountains-abbey-north-yorkshire-england-1
https://www.slideshare.net/jennifermdose/16th-century-england