Professional Documents
Culture Documents
L No 01 PDF
L No 01 PDF
MODULE - I
Algebra
1
Notes
COMPLEX NUMBERS
We started our study of number systems with the set of natural numbers, then the
number zero was included to form the system of whole numbers; negative numbers
were defined. Thus, we extended our number system to whole numbers and integers.
To solve the problems of the type p ÷ q we included rational numbers in the system
of integers. The system of rational numbers have been extended further to irrational
numbers as all lengths cannot be measured in terms of lengths expressed in rational
numbers. Rational and irrational numbers taken together are termed as real numbers.
But the system of real numbers is not sufficient to solve all algebraic equations. There
are no real numbers which satisfy the equation x2+1 = 0 or x2 = − 1. In order to
solve such equations, i.e., to find square roots of negative numbers, we extend the
system of real numbers to a new system of numbers known as complex numbers. In
this lesson the learner will be acquinted with complex numbers, its representation and
algebraic operations on complex numbers.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
• describe the need for extending the set of real numbers to the set of complex
numbers;
• define a complex number and cite examples;
• identify the real and imaginary parts of a complex number;
• state the condition for equality of two complex numbers;
• recognise that there is a unique complex number x + iy associated with the
point P(x, y) in the Argand Plane and vice-versa;
• define and find the conjugate of a complex number;
• define and find the modulus and argument of a complex number;
MATHEMATICS 1
Complex Numbers
z1 z1
(iv) z1 . z2 = z1 . z2 (v) = ( z2 ≠ 0)
z2 z2
2 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
x 2 –6x + 13 = 0
This can be solved as under:
(x –3)2 + 4 = 0 Notes
or, (x –3)2 = –4
or, x – 3 = ± 2i
or, x = 3 ± 2i
We get numbers of the form x + yi where x and y are real numbers and i = −1 .
Any number which can be expressed in the form a + bi where a,b are real
numbers and i = −1 , is called a complex number..
A complex number is, generally, denoted by the leter z.
i.e. z = a + bi, 'a' is called the real part of z and is written as Re (a+bi) and 'b' is
called the imaginary part of z and is written as Imag (a + bi).
If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, then the complex number becomes bi which is a purely imaginary
complex number.
1
–7i, i , 3i and πi are all examples of purely imaginary numbers.
2
If a ≠ 0 and b = 0 then the complex number becomes 'a' which is a real number..
5, 2.5 and 7 are all examples of real numbers.
If a = 0 and b = 0, then the complex number becomes 0 (zero). Hence the real
numbers are particular cases of complex numbers.
MATHEMATICS 3
Complex Numbers
Notes Thus, we find that any higher powers of 'i' can be expressed in terms of one of four
values i, –1, –i, 1
If n is a positive integer such that n>4, then to find in , we first divide n by 4.
Let m be the quotient and r be the remainder.
Then n = 4m + r. where 0 ≤ r < 4.
Thus,
in = i(4m+r) = i4m.ir
= (i4)m.ir
= ir ( i4=1)
Note : For any two real numbers a and b, a × b = ab is true only when
atleast one of a and b is either 0 or positive.
If fact −a × −b
= i a × i b = i2 ab
4 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
Example 1.3 Express 8i3 + 6i16 – 12i11 in the form of a + bi MODULE - I
Solution: 8i3 + 6i16 – 12i11 can be written as 8(i2).i + 6(i2)8 – 12(i2)5.i Algebra
= 6 + 4i
which is of the form of a + bi where 'a' is 6 and 'b' is 4.
or, x = 3 ± 4i
The roots of the above equation (i) are 3 + 4i and 3 – 4i.
Consider another equation:
x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 ... (ii)
or, (x + 1)2 +1 = 0
or, (x + 1)2 = – 1
or, (x + 1) = ± −1 = ± i
or, x=–1±i
MATHEMATICS 5
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I The roots of the equation (ii) are –1+i and –1–i.
Algebra Do you find any similarity in the roots of (i) and (ii)?
The equations (i) and (ii) have roots of the type a + bi and a – bi. Such roots are
known as conjugate roots and read as a + bi is conjugate to a – bi and vice-versa.
Notes
The complex conjugate (or simply conjugate) of a complex number z = a + bi is
defined as the complex number a – bi and is denoted by z .
Thus, if z = a + bi then z = a – bi.
For example, if z = 3i
This can be written as
z = 0 + 3i
∴ z = 0 – 3i = –3i
= – z
∴ z = – z.
6 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
(iii) Conjugate of the conjugate of a complex number is the number itself.
Algebra
i.e., (z ) = z
z = a – bi Notes
=z
∴ (z) = z
Example 1.4 Find the conjugate of each of the following complex number:
(i) 3 – 4i (ii) 2i
i +1
(iii) (2 + i)2 (iv)
2
Solution : (i) Let z = 3 – 4i
then d
z = 3 − 4i i = 3 + 4i
then d
z = 0 + 2i i = 0 – 2i
(
Then z = 3 + 4i = 3 – 4i )
Hence, 3 – 4i is the conjugate of (2 + i)2
i +1 1 1
(iv) Let z = = + i
2 2 2
MATHEMATICS 7
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
Algebra FG 1 + 1 iIJ = 1 1
then z=
H2 2 K − i
2 2
1 i −i +1 i +1
Hence, − or is the conjugate of
2 2 2 2
Notes
1.4 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let z = a + bi be a complex number. Let two mutually
perpendicular lines xox' and yoy' be taken as x-axis and y-axis y
on the x-axis.
So, xox' is called the real axis. In the Fig. 1.2 the point
Q (a, 0) represent the complex number z = a + 0i.
a
xx' O Q(a,0)
x
If a = 0, then z is purely imaginary and the point representing
complex number z = 0 + bi is denoted by (0, b). The point y Fig. 1.2
y
(0, b) lies on the y-axis.
So, yoy' is called the imaginary axis. In Fig.1.3, the point R(0,b)
8 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
Example1.6 y MODULE - I
Algebra
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i and 4
P(2,3)
–2 –3i in the same Argand Plane. 3
2
Solution: 1
x x
1. 2 + 3i is represented by the point O Notes
1
P (2, 3)
2
2. –2 –3i is represented by the point 3
Q( 2, 3 )
Q (–2,–3) Fig. 1.5
y
Points P and Q are different and lie in the I
quadrant and III quadrant respectively. 4 y
R (2,3)
Example1.7 3
2
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i and 2 –3i in 1
the same Argand Plan x' x
O 1 2 3 4
Solution: –1
MATHEMATICS 9
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I y
Algebra
∴ OP = OM 2 + MP 2
L P(a,b)
= a 2 + b2
b
∴ | z | = | a + ib | = a 2 + b2
1.5.1 Properties of Modulus
(a) | z | = 0 ⇔ z = 0.
Proof : Let z = a + bi, a∈R , b∈R
then |z| = a 2 + b2
| z| = 0 ⇔ a 2 + b 2 = 0
(b) | z| =| z|
Proof : Let z = a + bi
then |z|= a 2 + b2
Now, z = a − bi
∴ | z| = a 2 + ( − b 2 ) = a 2 + b 2
Thus, | z | = a 2 + b 2 =| z| ...(i)
(c) | z | = | –z |
10 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
– z = – a – bi then | –z | = ( − a ) 2 + ( − b) 2 Algebra
= a 2 + b2
Thus, | z | = a 2 + b 2 = | –z | ...(ii)
Notes
By (i) and (ii) it can be proved that
|z|=|–z|= | z | ...(iii)
Now, we consider the following examples:
= 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
and z = –4 – 3i
Thus, | z | = 5 = | z |
Thus, | z | = 29 =|− z|
| z| = 12 + 2 2 = 5
|− z| = ( −1) 2 + ( −2) 2 = 5
Thus, | z | =| − z | = 5 =| z |
MATHEMATICS 11
Complex Numbers
Thus, | 1 + i |= 2
(ii) Let z = 2π or 2π + 0i
Then | z | = (2 π) 2 + (0) 2 = 2 π
Thus, | 2π | = 2π.
If z is real then | z | = z
(iii) z = 0 or 0 + 0i
Thus, | z | = 0
If z is 0 then | z | = 0
1 1
(iv) Let z = − i or 0 – i
2 2
|z |= 0
F 1I
+ G− J
2
=
1
H 2K
2
then
2
1 1
Thus, − i = .
2 2
Example1.13 Find the absolute value of the conjugate of the complex number
z = –2 + 3i
12 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
∴ | z | = 4 2 + 32 = 25 S(3,–3)
R(–1,–3)
or | z |= 5
Fig. 1.9
y'
(ii) Q(–4, 2) represents the complex
number z = –4 + 2i
∴ z = ( −4 ) 2 + 2 2 = 16 + 4 = 20
or z =2 5
∴ | z | = ( −1) 2 + ( −3) 2 = 1 + 9
or | z | = 10
∴ | z | = ( 3) 2 + ( −3) 2 = 9 + 9
or | z | = 18 = 3 2
MATHEMATICS 13
Complex Numbers
14 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
Properties: z1 = z2 ⇒ | z1 | = | z1 | MODULE - I
Algebra
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di
z1 = z2 gives a = c and b = d
Now z1 = a 2 + b 2 and z 2 = c 2 + d 2
Notes
= a 2 + b 2 [since a = c and b = d]
⇒ | z1 | = | z2|
Example 1.15 For what value of x and y, 5x + 6yi and 10 + 18i are equal?
Solution : It is given that
5 x + 6y i = 10 + 18i
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we have
5x = 10 or x = 2
and 6y = 18 or y = 3
For x = 2 and y = 3, the given complex numbers are equal.
MATHEMATICS 15
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
Algebra 1.7.1 Geometrical Represention of Addition of Two Complex Numbers
Let two complex numbers z1 and z2 be represented by the points P(a, b) and Q(c, d).
Their sum, z1 + z2 is represented by the point R (a + c, b + d) in the same Argand Plane.
ON = c Y
RK = RL – KL
= RL – PM
=b+d–b
= d = QN.
In ∆QON and ∆RPK,
ON = PK, QN = RK and ∠QNO = ∠RKP = 90o
∴ ∆QON ≅ ∆RPK
∴ OQ = PR and OQ || PR
⇒ OPRQ is a parallelogram and OR its diagonal.
Therefore, we can say that the sum of two complex numbers is represented by the
diagonal of a parallelogram.
16 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
z1 = 22 + 32 = 13 = 3.6 approx.
z1 = 2 2 + 32 = 13 = 3.6 approx.
z1 + z 2 = 32 + 4 2 = 25 = 5
∴ | z1 + z2 | < | z1 | + | z2 |
MATHEMATICS 17
Complex Numbers
1. Closure : The sum of two complex numbers will always be a complex number.
Let z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i, a1, b1, a2, b2 ∈R.
Now, z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + (b1 + b2)i which is again a complex nu mber.
This proves the closure property of complex numbers.
Thus, (1 + i) + (2 + 3i) = (1 + 2) + (1 + 3)i = 3 + 4i, which is again a complex number.
Similarly, the difference of two complex numbers will always be a complex number. For
example, (2 + 4i) – (1 – 4i) = (2 – 1) + {4 – (–4)}i = 1 + 8i, which is again a complex
number.
18 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
∴ z1 – z2 ≠ z2–z1
Hence, s ubtraction of complex numbers is not commutative.
For example, if z1 = 8+7i and z2 = 9–3i then
z1 – z2 = (8 + 7i) – (9 – 3i) and z2 – z1 = (9 – 3i) – (8 + 7i)
= (8 – 9)+ (7 + 3)i and = (9 – 8) + (–3 – 7)i
or z1 – z2 = –1 + 10i and z2 – z1 = 1 – 10i
z1 – z2 ≠ z2 – z1
MATHEMATICS 19
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I 3. Associative
Algebra
If z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b 2i and z3 = a3 + b3i are three complex numbers, then
z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
Now z1 + (z2 + z3)
Notes = (a1 + b1i) + {(a2 + b2i) + (a3 + b3i)}
= (a1 + b1i) + {(a2 + a3) + (b2 + b3)i}
= {a1+(a2 + a3)} + {b1+(b2 + b3)}i
= {(a1 + a2) + (b1 + b2)i} + (a3 + b3i)
= {(a1 + b1i) + (a2 + b2i)} + (a3 + b3i)
= (z1 + z2)+z3
Hence, the associativity property holds good in the case of addition of complex numbers.
For example, if z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 3i and z3 = 1 – 2i, then
z1 + (z2 + z3) = (2 + 3i) + {(3i) + (1 – 2i)}
= (2 + 3i) + (1 + i)
= (3 + 4i)
and (z1 + z2) + z3 = {(2 + 3i) + (3i)} + (1 – 2i)
= (2 + 6i) + (1 – 2i)
= (3 + 4i)
Thus, z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3
The equality of two sums is the consequence of the associative property of addition of complex
numbers.
Like commutativity, it can be shown that associativity also does not hold good in the case of
subtraction.
4. Existence of Additive Identitiy
If x + yi be a complex number, then there exists a complex number (0 + 0i)
such that (x + yi) + (0 + 0i) = x + yi.
Let z2 = x + yi be the additive identity of z1 = 2 + 3i then
z 1 + z2 = z1
i.e. (2 + 3i) + (x + yi) = 2 + 3i
20 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
or (2 + x) + (3 + y)i = 2 + 3i
Algebra
or (2 + x) = 2 and 3 + y = 3
or x = 0 and y = 0
i.e. z2 = x + yi = 0 + 0i is the additive identity.
Notes
i.e. if z = a + bi is any complex number, then
(a + bi) + (0 + 0i) = a + bi
i.e. (0 + 0i) is the additive identity.
z1 – z2 = (2 + 3i) – (0 + 0i)
= (2 – 0) + (3 – 0)i
= 2 + 3i = z1
∴ z2 = 0 + 0i is the identity w.r.t. subtraction also.
as (a + bi) – (0 + 0i) = a + bi
5. Existence of Additive Inverse
For every complex number a + bi there exists a unique complex number –a – bi such that
(a + bi) + (–a – bi) = 0 + 0i
e.g. Let z1 = 4 + 5i and z2 = x + yi be the additive inverse of z1
Then, z1 + z2 = 0
or (4 + 5i) + (x + yi) = 0 + 0i
or (4 + x) + (5 + y)i = 0 + 0i
or 4 + x = 0 and 5 + y = 0
or x = –4 and y = –5
Thus, z2 = –4 –5i is the additive invese of z1 = 4 + 5i
In general, additive inverse of a complex number is obtained by changing the signs of real and
imaginary parts.
Consider z1 – z2 = 0
or (4 + 5i) – (x + yi) = 0 + 0i
or (4 – x) + (5 – y)i = 0 + 0i
or 4 – x = 0 and 5 – y = 0
MATHEMATICS 21
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I or x = 4 and y = 5
Algebra
i.e. z1 – z2 = 0 gives z2 = 4 + 5i
Thus, in subtraction, the number itself is the inverse.
i.e. (a + bi) – (a + bi) = 0 + 0i or 0
Notes
1. Simplify:
2+i 2−i
(a) e 2 + 5i + j e 5 − 2i j (b)
3
+
6
6. o t
Show that (3 + 7i) − (5 + 2i) = (3 + 7i) − (5 + 2i)
Let P(a, b) represent the complex number z = a + bi, a ∈ R, b ∈ R, and OP makes an angle
θ with the positive direction of x-axis.
Draw PM ⊥ OX
22 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
Let OP = r Y MODULE - I
In right ∆ OMP P(a,b) Algebra
OM = a r b
MP = b X
0
a M X
O
∴ r cos θ = a Notes
Fig. 1.11
r sin θ = b Y
b
where r = a 2 + b 2 and tanθ =
a
θ = tan −1
FG b IJ
or
H aK
This is known as the polar form of the complex number z, and r and θ are respectively
called the modulus and argument of the complex number.
Solution:
(i) (1 + 2i) (1 – 3i) = {1 – (–6)} + (–3 + 2)i
=7– i
MATHEMATICS 23
Complex Numbers
∴ | z1 | = r1 cos2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 = r1
Similarly, | z2 | = r2.
Now, z1 z2 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1). r2(cosθ2 + i sinθ2)
= r1r2 [(cosθ1cosθ2 – sinθ1 sinθ2) + (cosθ1sinθ2 + sinθ1cosθ2 )i]
= r1r2[cos(θ1 + θ2) + i sin (θ1 + θ2)]
[Since cos(θ1 + θ2) = cosθ1cosθ1 – sinθ1sinθ2 and
sin(θ1 + θ2) = sinθ1cosθ2 + cosθ1 sinθ2]
∴ | z1 . z 2 | = r1 r2 =| z1 |.| z 2 |
But |1+i|= 12 + 12 = 2
| 4 – 3i | = 4 2 + ( −3) 2 = 5
∴ | z | = 2 .5 = 5 2
24 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
a + bi = (a + bi) (c - di)
c + di (c + di)(c − di)
=
( ac + bd ) + ( bc − ad ) i
c2 + d 2
a + bi ac + bd bc − ad
Thus, = + i
c + di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
3+ i ( 3 + i )( 4 + 2i )
4 − 2i ( )( )
Solution: = 4 − 2i 4 + 2i
10 + 10i
=
20
1 1
= + i
2 2
3+ i 1 1
Thus, = + i
4 − 2i 2 2
z1 |z |
= 1
z2 |z2 |
MATHEMATICS 25
Complex Numbers
| z 1 | = r1 cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 1 = r1
Notes Similarly, | z2 | = r2
and arg(z1)= θ1 and arg(z2)= θ2
z1 r (cos θ 1 + i sin θ 1 )
Then, = 1
z 2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )
r1
= ( cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 ) + i ( sin 1 cos 2 − cos 1 sin 2 )
r2
r1
= cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + isin(θ1 − θ 2 )
r2
z1 r r1
Thus, = = 1 cos 2 (θ1 − θ 2 ) + sin 2 (θ1 − θ 2 ) =
z2 r2 r2
z1 r1
∴ Argument of = = 1 − 2
z2 r2
2+i
3−i
2+i
Solution : Let z =
3−i
26 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
2+i 2+i z
∴ | z| = = sin ce
z1
= 1 Algebra
3− i 3−i z2 z2
22 + 12 5 1
= = =
32 + ( −1)
2 Notes
10 2
∴ z = 1
2
MATHEMATICS 27
Complex Numbers
Notes = (1 + i) (5 + 5i)
= (5 – 5) + (5 + 5)i
= 0 + 10i = 10i
and (z1.z2)z3 = {(1 + i)(2 + i)} (3 + i)
= {(2 – 1) + (1 + 2)i} (3 + i)
= (1 + 3i) (3 + i)
= (3 – 3) + (1 + 9)i
= 0 + 10i = 10i
∴ z1 ( z2 .z3 ) = ( z1.z2 ) z3
x= y = 1
a − b a 2 + b2
a Re ( z ) −b Im ( z )
⇒ x= = and y= 2 =−
a +b
2 2
z
2
a +b 2
z
2
Re ( z ) Im ( z ) z
x + yi = − i = 2
z2 z
2
z
Solution: Let z = 2 − 4i
We have, z = 2 + 4i and z 2 = 2 2 + (- 4) 2 = 20
z = 2 + 4i = 1 +1i
z
2
20 10 5
Verification:
1 1
If + i be the muliplicative inverse of 2 - 4i, there product must be equal to 1+ 0i
10 5
1 1 2 4 2 4
We have, ( 2 − 4i ) + i = + + + i
10 5 10 5 5 10
= 1 + 0i which is true.
MATHEMATICS 29
Complex Numbers
30 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
3. If z1 = 4 + 3i, z2 = 3 –2i and z3 = i + 5, verify that z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z2z3. MODULE - I
4. If z1 = 2 + i, z2 = –2 + i and z3 = 2 – i then verify that (z1.z2)z3 = z1(z2.z3) Algebra
LET US SUM UP
Notes
• z = a + bi is a complex number in the standard form where a,b ∈ R and i = −1 .
• Any higher powers of 'i' can be expressed in terms of one of the four value i, –1, –i, 1.
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1
(a) 2 + 7i (b) 3 + 0i (c) −
2
1
(d) 5i (e)
2 + 3i
MATHEMATICS 31
Complex Numbers
3. Form complex number whose real and imaginary parts are given in the form of ordered
pairs.
3
(a) 1– i (b) 3 + πi (c) − i (d ) − 2 + 3i
2
6. Express 7i17 – 6i6 + 3i3 – 2i2 + 1 in the form of a + bi.
7. Find the values of x and y if:
(a) (x – yi) + 7 – 2i = 9 – i
(b) 2x + 3yi = 4 – 9i
(c) x – 3yi = 7 + 9i
8. Simplify each of the following:
1 2 3
(a) (3 + i) – (1 – i) + (–1 + i) (b) + i − − i + − 2i
7 7 7
1 + 5i
(a) 3 – 7i (b) 11 – 2i (c) 3 + 2i (d) 1 − 2i (e)
1− i
1+ i 5 + 2i
(a) ( b)
3− i 2 + 3i
32 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
11. For the following pairs of complex numbers verify that | z1z2 | = | z2 | | z1 | MODULE - I
Algebra
(a) z1 = 3 – 2i, z2 = 1 –5i
(b) z1= 3 – 7i , z2 = 3−i
z1 |z |
12. For the following pairs of complex numbers verify that = 1 Notes
z2 |z2 |
(a) z1 = 1 + 3i, z2 = 2 + 5i
(b) z1 = – 2 + 5i, z2 = 3 – 4i
MATHEMATICS 33
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
Algebra
ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.1
y'
y
(0, 4)
(0, 2)
x' x
O
(b)
(0, –3)
(0, –5)
y'
34 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I
y Algebra
(2,5)
(c)
(–4,3)
(–7,2) (5,2)
Notes
x' x
(–9,–2)
(3,–4)
(2,–7)
(–2,–9)
y'
(d) (6, 5)
(_3, 4)
(1, 1)
(–4, 1)
x' x
(–1, –1) (4, –1)
(3,–4)
(–6,–5)
o
y'
MATHEMATICS 35
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I y
Algebra (e) (6,7)
(–3,4)
Notes (1,1)
(–5,1) x
x' 0
(–5,–1) (1,–1)
(–3,–4)
(6,–7)
y'
3. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 10 (iii) 13 (iv) 21
(c) 7i (d) 2 ( )
2 + 1 + (7 − 3)
36 MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers
1 1 1
(d) ( −4 + 7i) (e) ( 3 + i) (f) ( 3 − 7i )
5 2 58 Notes
2. (a)
1
25
b
3 + 4i g (b)
1
52
( 3 − 7i) (c)
1
34
b
−9 − 19i g
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. (a) 2, 7
(b) 3, 0
(c) − 1 , 0
2
(d) 0, 5
2 ,− 3
(e)
13 13
2. (a) –9
(b) −12 6i
(c) –4 – 3i
3. (a) 3 – 5i
(b) 0 – 4i
(c) 8 + πi
4. (a) 1 + 2i
(b) –1 + 2i
(c) 6 + 2i
(d) –4i
(e) 4i
MATHEMATICS 37
Complex Numbers
MODULE - I 5. (a) 2
Algebra
(b) 9 + π2
3
Notes (c) (d) 7
2
6. 9 + 4i
7. (a) x = 2, y = –1
(b) x = 2, y = –3
(c) x = 7, y = – 3
8. (a) 1 + 3i
2
(b) + 0i
7
1
9. (a) –3 + 7i, ( 3 + 7i )
58
1
(b) −11 + 2i, ( −11 + 2i)
125
(c) − 3 − 2i,
1
7
( 3 − 2i )
1
(d) −1 + 2i, (1 + 2i)
3
1
(e) 2 − 3i, ( 2 + 3i )
13
1 1
10. (a) ( b) 145 (c) 26 (d ) 4 5
5 5
38 MATHEMATICS