E3-

E3-E4 (E&WS)

NGSDH CONCEPTS

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MIGRATION TOWARDS NGSDH

Since the turn of 20th century, Telecommunication

has shifted from the traditional voice transport to data
transport, although digitized voice is still a large
Contributor in revenue share.

In order to enable the additional data related

transport the need of time to migrate towards NGSDH

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 REVIEW OF SDH

• The SDH MUXs were designed to transport the

voice signals.

• Because of their nature of multiplexing they are

referred as Time Division Multiplexers.

• An additional advantage of design of SDH is its

multiplexing structure, where PDH tributary signals
are mapped as payload into containers.

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 REVIEW OF SDH (Continued)
• The original set of payload container for the SDH set
of virtual Containers are VC-4, VC-3 and VC-12.

• These containers provide a wide range of payload

capacities from 2 Mbit/s up to 149.76 Mbits /s.

•These available payload sizes containers were

sufficient to transport PDH multiplexes from 2.488
Mbit/s (E1) up to the 139.264 Mbit/s (E4) .

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SDH INITIAL MUX STRUCTURE
STM-1
x1
Pointer processing multiplexing AUG-1
x1
Aligning
AU-4
Mapping
x3 VC-4
x
x7 3
TUG-3

TUG-2 x1
x4 x3 x1

TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 TU-3

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3

C-11 C-12 CC
C-2 C-4
C-3
DS1 E1 DS2 E3/DS3 E4

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 REVIEW OF SDH (Continued)
•These containers along with their own timing
information and OA&M overhead are transported as
independent virtual containers in SDH network.

• The multiplex structure of SDH is also designed to

take care of higher order multiplexers to meet the
demand of transporting more and more payload.

• To take care of the demand of further increased

bandwidth the concept of Concatenation was
introduced.

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PAYLOAD CONTAINER CONCATINATION
• To meet the demand of higher SDH multiplexing,
ITU-T has extended the concept of existing
multiplexes structures.
• Similar to PDH multiplexing schemes, each next
higher order Multiplexer in SDH has a four times
larger payload transport Capacities than the previous
multiplex.
• The payload capacities of these new higher
multiplexes can also be used to transport a single
contiguous payload container.
• This methodology is called Concatenation.

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SDH EXTENDED MUX STRUCTURE
STM-1
STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256
x1
Pointer processing multiplexing x1 x1 x1 x1
AUG- x4
1 AUG-256
Aligning x1
x4
AU-4 AUG-64
Mapping
x3 VC-4 x4
x x4 AUG-16
x7 3 x4 AUG-4 Higher order multiplexes
TUG-3
x1 TUG-2 x1 x1 x1
x1 x1
x4 x AU-4-4c AU-4-16c AU-4-64c AU-4-256c
TU-11 3
TU-12 TU-2 TU-
3
VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-64c VC-4-256c
VC-11 VC- VC-2 VC-3
12 Contiguous Concatenation

C-11 C-12 CC
C-2 C-4
C-3
C-4-4c C-4- C-4-64C C-4-256C
DS1 E1 DS2 E3/DS3 E4 16c

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 THE STATUS TODAY
SDH- is the deployed technology in the core network
with huge investments in capacity!
Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at
LANs and well known at all enterprises worldwide!
Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower speed
than expected
All network topologies focusing on a IP/Ethernet
ONLY approach are shifted to long-term future.

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 ETHERNET VS. SDH
Ethernet SDH

Mass market Carrier Class market

Asynchronous Synchronous

Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth

Connection less Connection oriented

Best Effort Service High Quality of Service

How to solve all these challenges?

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 THE FUTURE TODAY:
• Bring SDH and Ethernet together!

This requirements leads towards

Next Generation SDH

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 NEXT GENERATION SDH
Customer Edge Operator
Edge Adaptation Core

Ethernet

SONET MUX/DEMUX
Native Interfaces

GFP VC LCAS
Ficon
Generic Virtual
? Link SONET/
Frame Concatenation Capacity SDH
Escon Procedure Adjustment
Scheme
Fibre LAPS
Channel

That’s “ New SDH “

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 NEXT-GENERATION SDH
• Key feature: Data transport over SDH
– Data (e.g. Ethernet) interfaces on SDH
– Flexible mapping to multiple virtual circuits
– Hitless increase/decrease of bandwidth
• Key technologies
– Virtual concatenation (VCAT)
– Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
– Generic Framing Protocol (GFP)
• Main limitations
– Data support is primarily for transport
– Limited Switching capability
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 VCAT
• What is VCAT ?
– VCAT is virtual concatenation
– Splits SDH bandwidth up into right-sized groups
– Flexible mapping; Effective use of bandwidth
– VCAT functionality required only at path
termination nodes
– Resiliency through diverse routing of VCAT
group (VCG) members

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 HIGH ORDER VCAT
• High Order VCAT applies concatenation at higher
order path by adjoining VC-
VC-3 or VC-
VC-4 for SDH.

• It can be used to transport higher order data

such as 1Gbps / 10 Gbps Ethernet traffic.

• Low Order VCAT applies concatenation at lower

order path by adjoining VC-
VC-12 for SDH.

• It can be used to transport lower order data such as

10/100 Mbps Ethernet traffic.
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 VC NOMENCLATURE

VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n Number of Indictor for
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11 virtually Virtual
concatenated Concatenation
containers
Defines the type of v = virtual
virtual containers, All X Virtual Containers concatenation
which will be virtually form together the Virtual c = contiguous
concatenated. Concatenated Group” concatenation
(VCG)
Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

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 LINK ADJUSTMENT SCHEME
• What is LCAS ?
– Link capacity adjustment scheme
– Provides a mechanism for hitless increase or
decrease of VCG size
– Adding or removing of a container to a VC-x-nv
group is carried out with LCAS without affecting the
traffic.
– LCAS guarantees the continuous availability of the
service without traffic interruption with reduced
bandwidth.

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 LCAS ADVANTAGES
• Dynamic Scalability : Allows bandwidth to be
dynamically tuned in small increments on demand to
match desired data rate and avoid wastage.
• Efficiency : Allows more efficient usage of an
existing network’s available bandwidth by trimming
bandwidth to match the subscribers’ work schedules.

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LCAS ADVANTAGES (Continued)
• Compatibility : Backward compatible to Virtually
Concatenated services not offering LCAS. Inter
working between LCAS and non-LCAS nodes is
facilitated.
• Resiliency : Individual members of a virtually
concatenated group can be routed as diversely as
possible across a network. So if one member is lost,
the others are likely to be operational albeit with a
reduced bandwidth.
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LCAS: DYNAMIC B/W ALLOCATION
Normal state
STM-16 Ring
2 5 9 14
VC4 1-4 (620 Mbps)
GigE GigE
EMS requests
addition of 2 VC4s
to group

2 5 9 14
VC4 1-4 (620 Mbps)
GigE GigE

Updated state at
increased bandwidth

2 5 7 9 12 14

GigE VC4 1-6 (930 Mbps) GigE

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 ETHERNET PATH PROTECTION
WITH LCAS
• 10 Mbps traffic is provided by giving
6 Mbps (3 VC-12) along the blue path
6 Mbps
and 4 Mbps (2 VC-12) along the red
path between the ingress and egress
node.
10 Mbps
• In case of failure as shown in the
4 Mbps
figure the bandwidth would come
down to 4 Mbps without the traffic
being affected.
• This would provide protection for at
least 4 Mbps of traffic even when
there is a fiber cut and hence a
4 Mbps cheaper solution compared to full
protection but clear differentiator
compared to unprotected connection.
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 Generic Framing Procedure
• What is GFP
GFP?

– GFP (Generic Framing Procedure) is a recently

standardized traffic adaptation protocol. This is
defined in G.7041

– Provides a standard mapping/framing technique

for Ethernet signals into SDH

– Effective way to map data into SDH i.e.

convergence between packet switched and
transmission networks

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Generic Framing Procedure
There are two types of GFP protocols:

• GFP-T: optimized for low-latency

applications as in Storage Area Networks

• GFP-F: optimized for IP, Ethernet and

MPLS traffic

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 Generic Framing Procedure

Benefit :
Internetworking

SONET/SDH
Vendor B

B Network
SONET/SDH
Vendor A
End-to-end SONET/SDH path

A Network

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 THANKS

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