4.

14 Example of calculations for open conductor fault in

power system:
The power system described in Fig. 4.67 is considered again.
The prefault bus voltages for buses 3, 4 and 5 are :

⎡V (0)⎤ ⎡ 0.9165∠ − 8.7580 ⎤

⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V4 (0)⎥ = ⎢0.9152∠ − 10.0980 ⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V5 (0)⎥ ⎢0.8858∠ − 12.9610 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ONE CONDUCTOR OPEN
Let one conductor of line 7 between buses 4 and 5 be open. The pre-fault current in phase a of
(0) (1)
the faulted line is I¯45 = (0.3821 − j0.3779) pu. The sequence impedance matrices [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ]
(2)
and [Z̄Bus ] are same as used in the example for calculation of short circuit faults on the power
system of Fig. 4.67.
The Thevenin’s impedance of the network as seen from buses 4 and 5 is calculated using equation
(4.145) with i=4 and i=5 as:

(1) (1) (1) (1)

Z̄th,45 = Z̄44 + Z̄55 − 2Z̄45 = j0.1397 + j0.1750 − 2 ∗ 0.1250 = j0.0647 pu

(2) (1)
Z̄th,45 = Z̄th,45 = j0.0647 pu

(0) (0) (0) (0)

Z̄th,45 = Z̄44 + Z̄55 − 2Z̄45 = j0.30 + j0.30 − 2 ∗ 0.20 = j0.20 pu
(1) (2) (0)
Next,Z̄kk′ , Z̄kk′ andZ̄kk′ are calculated from equation (4.147) and equation (4.148).

(1) 2
(1) (−z̄45 ) −(j0.1)2
Z̄ = (1) (1)
= = j0.2833 pu
kk′
Z̄th,45 − z̄45 j0.0647 − j0.10

(2) (1)
Z̄kk ′ = Z̄kk ′ = j0.2833 pu

(0) 2
(0) (−z̄45 ) −(j0.30)2
Z̄ = (0) (0)
= = j0.90 pu
kk′
Z̄th,45 − z̄45 j0.20 − j0.30
(1)
The current I¯a is calculated using equation (4.157)

(1) (2) (0)

Z̄kk ′ [Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ ]
I¯a(1) = I¯ij (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′

j0.2833(j0.2833 + j0.3)
I¯a(1) = (0.3821 − j0.3779) = (0.2170 − j0.2146) pu
j0.9 ∗ j0.2833 + j0.2833 ∗ j0.2833 + j0.2833 ∗ j0.9

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 (1) (2) (0)
The sequence voltage drops V̄kk′ , V̄kk′ and V̄kk′ are then calculated using the equation:

(2) (0)
(1) (1) Z̄kk′ Z̄kk′
V̄ kk′ = Ia
¯
(2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

j0.2833 ∗ j0.9
V̄kk(1)′ = (0.2170 − j0.2146) = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu
j0.2833 + j0.9

V̄kk(2)′ = V̄kk(0)′ = V̄kk(1)′ = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu

As a check calculate

V̄kk(2)′ 0.0463 + j0.0468

I¯a(2) =− (2)
=− = (−0.1651 + j0.1633) pu
Z̄kk ′
j0.2833
V̄kk(0)′ 0.0463 + j0.0468
I¯a(0) (0)
=− =− = (−0.052 + j0.0514) pu
Z̄kk ′
j0.90
I¯a = I¯a + I¯a + I¯a(2) = (0.2170 − j0.2146) + (−0.1651 + j0.1633) + (−0.052 + j0.0514)
(0) (1)

=0 Q.E.D.

Then we calculate the changes in bus voltages using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(0)′ j0.10 − j0.10
∆V̄ 3 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = 0 pu
z̄45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0068 − j0.0069) pu
z̄45
j0.1

∆V̄3(2) = ∆V̄3(1) = (−0.0068 − j0.0069) pu

Hence,

∆V̄3 = ∆V̄3(0) + ∆V̄3(1) + ∆V̄3(2) = (−0.0136 − j0.0138) pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(0)′ j0.30 − j0.20
∆V̄ 4 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 + j0.0156) pu
z̄45 j0.3

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 (1) (1)
(1) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.01397 − j0.125
∆V̄ 4 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu
z̄45
j0.10

∆V̄4(2) = ∆V̄4(1) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu

∆V̄4 = ∆V̄4(0) + ∆V̄4(1) + ∆V̄4(2) = (0.0290 − j0.0293) pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(0)′ j0.20 − j0.30
∆V̄ 5 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0154 − j0.0156) pu
z̄45
j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄54 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0231 − j0.0234) pu
z̄45 j0.3

∆V̄5(2) = ∆V̄5(1) = (−0.0231 − j0.0234) pu

∆V̄5 = ∆V̄5(0) + ∆V̄5(1) + ∆V̄5(2) = (−0.0617 − j0.0624) pu

The bus voltages during fault are

V̄3 (F ) = V̄30 + ∆V̄3 = (0.9058 − j0.1395) + (−0.0136 − j0.138) = (0.8922 − j0.1533) pu

V̄3 (F ) = 0.9053∠ − 9.750 pu

V̄4 (F ) = V̄40 + ∆V̄4 = (0.9010 − j0.1605) + (0.0290 + j0.0293) = (0.9300 − j0.1311) pu

V̄4 (F ) = 0.9392∠ − 8.020 pu

V̄5 (F ) = V̄50 + ∆V̄5 = (0.8632 − j0.1987) + (−0.0617 − j0.0624) = (0.8016 − j0.2610) pu

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 V̄5 (F ) = 0.8430∠ − 18.040 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

⎡I¯(a) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ (−0.052 + j0.0514) ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (b) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯ ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢ (0.2170 − j0.2146) ⎥ = ⎢0.4782∠ − 147.840 ⎥ pu
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(c) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I45 ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢(−0.1651 + j0.1633)⎥ ⎢ 0.4782∠58.56 ⎥
2 0
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

TWO CONDUCTORS OPEN

The sequence currents can be calculated with the help of equation (4.162) as:

(1)
Z̄kk (0.3821 − j0.3779) ∗ j0.2833
I¯a(1) = I¯ij =
′

(0) (1) (2)

Z̄ kk′ + Z̄kk′ + Z̄kk′
j0.9 + j0.2833 + j0.2833

I¯a(1) = I¯a(2) = I¯a(0) = (0.0738 − j0.073) pu

The sequence voltages of Thevenin’s equivalent sequence network is calculated using equation
(4.163)

(0)
V̄kk(1)′ = I¯a(1) (Z̄kk (2)
′ + Z̄kk ′ ) = (0.0738 − j0.073) ∗ (j0.9 + j0.2833) = (0.0864 + j0.0873) pu

V̄kk(2)′ = −I¯a(2) Z̄kk

(2)
′ = −(0.0738 − j0.073)(j0.2833) = −(0.0207 + j0.0209) pu

V̄kk(0)′ = −I¯a(0) Z̄kk

(0)
′ = −(0.0738 − j0.073)(j0.9) = −(0.0657 + j0.0664) pu

The changes in bus voltages are calculated using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(0)′ j0.1 − j0.10
∆V̄ 3 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = 0 pu
z̄ 45
j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (−0.0127 − j0.0128) pu
z̄45
j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(2)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (2)
= ∗ (−0.0207 − j0.0208) = (0.0030 + j0.0030) pu
z̄45 j0.1

∆V̄3 = ∆V̄3(0) + ∆V̄3(1) + ∆V̄3(2) = (−0.0097 − j0.0098) pu

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 Hence, the voltage of bus 3 during fault is:

V̄3 (F ) = V̄30 + ∆V̄3 = (0.9058 − j0.1395) + (−0.0097 − j0.0098) = (0.8962 − j0.1493) pu

V̄3 (F ) = 0.9085∠ − 9.460 pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(0)′ j0.30 − j0.20
∆V̄ 4 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = (−0.0219 − j0.0221) pu
z̄
45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1397 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 4 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 + j0.0128) pu
z̄ 45
j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1397 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 4 = (2)
= ∗ (0.0207 − j0.0209) = (−0.0030 − j0.0031) pu
z̄45
j0.1

∆V̄4 = ∆V̄4(0) + ∆V̄4(1) + ∆V̄4(2) = −(0.0122 + j0.0124) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 4 during fault is:

V̄4 (F ) = V̄40 + ∆V̄4 = (0.9010 − j0.1605) + (−0.0122 − j0.0124) = (0.8888 − j0.1728) pu

V̄4 (F ) = 0.9054∠ − 11.00 pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(0)′ j0.20 − j0.30
∆V̄ 5 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = (0.0219 + j0.0221) pu
z̄ 45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (−0.0432 − j0.0437) pu
z̄45 j0.10

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 (2) (2)
(2) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(2)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (2)
= ∗ (−0.0207 − j0.0209) = (0.0103 + j0.0105) pu
z̄
45
j0.10

∆V̄5 = ∆V̄5(0) + ∆V̄5(1) + ∆V̄5(2) = −(0.0111 + j0.01111) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 5 during fault is:

V̄5 (F ) = V̄50 + ∆V̄5 = (0.8632 − j0.1987) + (−0.0111 − j0.01111) = (0.8523 − j0.2097) pu

V̄5 (F ) = 0.8777∠ − 13.830 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

⎡I¯(a) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡(0.0738 − j0.073)⎤ ⎡0.3114∠ − 44.690 ⎤

⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ (b) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯ ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢(0.0738 − j0.073)⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ pu
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ¯(c) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I45 ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢(0.0738 − j0.073)⎥ ⎢
2 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

225