Faster Computers With Nanotechnology

ScienceDaily (May 31, 2010) — The silicon transistors in your computer

may be replaced in ten years by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
This is what scientists at the University of Gothenburg are hoping -- they
have developed a method to control the nanotubes during production.
Silicon is subject to certain limitations, and industry is looking for a replacement. The electronics
industry has net annual sales of over USD 200 billion, and this means that the development is being
fuelled by powerful forces.
Scientist Johannes Svensson from the Department of Physics at the University of Gothenburg has
investigated the manufacture and use of carbon nanotubes in his PhD thesis.
Faster and smaller
"I don't believe that it will be cheaper to build transistors from another material than silicon, but carbon
nanotubes can be used to produce smaller and faster components. This will also result in computers
that consume less energy" says Johannes Svensson.
The amazing development in computer power that has taken place after the invention of the
integrated circuit in the 1950s has been made possible by the transistor, which is the most important
component of all processors, becoming ever-faster.
Increase the speed
The most common semiconductor material in transistors is silicon, since it is cheap and easy to
process. But silicon has its limitations. As the size of the transistors is reduced in order to increase
their speed, problems arise that lead to, among other things, increased energy consumption and large
variation in the transistor properties.
By exchanging the silicon in the channel for a carbon nanotube, the transistors can be made both
smaller and faster than today's transistors. A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow
cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer (roughly 1/50,000 of the width of a human hair) which
consists of pure carbon. Some carbon nanotubes are semiconducting, and this means that they can
be used in transistors, although there are several problems that must be solved before they can be
connected together to form large circuits.
Electric guidance
"Carbon nanotubes grow randomly and it is not possible to control either their position or direction.
Therefore I have applied an electrical field to guide the tubes as they grow," says Johannes
Svensson.
One of the effects of the electric field is that most of the carbon nanotubes lie in the same direction.
"In order to show that it is possible to build electronic components that contain only carbon nanotubes,
I have built a transistor which not only has a carbon nanotube as its channel, but also another
nanotube which is used as the electrode that controls the current."
Good contacts
Another problem that must be solved when integrating nanotubes into larger circuits is the difficulty of
manufacturing good metal contacts for the tubes. Johannes' research has shown that the properties
of the contacts depend on the diameter of the nanotubes. Choosing the correct diameter will allow
good contacts with a low resistance to be achieved.