Note on font: In previous versions I used New Athena Unicode for the Greek font.

Since many people don’t have that font, and evidently the
Greek text is illegible without it (until and unless you re-format with a different font), I now use Times New Roman for both the Latin and the
Greek. As a reminder, Word’s Find & Replace function allows you to quickly substitute wholesale one font for another.

Copy & paste these if you wish to use them (rather than a special keyboard) for Latin macrons and breves: wāwēwīwōwūwȳw wăwĕwĭwŏwŭ
wĀwĒwĪwŌwŪw ĂwĔwĬwŎwŬ

Abbreviations: L&S – Liddell & Scott Greek-English Lexicon; OLD – Oxford Latin Dictionary; Schrevelius – Cornelius Schrevelius’s 1825
Greek-Latin & Latin-Greek Lexicon; Pinzger – Gustavus Pinzger’s 1825 Greek-Latin & Latin-Greek Lexicon; OED – Oxford English Dictionary;
OP – Comenius’s Orbis Sensualium Pictus; OP Span – Greek translations by Leopold Scherschnik (1802) and Mart. Span (1820) of a slightly
modified version of the OP; LJ – Comenius’s Lexicon Januale; RG – Randy Gibbons, co-author; SH – Stephen Hill, co-author who transcribed the
Orbis Pictus (Latin and Greek); FV – Felipe Vogel, co-author who transcribed the Janua

JANUA LINGUARUM RĔSĔRATA. Ἡ Τῶν Γλωττῶν Θύρα [ῠ] Ἀνεῳγμένη.

I Intrŏĭtus.
1 Salve, Lector ămīce.
2 Sī rŏgas, quid sit ērŭditum esse, responsum hăbe: Nosse rerum
differentias, et posse ūnumquodque suo insignire nōmine.
3 Nihilne praetĕrĕā? Nīl certe quidquam.
4 Tōtius ĕnim ērŭdītĭōnis pŏsuit fundāmenta, qui nōmenclātūram
nātūrae et artis perdĭdĭcit.
5 Sed id diffĭcĭle forsăn?
6 Est, sī invītus fēceris, aut praevĕniente ĭmāgĭnātĭōne tē ipsum
terrueris.
7 Tandem, sī quid aspĕrĭtātis erit, ĭnĭtĭo erit.
8 Annōn et littĕrarum chăractēres pŭeris prīmo intŭĭtu mīra monstra
vĭdentur?
Εἴσοδος.
Χαῖρε, ὦ φίλε ἀναγνῶστᾰ.
Πῠθόμενος, τί τὸ λόγιον (πεπαιδευμένον) εἶναι, ταυτηνὶ τὴν
ἀπόκρισιν λᾰβέ· Τὰς τῶν ἁπάντων διαφορὰς εἰδέναι, οἷόν τ’ εἶναι
καὶ ἕκαστον ὀνομαστὶ ἐκφράζειν.
Οὐδὲν δὲ παρὰ τοῦτο (προσέτι τούτοις); Μηδὲν ἀτεχνῶς.
Ὁ γάρ τοι μᾰθὼν τὴν τῆς φύσεώς τε καὶ τῆς τέχνης ὀνοματοθεσίαν,
ἁπάσης παιδείας κρηπίδα καλῶς ὑπέθηκεν.
ἡ κρηπίς, ῖδος - fundāmentum
Τοῦτο δὲ τάχα που δυσχερές (δύσκολον);
Ναί, ἀκουσίως τούτῳ τῷ ἐπιτηδεύματι ἐπιχειροῦντι, καί γέ τοι
φανταστικῇ προλήψει ἑαυτὸν ἐκπλήττοντι.
Τέλος, ἅπαν ἐν ἀρχῇ δυσμεταχείριστον.
Ἆρ’ οὐχ οἱ τῶν γραμμάτων χᾰρακτῆρες τοῖς παιδαρίοις τὸ πρῶτον
αὐτοὺς θεωροῦσι θαυμάσια τέρατα φαίνονται;
RG: The translator wrote Ἆρα μή (οὐχὶ). The rule in L&S is to make
it plainly negative, writers used ἆρα μή ...; to make it plainly
affirmative, ἆρ’ οὐ ...; Since the question here is plainly affirmative,
and to avoid unnecessary confusion, I have written Ἆρ’ οὐχ.

1

9 Ast ŭbi paulŭlum impenderint ŏpĕrae, lūdum et iŏcum esse
ănimadvertunt.
10 Ĭdem in omni re ēvĕnit, ut adspectu extĕriore ŏpĕrōsa appāreat.
11 At sī aggredi pergas, nĭhil est quod nōn cēdat et sē subdat ingĕnĭo.
12 Qui cŭpit, căpit omnia.
13 Ăgedum ĭtăque, quisquis es, spērare ĕgŏ tē iŭbeo, dēspērare vĕto.
14 Ēn vĭde exĭgŭum hoc ŏpuscŭlum.
15 Hīc tămĕn ūnĭversum mundum tibi (absit verbo glōrĭa) Lătīnamque
linguam, velut in Enchīrĭdĭo, ostendam.
16 Tenta quaeso: ēvolve et ēdisce ăliquot has pāgellas!
17 Facto hoc, ŏcŭlātum et perspĭcācem tē ad omnia hūmānĭtātis stŭdĭa
rēipsā compĕries.
II De ortu mundi, et crĕātiōne prīmaeva.
18 Dĕus crĕavit omnia ex nĭhĭlo.
19 Principio ĕnim expandit (extendit) vastissimam ăbyssum, hoc est,
spătĭum, ŭbi caelum et terra exsistunt.
20 Et replēvit eam tĕnebrĭcōsa quadam et informi cālīgĭne.
τὸ τέρας, ᾰτος - signum, portentum, prōdĭgĭum
Ὀλίγον δὲ περὶ τούτων σπουδάσασι παιδιά τις δοκεῖ.
Θᾰμὰ συμβαίνει, ἀργᾰλέον τι κατὰ τὰ ἔξω σκοπούμενον φαίνεσθαι.
Τῇδ’ εὐφῠΐᾳ τοῦ εἰς βυσσὸν σπουδῇ ἐξῐκέσθαι πειρωμένου οὐδὲν
ἀνέφικτον ἔσται.
ἐξικνέομαι ἐς βυσσόν Hdt. 2.28
Ὧν τις ἀντιποιεῖται, τούτων οὐ σπᾰνιάκις ἐπικρατὴς καθίσταται.
Ἄγε οὖν, ὅσοι γε δὴ ἔστε οἵ γε δὴ ἂν ἦτε, ἐλπίζειν ὑμᾶς κελεύω,
ἀπελπίζειν δὲ ἀπαγορεύω.
Ἰδού, βλέψον (θεῶ), ὦ παῖ, μικρὸν τοῦτο ἐγχειρίδιον.
Ἐν τούτῳ ὑπισχνοῦμαι - μηδεὶς τῆς προαιρέσεώς τε καὶ ἐπαγγελίας
μοι βασκαινέτω - ἅπαντα τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὴν γλῶτταν Ῥωμαϊκήν
[Ἑλληνικὴν], ὠς ἐν ἐπιτομῇ, ἀποδείξειν.
βασκαίνω – măla loquor de ălĭquo, crīmĭnor, reprĕhendo, călumnĭor
ălĭquem; fascĭno [cognate - fascinum is an evil spell],
invĭdeo
Πειρῶ, ἐξέλιττε καὶ ἐκμάνθανε ὀλίγα ταῦτα σελίδια.
Τοῦτο ἀπειργασμένος, τήν σου ἀγχίνοιαν καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἅπαντα τὰ
μᾰθήματα δεξιότητα ἀνευρήσεις.
(RG: I don’t find the compound ἐπιφωράω in LSJ and I have
substituted ἀνευρίσκω.)
Περὶ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ κόσμου (κοσμοποιίας).
Ὁ θεὸς ἅπαντα ἐξ οὐδενὸς ἔκτῐσεν.
(RG: For a different view, see fragment 30 of Heraclitus: κόσμον
τόνδε οὔτε τις θεῶν οὔτε ἀνθρώπων ἐποίησεν, ἀλλ’ ἦν ἀεὶ
καὶ ἔστιν καὶ ἔσται πῦρ.)
Ἐν ἀρχῇ γὰρ τὴν ἄβυσσον ἀχᾰνῆ, τουτέστι, τὸ ποῦ τὸν οὐρανόν τε
καὶ τὴν γῆν περιέχον, ἐξεπέτᾰσεν.
ἐκπετάννυμι
Καὶ ταύτην ζοφώδους ἀχλύος τε καὶ ἀμόρφου σκοτίας ἐπλήρωσεν.
ἡ ἀχλύς, ύος = ὁ ζόφος - cālīgo, ĭnis – mist
πληρόω
2
 21 Ex qua tamquam mātĕrĭa formavit crĕātūras corpŏrĕas, distinctas
formis, et vestitas accidentibus vărĭis, prŏŭt cuiusque ĭdĕam intrā sē
concēperat.
22 Implantavitque cuique nātūram suam, id est, vim observandi
assignatum lŏcum, mŏdum, genusque suum.
III De ĕlĕmentis.
23 Ante omnia vēro confūsum istud chăos sĕcundum densĭtātis et
rārĭtātis grădus in quattuor spĕcĭes sēpăravit (sēgrĕgavit).
24 Tĕnŭissimam et subtīlissimam partem fēcit lūcĭdam et călĭdam et
appellavit ignem, seu lūcem.
25 Ăliam ĭtĕrum tĕnŭem, pellūcĭdam et tĕpĭdam, dixit āërem.
26 Tertia portio flŭĭda et frīgĭda fuit, ăqua.
27 Sub qua mansit sĕdĭmentum crassum, līmus, seu terra.
Ἐξ ἧς καθάπερ τινὸς ὕλης τὰς κτίσεις σωματικὰς διασχηματίζων
ποικίλαις ἰδιότησι κατὰ τὸ τῆς ἔσω ἰδέας ὁμοίωμα διεκόσμησεν.
ἡ ὕλη [ῡ]; ἡ κτίσις [ῐ]; ἡ ἰδέα [ῐ]; ἡ ἰδῐότης, ητος [ῐδ]
Ἑκάστῳ κτίσματι ἰδῐοσυγκρῐσίαν τινὰ ἐμφῠτεύων τοῦ τὸν τόπον
ἴδιον, τρόπον, γένος τηρεῖν.
ἡ ἰδῐοσυγκρᾱσία and ἰδῐοσυγκρῐσίαν [ῐδ]
τηρέω - 1) servo, conservo, tŭĕor, adservo, rĕservo, custōdio,
observo 2) insĭdĭor, insĭdĭōse observo 3) exspecto
Περὶ τῶν στοιχείων.
Πρὸ πάντων τὴν οὐσίαν ἄτακτον, χάος λεγομένην, εἰς τέτταρα εἴδη
κατὰ τὴν πυκνότητά τε καὶ ἀραιότητα [μανότητα] διεχώρησεν.
τὸ χάος, εος [ᾰ]
τὸ εἶδος, εος
πυκνός, ή, όν (πῠκῐνός, ή, όν) - densus, sŏlĭdus, spissus, crēber,
frĕquens; prūdens
ἀραιός [ᾰ], ή, όν - rārus; tĕnŭis, angustus, imbēcillis; frăgĭlis;
cădūcus, infirmus
μανός, ή, όν - rārus, sŏlūtus, laxus, fungōsus, mollis
χαῦνος, η, ον (ος, ον) - 1) laxus, fungōsus, mollis 2) inflātus,
tŭmĭdus, sŭperbus 3) fūtĭlis, ĭnānis, lĕvis, neglĕgens
RG: In the texts of the Greek natural philosophers, the opposite of
πυκνός, πυκνότης is ἀραιός/ἡ ἀραιότης and μανός/ἡ
μανότης, so I have replaced χαυνότητα in the Greek
translation with those two words.
Τhe classical elements.
Τὴν μὲν λεπτοτάτην μερίδα φωτεινὴν καὶ θερμὴν καταστήσας, πῦρ
τε καὶ φῶς ὠνόμασεν.
Ἄλλην δὲ λεπτὴν καὶ διαφᾰνῆ καὶ ὑπόθερμον ἀέρα ἔλεγεν.
Τὸ τρίτον μέρος ῥευστὸν ψῡχρόν τε, ὕδωρ γέγονεν.
Ὑφ’ ᾧ ὑπόστασίς τις κολλώδης, ἰλὺς, τέλμα, πηλὸς καὶ γῆ ἔμενεν.
ἡ κόλλᾰ, ης - glūten, ĭnis (n.)
ἡ ἰλύς, ύος [ῑ] - līmus – mud, slime
τὸ τέλμα, ατος - lăcūna, lŏcus caenosus seu pălustris
3

28 Atque haec sunt simplĭcia corpŏra, ex quibus compŏsita (mixta)
exsurgunt.
29 Omnia ĕnim rĕlĭqua ex his constant.
30 Quippe ex iis gĕnĕrantur, iis nutriuntur, in eadem dum
corrumpuntur, rĕsolvuntur.
OP Span
1 Mundus (~ OP III)
Caelum habet ignem, lūcem et stellas. nūbēs pendent in āëre. Ăves
vŏlant sub nūbibus. Pisces nătant in ăqua. Terra contĭnet montes,
silvas, campos, ănĭmālia, hŏmĭnes. Ūnĭversus mundus ex quattuor
ĕlĕmentis constat, quae prīma stāmina omnium corpŏrum sunt:
omnia corpora ex his prōvĕniunt.
ὁ πηλός - lŭtum, caenum, līmus; crēta, argilla; vīnum ădultĕratum
(i.e., lees)
Καὶ ταῦτα τὰ στοιχειώδη καὶ ἄμικτα σώματά ἐστιν, ὥνπερ τὰ μικτὰ
καὶ συντεθειμένα ἐξανίσταται.
Ἅπαντα γὰρ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐκ τούτων πέφῡκεν.
Ἐκ τούτων γεννᾶται, τούτοις τρέφεται, εἰς ταῦτα φθειρόμενα
ἀναλύεται.
Ὁ κόσμος
Ὁ οὐρανὸς ἔχει τὸ πῦρ, τὸ φῶς καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας. Αἱ νεφέλαι
ἀπαιωροῦνται (κρέμανται) ἐν τῷ ἀέρι. Αἱ ὄρνῑθες πέτονται ὑπὸ τῶν
νεφελῶν. Οἱ ἰχθύες νήχονται (κολυμβῶσι) ἐν τῷ ὕδατι. ἡ γῆ κατέχει
ὄρη, ὕλας, πεδία, ζῷα, ἀνθρώπους. Σύμπας ὁ κόσμος ἐκ τεττάρων
στοιχείων συνίσταται, ἃ οἱ πρῶτοι στήμονες πάντων σωμάτων
ἐστίν· ἅπαντα τὰ σώματα ἐκ τούτων πέφῡκε.
ὁ κόσμος - mundus. cosmos; modern knowledge: Alexander von
Humboldt, Carl Sagan and now, in 2014, Neil deGrasse
Tyson (RG: According to some ancients, for example,
Aetius [Diels Doxographi Graeci 1879, p. 327], Pythagoras
was the first to apply the term κόσμος to the order of the
Universe: Περὶ κόσμου. Πυθαγόρας πρῶτος ὠνόμασε τὴν
τῶν ὅλων περιοχὴν κόσμον ἐκ τῆς ἐν αὐτῷ τάξεως.)
ὁ οὐρανός - caelum (coelum)
τὸ πῦρ, πῠρός - ignis, is (m.)
τὸ φῶς, φωτός (Att. contr. for τὸ φάος, φάεος; Don’t confuse with ὁ
φώς, φωτός = man) - lux, lūcis (f.)
ὁ ἀστήρ, ἀστέρος - stella
ἡ νεφέλη - nūbēs, is
ἀπαιωρέομαι (αἰωρέω like ἀείρω, to lift up, raise); κρέμαμαι [both
passive] - pendeo
ὁ ἀήρ, ἀέρος [ᾱ] - āēr, āĕris (m.)
ἡ ὄρνις, ὄρνῑθος - ăvis, is
πέτομαι - vŏlo
ὁ ἰχθύς, ἰχθύος - piscis, is
4
 νήχομαι; κολυμβάω - năto
τὀ ὕδωρ, ὕδατος - ăqua
ἡ γῆ, γῆς - terra
κατέχω - contineo
τὸ ὄρος, ὄρεος - mons, montis
ἡ ὕλη [ῡ] - silva
τὸ πεδίον - campus
τὸ ζῷον - ănĭmal, ālis
ὁ ἄνθρωπος - hŏmo, ĭnis
πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν; σύμπᾱς, σύμπᾱσα, σύμπᾰν - omnis, omne
τέττᾰρες, τέττᾰρα - quattuor
τὀ στοιχεῖον - ĕlĕmentum
συνίσταμαι - consto
πρῶτος - prīmus
ὁ στήμων, στήμονος - stāmen, ĭnis (n.)
σῶμα, σώματος - corpus, ŏris (n.)
λοιπός - rĕlĭquus
φύω [Generally ῠ before vowels, ῡ before consonants, with
exceptions] - nascor, prōvĕniο, fīo

IV De firmāmento. Περὶ τοῦ στερεώματος.

31 Astra sunt vĕlŭtī lampădes in aethĕre suspensa, ut, indēfīnenter
circumcircā rŏtata, lūmĭne suo tĕnebras illūmĭnent, cursu autem
tempŏrum vĭces dīmētĭantur.
32 Plănēta, quorum ordĭnem hi versĭculi complectuntur, sunt septem:
Lūna, Mercŭrĭus,
Vĕnŭs, Sōl, Mars,
Juppĭter, Sāturnus.
Quisque in pĕcūlĭāri suo orbe.
33 Infĭma est lūna, quae incrēmenta et dēcrēmenta păti vĭdetur,
rĕtardātiōneque sua menses effĭcit.
34 Sōl, iŭbăre cŏrusco rădĭans, ab ŏrĭente per mĕrīdĭem in occidentem
festīna cĕlĕrĭtāte rĕvŏlūtus, rĕvŏlūtiōne sua dĭes vīginti quattuor (24)
hōris, et annos dŭŏdĕcim (12) mensibus, quīnquāgintā dŭābus (52)
Τὰ ἄστρα καθάπερ λαμπάδες ἐν ἀέρι κρεμάμενα καὶ ἀλήκτως
τροχαζόμενα, ὡς καὶ τὸ σκότος φωτίζοντα, κῑνήσει εὐτάκτῳ τοὺς
χρόνους καὶ τὰς τῶν ὡρῶν στροφὰς μετρεῖ.
ἄληκτος, ον (λήγω = dēsĭno, dēsĭnere facio)
Οἱ πλᾰνῆται, ὧν τάξιν ταῦτα τὰ στῐχίδια συνείληφε, ἑπτά εἰσιν· ἡ
σελήνη, ὁ Ἑρμῆς, ἡ Ἀφροδίτη, ὁ ἥλιος, ὁ Ἄρης, ὁ Ζεῦς, ὁ Κρόνος,
ὦν ἕκαστος τὸ ἴδιον κέντρον περιτρέχων διατελεῖ.
Ἡ σελήνη αὔξησίν τε καὶ μείωσιν ἐπιδεχομένη, καὶ γῆν
περιοδεύουσα, τῇ τριβῇ ἑαυτῆς μῆνας ποιεῖ καὶ κατωτάτη τε καὶ
ἐσχάτη ἐστίν.
Ὁ ἥλιος λαμπροτάτῃ φέγγει στίλβων, ἀπ’ ἀνατολῆς διὰ τὸν
μεσημβρινὸν κύκλον πρὸς τὴν δύσιν θαυμαστῷ τάχει
κῠλινδούμενος, τῇ στροφῇ ἡμέραν ὥραις εἴκοσι τέτταρσι, τὸ ἔτος

5
 hebdŏmădibus, trĕcentis sexāgintā quīnque dĭebus et quarta (365 ¼)
dēfīnit.
NB: iŭba, ae - the mane of animal; iŭbar, ăris (n.) - radiance, esp. of
the morning star and other heavenly bodies
35 Ortum eius praecēdit Aurōra et dīlūcŭlum, cum dĭescit et lūcescit.
36 Occāsum (ŏbĭtum) sĕquitur crĕpuscŭlum cum vesperascit et
noctescit.
37 Ascendens [i.e., sōl] ad vertĭcem nostrum sŭpernum (qui vulgo
Zenith; cui infĕrus [sc. vertex], vulgo Nadir, oppōnitur) seu
dēclīnans ab Aequĭnoctĭāli [sc. circŭlo] ad Tropicum Cancri, sīve
Solstĭtĭālem, facit vēr: rursumque ad Trŏpĭcum Capricorni sīve
hĭĕmālem dēscendens, autumnum: et ŭtrŏbīque Aequĭnoctĭum.
infĕrus <> supĕrus
38 Īmus [i.e., sōl] dat Brūmam, ordĭturque Hĭĕmem: summus
Sōlstĭtĭem, inchŏatque Aestātem, ŭbi Sīrĭus (Cănīcŭla, seu
Cănīcŭlae stella) excĭtat aestum.
brūma > brevima, old form of brevissima, sc. dĭes, our winter
solstice
δώδεκα μησὶν, πεντήκοντα δυοῖν ἑβδομάσι, τριακοσίαις ἑξήκοντα
πέντε ἡμέραις σὺν μιᾶς μέρει τετάρτῳ, περιγράφει.
τὸ φέγγος, εος - splendor, lux, lūmen, iŭbar seu lūmen sōlis, dĭēs;
another translation for iŭbar would be τὸ σέλας, αος
στίλβω - splendeo, lūceo, fulgeo, nĭteo
Τῇ ἀνατολῇ αὐτοῦ ὄρθρος βαθὺς καὶ ἡ ἠὼς τῆς ἡμέρας
ἐπιφωσκούσης τε καὶ ὑποφαινομένης προηγεῖται.
ὁ ὄρθρος – tempus antĕlūcānum seu mātūtīnum, dīlūcŭlum (“cock-
crow”)
ἐπιφώσκω = ἐπιφαύσκω
Τῇ δύσει αὐτοῦ τὸ λῠκόφως, ὅτε πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστὶ (συσκοτάζει),
ἕπεται.
ἡ δύσις [ῠ]
Πρὸς τὴν ἀνωτάτην κορῠφὴν ἀναβαίνων, Ζένιθ λεγομένην, ᾖ
κατωτάτη Νάδιρ ἀντικειμένως ἔχει, ἢ ἀποκλίνων ἀπ’ ἰσημερινοῦ
κύκλου πρὸς τὸν τροπικὸν [sc. κύκλον] τοῦ Καρκίνου, ἔαρ· πρὸς δὲ
τὸν τροπικὸν χειμερῐνὸν τοῦ Αἰγοκέρωτος καταβαίνων τὴν ὀπώραν·
καὶ ἀμφοτέρωθι τὴν ἰσημερίαν ποιεῖ.
NB: Zenith and Nadir are medieval Latin words derived from
Arabic
Zenith, Nadir, Tropics, Sirius
τὸ ἔᾰρ, ἔαρος - vēr, vēris (n.)
τὸ θέρος, εος - aestas, aestātis
ἡ ὀπώρα (sts. ὁπώρα) L&S: the part of the year between the rising
of Sirius and of Arcturus (last days of July, all of August,
part of Sept.) (a second meaning is fruit) - autumnus
ὁ χειμών, ῶνος - hĭems, ĕmis
Κατώτατος ἐν ταῖς τροπαῖς χειμερῐναῖς τοῦ χειμῶνος· ἀνώτατος ἐν
θερμαῖς, τοῦ Σειρίου φλογουμένου, ἀρχὴν τοῦ θέρους ποιεῖ.
(Γίγνεται δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἀνατολὴν τοῦ Σειρίου, τοῦ Κυνὸς, ἡ τῶν
καυμάτων ἐπίτασις.)
ἡ τροπή - each of the two solistices
RG: Since the translator ignored excitat aestum, I added the
sentence in parentheses, based on the text of Geminus’
6

39 Mercŭrĭus eum [i.e., sōlem] in eccentrico ĕpĭcȳclum vectante
circŭit, cĭtius quam sēmĭanno, sīc quoque vĕnusta Vĕnŭs, sed
sesquĭanno.
circŭmĕo = circŭĕo
Regarding ‘eccentrico epicyclum vectante’, the epicycle was an
element in in ancient astonomical models.
40 Hanc [i.e., Vĕnĕrem] mānĕ lūcĭfĕrum (Phosphŏrum), vespĕri
Hespĕrum, sīve vespĕrūgĭnem vŏcant.
41 Mars ignītus pĕrĭŏdum suam bĭennio ferme percurrit; splendĭdus
Juppĭter suam paene dŭŏdĕcim pervăgatur: gĕlĭdus Sāturnus tantum
nōn trīgintā. Et ab his errōribus dĭes hebdŏmădis nōmenclātiōnes
sortiti sunt: Dĭes Sōlis (domenicus, ca), dĭes Lūnae, dĭes Martis, dĭes
Mercŭrĭi, dĭes Iŏvis, dĭes Vĕnĕris, dĭes Sāturni.
42 Eclīpses (obscūrātĭōnes) lūmĭnārium fīunt propter interpŏsĭtĭōnem
tertĭi nōn trālūcentis, indeque orta ŏbumbrātĭōne.
43 Stellae fixae cum octāva sphaera aequālĭter prōgrĕdĭuntur, sed
inaequālĭter cŏruscant.
43.1 Theodore Simon’s 1642 edition (“Janua et auctior et ēmăcŭlātior
quam unquam antĕhāc”) appended to sentence #43 the names and
number of stars in the 48 constellations identified by Ptolemy in the
Algamest:
Harum in Firmāmento circumsĕcus praecīsē nŭmĕrantur mīlle
vīgintī dŭae (1022), praeter trēs in Cincinno Berenīcēs. Prīmae
Introduction to the Phaenomena, 17.39.
Ὁ Ἑρμῆς τὴν ὁδὸν ἑαυτοῦ τάχιον ἢ ἑκμήνῳ, καλὴ δὲ Ἀφροδίτη ἔτει
καὶ ἡμίσει περαίνει.
περαίνω (τὸ πέρας) - fīnio
Ταύτην φωσφόρον ἕωθεν, ἕσπερον ὀψὲ τῆς ἡμέρας καλοῦσιν.
φωσφόρον sc. ἀστέρα, = ὁ Φωσφόρος
ἕσπερον sc. ἀστέρα, = ὁ Ἕσπερος
ὀψὲ τῆς ἡμέρας ‘late in the day’
Ὁ Ἄρης φλογώδης τὴν αὑτοῦ περίοδον σχεδὸν διετίᾳ, λαμπρὸς δὲ
Ζεῦς ἔτεσι δώδεκα, ψῡχρὸς Κρόνος τριάκοντα ἐκτελεῖ. Τούτοις τοῖς
πλᾰνήταις αἱ τῆς ἑβδομάδος ἡμέραι ὁμώνυμοί εἰσιν· Ἡ ἡλικακὴ ἢ
Κῡριακή, ἡ σεληνιακὴ ἢ σελήνης, ἡ τοῦ Ἄρεως, τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ, τοῦ
Διὸς ἢ Ζηνός, τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, τοῦ Κρόνου.
Αἱ τῶν φωστήρων ἐκλείψεις δι’ ἐπισκιασμοῦ τῶν ἐν μέσῳ σωμάτων
καὶ ἀδιαφᾰνῶν συμβαίνουσιν.
ὁ φωστήρ, ῆρος - quodcunque lūmen praebet; οἱ φωστῆρες -
lūmĭnāria (lūmĭnāris, e)
Οἱ ἀπλᾰνεῖς (ἀστέρες) τῆς σφαίρας ὀγδόης ὁμαλῶς μὲν κῑνοῦνται,
ἀνομάλως δὲ αὐγάζουσιν.
RG: In pre-Copernican astronomy and astrology, the eighth sphere
is the shell carrying or zone occupied by the fixed stars. See, for
example, the spheres in Dante’s Paradiso. For the translator’s text οἱ
λοιποὶ ἀστέρες I have substituted Ptolemy’s term for the fixed stars,
οἱ ἀπλᾰνεῖς (sc. ἀστέρες).
The 1642 edition appended to sentence #43 the 48 constellations
identified by Ptolemy in the Almagest:
Οὗτοι ἐν οὐρανῷ περιθέοντες χῑ́λιοι εἴκοσι δύο (͵ακʹβʹ)
ἀριθμοῦνται, ἐκτὸς τριῶν ἐν Kόμῃ Βερενίκης. Τοῦ πρώτου
μεγέθους εἰσὶ πεντεκαίδεκα (ιεʹ)· δευτέρου τετταράκοντα πέντε
(μεʹ)· τρίτου διᾱκόσιοι ὀκτώ (σʹηʹ)· τετάρτου τετρακόσιοι
7
magnĭtūdĭnis sunt quīndecim (15); sĕcundae quādrāgintā quīnque
(45); tertiae dŭcentae octō (208); quārtae quādringentae septuāgintā
quattuor (474); quīntae dŭcentae septendecim (217); sextae
ūndēquinquāgintā (49); nĕbŭlōsae quīnque (5); obscūriores nŏvem
(9).
Sĭtae sunt vel in zōdĭăci signis dŭŏdĕcim (12):
1. In Ărĭēte ♈ trĕdĕcim (13) et quīnque (5) informes. [That is
to say, in the 30° division of the zodiac named after the
constellation Ram, 5 stars fall outside that constellation.]
2. In Tauro ♉ trīgintā dŭae (32) et ūndĕcim (11) informes,
inter quas est prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis ŏcŭlus tauri; ŭbi nōtae
Plēïades (Vergĭlĭae) (quae septem dīci, sex tămĕn esse
sŏlent) et Hyades (Sūculae), plŭvĭum sīdus et ălĭtĕr
Parīlĭcĭum [sc. sīdus; Parīlĭcĭus, a, um = of the Parīlĭa, ium
(also Palīlĭa), the festival of Pales on April 21, the natal day
of the city of Rome].
3. In Gĕmĕnis ♊ dŭŏdēvīgintī (18) et septem (7).
4. In Cancro ♋nŏvem (9) et quattuor (4).
5. In Lĕōne ♌ vīgintī septem (27) et octō (8), ŭbi prīmae
magnĭtūdĭnis sunt cŏr et cauda.
6. In Virgine ♍vīgintī sex (26) et sex (6), ŭbi prīmae
magnĭtūdĭnis est Spīca Virginis.
7. In Lībra ♎ octō (8) et nŏvem (9).
8. In Scorpĭo ♏vīgintī ūna (21) et trēs (3).
9. In Săgittārio ♐ trīgintā ūna (31).
10. In Căprĭcorno ♑dŭŏdētrīgintā (28).
11. In Ăquārĭo ♒quādrāgintā dŭae (42) et trēs (3).
12. In Piscibus ♓ trīgintā quattuor (34) et quattuor (4).
ἑβδομήκοντα τέτταρες (υʹοʹδʹ)· πέμπτου διᾱκόσιοι ἑπτακαίδεκα
(σʹιζʹ)· ἕκτου τετταράκοντα ἐννέα (μθʹ)· νηφώδεις πέντε (εʹ)·
ἀφώτιστοι ἐννέα (θʹ). Coma Berenices. apparent magnitude of stars
[ὁ κίκιννος - cincinnus – a ringlet, lock of hair]
Οὗτοι ἐν τῷ ζῳδιακῷ ἢ ἐκτὸς αὐτοῦ κεῖνται·
[τὸ ζῷον in its L&S II. meaning ‘figure, image (not necessarily of
animals)’ > dim. τὸ ζῴδιον > ζῳδιᾰκός, ή, όν > ὁ ζῳδιᾰκός
(with or without κύκλος) - zōdĭăcus, i. zodiac]
1. Ἐν Κρῑῷ τρισκαίδεκα (ιγʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι πέντε (εʹ). [ὁ κρῑός -
ărĭēs, iētis]. Aries
2. Ἐν Ταύρῳ τριᾱ́κοντα δύο (λʹβʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι ἕνδεκα (ιαʹ),
ἐν οἷς ὀφθαλμὸς τοῦ ταύρου πρώτου μεγέθους ὁρᾶται· ἐν
οὐρᾷ τοῦ ταύρου τὰς πλειάδας, ἑπτὰ μὲν λεγομένας, ἕξ δὲ
φαινομένας, ἐν δὲ τῇ κεφαλῇ τοῦ ταύρου τὰς ὑάδας τηρεῖ.
[ὁ ταῦρος - taurus]. Taurus. Aldebaran (eye of the bull). On
the Roman names Sūculae and Parīlĭcĭum sīdus for the
Hyades, see Pliny Nat. 18.247 (chapter 66). The Pleïades
and Hyades are open clusters.
3. Ἐν Διδύμοις ὀκτωκαίδεκα (ιηʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι ἑπτά (ζʹ). [οἱ
δίδῠμοι - gĕmĕni]. Gemini
4. Ἐν Καρκίνῳ ἐννέα (θʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι τέττᾰρες (δʹ). [ὁ
καρκίνος [ῐ] - cancer, cri]. Cancer
5. Ἐν Λέοντι εἴκοσι ἑπτὰ (κʹζʹ) καὶ ἀμόρφωτοι ὀκτὼ (ηʹ),
ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ἡ καρδία καὶ ἡ οὐρὰ τοῦ λέοντός
εἰσιν. [ὁ λέων, οντος - lĕō, ōnis]. Leo
6. Ἐν Παρθένῳ εἴκοσι ἕξ (κʹςʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι ἕξ (ςʹ), ὅπου
πρώτου μεγέθους ὁ στάχυς τῆς παρθένου. [ἡ παρθένος -
virgo, ĭnis]. Virgo
7. Ἐν Ζυγῷ (Χηλαῖς) ὀκτὼ (ηʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι ἐννέα (θʹ). [ὁ
ζῠγός - lībra]. Ptolemy mostly called this αἱ χηλαί = claws
(of Scorpius). Libra
8. Ἐν Σκορπίῳ εἴκοσι εἷς (κʹαʹ), καὶ τρεῖς (γʹ) ἀμόρφωτοι. [ὁ
σκορπίος - scorpĭus, i and scorpĭo, ōnis ]. Scorpio
9. Ἐν Τοξότῃ τριᾱ́κοντα εἷς (λʹαʹ). [ὁ τοξότης, ου -
8
 săgittārĭus]. Sagittarius
Vel extrā zōdĭăcum:
10. Ἐν Αἰγοκέρωτι εἴκοσι ὀκτώ (κʹηʹ). [ὁ αἰγόκερως, -κερω -
Bŏrĕāles. căprĭcornus]. Capricorn
1. In Ursa Mĭnore (Cynŏsūra) septem (7). 11. Ἐν Ὑδροχόῳ τετταράκοντα δύο (μʹβʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι τρεῖς
2. In Ursa Maiore (Hĕlĭcē) vīgintī septem (27) et octō (8). (γʹ). [ὁ ὑδροχόος - ăquārĭus]. Aquarius
3. In Dracōne trīgintā ūna (31). 12. Ἐν Ἰχθύσι τριᾱ́κοντα τέττᾰρες (λʹδʹ), ἀμόρφωτοι τέττᾰρες
4. In Cēpheo ūndĕcim (11) et dŭae (42). (δʹ). [ὁ ἰχθῦς, ύος - piscis, is]. Pisces
5. In Boōtē (Arctophylace) vīgintī dŭae (22) et ūna (1), ŭbi RG: The Comenius/Simon text adds ŭbi ūna prīmae
prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis Arctūrus. magnĭtūdĭnis in ōre Piscis Austrīni / ὅπου εἷς πρώτου
6. In Cŏrōna Bŏrēa (vel Bŏrĕāle) octo (8). μεγέθους ἐν στόματι ἰχθύος νοτίου. The star is Fomalhaut,
7. In Engonasi (Herculē) dŭŏdētrīgintā (28) et ūna (1). and it is indeed part of the constellation Piscis Austrinus, so
8. In Lyra (Vulture Cadente) dĕcem (10), ŭbi prīmae I have moved it there (In the Almagest, Ptolemy makes it
magnĭtūdĭnis est Lyrae Fĭdĭcŭla. [fĭdēs, ium f. pl. a small the 42nd star in Aquarius: Ὁ ἔσχατος τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ
lyre] στόματος τοῦ νοτίου ἰχθύος).
9. In Ŏlōre (Cygno) septendĕcim (17) et dŭae (2). Ἐκτὸς ζῳδιᾰκοῦ ἢ βόρειοι ἢ νότιοί εἰσιν·
10. In Cassiopēa trĕdĕcim (13).
Οἱ βόρειοι.
11. In Perseo vīgintī sex (26) et trēs (3).
12. In Aurīga (Hēniocho, Ĕrichthŏnĭo) quattuordĕcim (14), ŭbi 1. Ἐν Ἄρκτῳ μικρᾷ, ἢ Κῠνοσούρᾳ, ἑπτά. [ἡ Ἄρκτος by itself
est prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis Căpella (Hircus). normally refers to Ursa Major, but Strabo distinguishes
13. In Ophiūc(h)o (Anguĭtĕnente, Serpentārĭo) vīgintī quattuor Ἄρκτος μικρά and Ἄρκτος μεγάλη.] Ursa Minor (whose tail
(24) et quīnque (5). is the Little Dipper)
14. In Serpente Ophiūc(h)i dŭŏdēvīgintī (18). 2. Ἐν Ἄρκτῳ μεγάλῃ, ἢ τῇ Ἑλίκῃ [ῐ], εἴκοσι ἑπτὰ, ἀμόρφωτοι
15. In Săgitta (Tēlo) quīnque (5). ὀκτώ. Ursa Major (aka Charles’ Wain, and which contains
16. In Ăquĭla (Vulture Vŏlante) nŏvem (9) et sex (6). the Big Dipper, or Plough)
17. In Delphīno dĕcim (10). 3. Ἐν Δράκοντι τριᾱ́κοντα εἷς. Draco
18. In Ĕquŭlĕo (Ĕcŭlĕo) (Ĕqui Sectiōne) quattuor (4). 4. Ἐν Κηφεῖ ἕνδεκα, ἀμόρφωτοι δύο. Cepheus
19. In Pēgăso (Ĕquo Ālāto) vīgintī (20). RG: Ptolemy in the Algamest identifies only two stars
20. In Andrŏmĕda vīgintī trēs (23). ἀμόρφωτοι in Cepheus. The number 42 in Simon’s 1642
21. In Trĭangŭlo (Deltōto, Τrĭgōno) quattuor (4). edition, passed on in subsequent editions, is by itself suspect
because of its size; I take it as a mistake for 2, and that is
Austrāles.
what I write here.
1. In Cēto vīgintī (22) et dŭae (2). 5. Ἐν Βοώτῃ, ἢ Ἀρκτοφύλακι, εἴκοσι δύο, καὶ εἷς ἀμόρφωτος,
2. In Ōrīōne dŭŏdēquadrāgintā (38), ŭbi sunt prīmae ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ὁ Ἀρκτοῦρος. [ὁ οὖρος A. fair wind
magnĭtūdĭnis (h)ŭmĕrus dexter et pēs sinister Ōrīōnis. B. guardian]. Boötes (whose first-magniture star Arcturus is
3. In Ērĭdăno (flŭvĭo Nīlo) trīgintā quattuor (34), ŭbi est the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere)
prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis Ērĭdănus. 6. Ἐν Στεφάνῳ [ᾰ] ὀκτώ. Corona Borealis (Ariadne’s crown)

9
 4. In Lĕpŏre dŭŏdĕcim (12). [NB: Don’t confuse lĕpos/lĕpor,
ōris (charm) with lĕpus, ŏris (hare)]
5. In Căne Maiore dŭŏdēvīgintī (18) et ūndĕcim (11), ŭbi
prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis Cănis cădens (Sīrĭus).
6. In Căne Mĭnore (Ante Căne) dŭae (2), ŭbi est prīmae
magnĭtūdĭnis Procyōn.
7. In Argo (Νāve) quādrāgintā quīnque (45), ŭbi est prīmae
magnĭtūdĭnis Cănōpus.
8. In Hydra vīgintī quīnque (25) et dŭae (2).
9. In Crātēre (Urna) septem (7).
10. In Corvo septem (7).
11. In Centauro (Chīrōne) trīgintā septem (37), ŭbi prīmae
magnĭtūdĭnis pēs Centauri.
12. In Bestia Centauri (Lŭpo, Fĕra) ūndēvīgintī (19).
13. In Āra (Tūrĭbŭlo, Lăre) quattuordĕcim (14) et septem (7).
14. In Cŏrōna Austrīna (Rŏta Ixīōnis) trĕdĕcim (13).
15. In Pisce Austrīno (Nŏtĭo) ūndĕcim (11) et sex (6), ŭbi ūna
prīmae magnĭtūdĭnis in ōre piscis.
Pŏli axis sunt dŭŏ: arctĭcus (borēus) et antarctĭcus. Horizōn (circulus
fīnītor) dīvĭdit hēmisphaerium infĕrius a sŭpĕriore.
7. Ἐν Ἡρακλεῖ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ, ἀμόρφωτος εἷς. Hercules (aka
Engonasin, cf. Cicero N.D. 2.108, quoting his own Latin
translation of Aratus:
ĭmāgo quam quidem Graeci
‘Engŏnăsin vocitant, genibus quia nixa feratur’
i.e., (ὁ) ἐν γόνασιν)
8. Ἐν Λύρᾳ [ῠ] δέκα, ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ἡ χορδὴ τῆς
λύρας. Lyra (whose first-magniture star Vega is the second
brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere. RG: As
far as I can tell, Fidicula in the ancient sources was an
alternate name for Lyra, the constellation, not by itself or as
‘string of the lyre’ for its brightest star. On the name ‘Vega’
and ‘falling eagle’ or vulture, see etymology.)
9. Ἐν Κύκνῳ ἑπτακαίδεκα, ἀμόρφωτοι δύο. Cygnus
10. Ἐν Κασσιεπείᾳ τρεῖς καὶ δέκα [OLD gives three forms for
the Latin, Cassiepīa,ae; -opē, ēs; -opēa, ae]. Cassiopeia
(wife of Cepheus)
11. Ἐν Περσεῖ εἴκοσι ἕξ, ἀμόρφωτοι τρεῖς. Perseus
12. Ἐν Ἡνιόχῳ τέτταρες καὶ δέκα, ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ἡ
δόρξ [(δέρκομαι) ἡ δορκάς, άδος and ἡ δόρξ, δορκός - deer,
roe]. Auriga (its brightest star Capella is an example of a
star system)
13. Ἐν Ὀφῐούχῳ εἴκοσι τέτταρες, ἀμόρφωτοι πέντε. Ophiuchus
14. Ἐν Ὄφι Ὀφῐούχου ὀκτωκαίδεκα. Serpens
15. Ἐν Οἰστῷ (Τοξεύματι) πέντε. RG: I added ὁ οἰστός, the
word for ‘arrow’ actually attested as a constellation. Sagitta
16. Ἐν Ἀετῷ ἐννέα, καὶ ἀμόρφωτοι ἓξ Ἀντίνοον ποιοῦντες.
Aquila (Antinous Hadrian’s lover and an obsolete
constellation now merged with Aquila)
17. Ἐν Δελφῖνι δέκα. Delphinus
18. Ἐν Προτομῇ Ἵππου τέττᾰρες. Equuleus
19. Ἐν Πηγάσῳ [ᾰ] εἴκοσιν. Pegasus
20. Ἐν Ανδρομέδῃ εἴκοσι τρεῖς. Andromeda (daughter of
Cepheus and Cassiopeia)
21. Ἐν Δελτωτῷ (Τριγώνῳ) τέτταρες. τὸ Δελτωτόν: in the
shape of the letter Δ. Triangulum
10
 Οἱ νότιοι.
1. Ἐν Κήτει εἴκοσι δύο. Cetus [τὸ κῆτος, εος]
2. Ἐν Ὠρίωνι τριᾱ́κοντα ὀκτὼ, ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ὦμος
δεξιὸς καὶ ποῦς ἀριστερὸς Ὠρίωνος. Orion (its two first-
magnitude stars are Rigel (toe) and Betelgeuse (armpit))
3. Ἐν Ἠρῐδᾰ́νῳ (Ποτᾰμῷ) τριᾱ́κοντα τέττᾰρες, ὅπου πρώτου
μεγέθους ὁ Ἠρῐδᾰνός. Eridanus (its first-magnitude star is
Achernar). RG: The Greeks mostly just called this
constellation ὁ Ποταμός, which I have added to the text.
The river was variously identified as the Nile, the Rhône,
the Rhine, and especially the Po, as well as the mythical
river into which plunged the burning chariot of Phaethon.
4. Ἐν Λᾰγῴ δώδεκα. Lepus
5. Ἐν Κῠνὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα καὶ ἀμόρφωτοι ἕνδεκα, ὅπου πρώτου
μεγέθους ὁ Σείριος. Canis Major (and Sirius, aka the dog-
star, the brightest star in the night sky)
6. Ἐν Προκῠνὶ δύο, ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους κύων. Canis
Minor (RG: As far as I can tell, Προκύων / Procyōn in the
ancient texts could refer to the constellation or its brightest
star, the latter being its modern meaning. The constellation
actually belongs in the northern celestial hemisphere.)
7. Ἐν Ἀργῷ τετταράκοντα πέντε, ὅπου πρώτου μεγέθους ὁ
Κᾰ́νωβος (Κᾰ́νωπος). Argo Navis, no longer classified as a
separate constellation but broken into several, one of which,
Carina (the ship’s hull), contains Canopus, the second
brightest star in the night sky after Sirius.
8. Ἐν Ὕδρᾳ εἴκοσι πέντε καὶ δύο ἀμόρφωτοι. Hydra
9. Ἐν Κρᾱτῆρι ἑπτά. Crater RG: I find no evidence this
constellation was ever referred to as Patera (Urna, Calix,
Scyphus, Poculum, but not Patera – see Richard Hinckley
Allen’s Star Names and Their Meanings) and I have
removed that from the text.
10. Ἐν Κόρακι ἑπτά. Corvus
11. Ἐν Κενταύρῳ (Χείρωνι) τριᾱ́κοντα ἑπτὰ, ὅπου πρώτου
μεγέθους ὁ ποῦς Κενταύρου. Centaurus RG: The modern

11

OP Span
2 Caelum (coelum) (~ OP IV)
Caelum rŏtatur et ambit terram in mĕdio stantem, ut antīqui
crēdĭderunt. Rĕcentiores ĕnim terrae circa sōlem mōtum dēfendunt.
Sōl ŭbi ŭbi sit, fulget perpĕtuo, etsi nūbēs nōbis eum auferunt; făcit
rădĭis suis lūcem, lux vēro dĭem. Ex adverso tĕnĕbrae sunt, inde
nox. In nocte splendet lūna, et stellae mĭcant et scintillant. Vespere,
est crĕpuscŭlum, māne, aurōra et dīlūcŭlum.
name of the first-magnitude star in the Centaur’s right foot
is Alpha Centauri, the third brightest star in the night sky
after Sirius and Canopus. It is actually part of what modern
astronomy calls a binary star system.
12. Ἐν Θηρίῳ ἐννεακαίδεκα. Lupus RG: Aratus and Ptolemy
simply called this τὸ θηρίον ‘the Beast’. The identification
of the beast as lupus (wolf) first starts showing in medieval
and later Latin sources like the Latin translations of the
Algamest. Germanicus’ translation of Aratus calls it Fera,
which I have added to the Comenian text.
13. Ἐν Θῡμιᾱτηρίῳ τέτταρες καὶ δέκα, ἀμόρφωτοι ἑπτά. Ara
14. Ἐν Οὐρανίσκῳ (Στεφάνῳ Νοτίῳ) τρεῖς καὶ δέκα. Corona
Australis RG: I added Στεφάνος Νότιος, the name used by
Ptolemy
15. Ἐν Ἰχθύι Νοτίῳ ἕνδεκα, ἀμόρφωτοι ἕξ, ὅπου εἷς πρώτου
μεγέθους ἐν στόματι ἰχθύος. Piscis Austrinus (formerly
known as Piscis Notios). The first-magnitude star in the
fish’s mouth is Fomalhaut (Fomalhaut is an Arabic word for
‘the mouth of the fish’).
Οἱ πόλοι δύο εἰσὶν, ὁ ἀρκτικός τε καὶ ἀνταρκτικός. Ὁ ὁρίζων (sc.
κύκλος) τὰ δύο ἡμισφαίρια, ὧν τὸ μὲν ἄνω, τὸ δὲ κάτω, διαιρεῖ.
Ὁ οὐρανός
Ὁ οὐρανὸς γῡροῦται (κῠλινδεῖται) καὶ κυκλοῖ τὴν γῆν ἐν μέσῳ
ἑστῶσαν, ὡς οἱ πάλαι ἐπίστευσαν. Οἱ γὰρ νεώτεροι τὴν τῆς γῆς περὶ
τὸν ἥλιον κῑ́νησιν καταβεβαιοῦνται. Ὁ ἥλιος, ὅπου δήποτε ἂν εἴη,
στίλβει (φέγγει) συνεχῶς, καὶ εἰ αἱ νεφέλαι ἡμῖν αὐτὸν ἀφαιροῦσι,
καὶ ποιεῖ τοῖς αὑτοῦ ἀκτῖσι τὸ φῶς, τὸ δὲ φῶς τὴν ἡμέραν. Ἐξ
ἐναντίας σκότος ἐστὶν, ὅθεν ἡ νύξ. Τῆς νυκτὸς φέγγει ἡ σελήνη, καὶ
οἱ ἀστέρες στίλβουσι (ἀυγάζουσι) καὶ σπινθηρίζουσιν. Ἑσπέρας
γενομένης δείλη ὀψία ἐστί, τὸ πρωὶ ἡ ἠὼς καὶ ὄρθρος (ὄρθρος
βᾰθύς).
γῡρόω, κῠλινδέω - rŏto
κυκλόω - circumdo
12
 ἵσταμαι - sto
πιστεύω - crēdo
ὁ ἥλιος - sōl, sōlis
ἡ κίνησις, εως [ῑ] - mōtus, ūs
καταβεβαιόω (only attested in middle in L&S) - affirmo
στίλβω, φέγγω - fulgeo
συνεχῶς - perpetuo
ἀφαιρέω - aufero, ērĭpio
ὁ ἀκτίς, ῖνος - rădĭus
τὸ φῶς, φωτός (Att. contr. for τὸ φάος, φάεος; Don’t confuse with ὁ
φώς, φωτός = man) - lux, lūcis (f.)
ἐξ ἐναντίας - ex oppŏsito
τὸ σκότος, εος - tĕnĕbrae
ὅθεν - inde
ἡ νύξ, νυκτός - nox, noctis
ἡ σελήνη - lūna
στίλβω; αὐγάζω, αὐγάζομαι - splendeo
σπινθηρίζω - mĭco, scintillo (ὁ σπινθήρ - scintilla)
ἡ ἑσπέρα - vespera
γίνομαι - fīo
ἡ δείλη means afternoon, divided into πρωΐα and ὀψία
(crĕpuscŭlum)
ὄψιος (ὀψέ) - sērōtĭnus
πρωΐ [ῐ] (Att. πρῴ) - māne
ἡ ἠώς, ἠοῦς - aurōra
ὁ ὄρθρος - dīlūculum (Aristotle and Plato also use the phrase
ὄρθρος βᾰθύς = twilight)

V De igne. Περὶ τοῦ πῠρός.

44 Incendĭum ex quavis scintilla, sī permittis, ŏritur.
45 Nam quicquid ignem concĭpit, id prīmum gliscit, dein ardet, tum
flagrat et flammat, postrēmum crĕmatum rĕdĭgitur in făvillas et
cĭnĕres.
LJ: Gliscere, crescere: de igne dīcitur; de ăqua.
Ἡ ἔμπρησις (ἐμπρησμός) ἐκ σμικροῦ σπινθῆρος, μηδενὸς
σβεννύντος ἢ κωλύοντος, ἐξανίσταται.
Ἅπαν γὰρ πῠρωθὲν πρῶτον μὲν αὐξάνεται, ἔπειτα καίεται, τότε
φλέγει (φλογοῦται), τέλος ἐμπεπρησμένον τεφροῦται.
πῠρόω
RG: τῡ́φω in the text means to smoke (transitively or intransitively),
to smoulder; as a translation for gliscere, I have substituted

13

46 Lignum ardens torris appellatur, extinctum, tītiō; partĭcula eius,
carbo; et quamdiu candet, prūna.
47 Fūmus ardens flamma est, cămīno insĭdens, fūlīgo, saepissime
abrādenda, nē ignescat.
αὐξάνεται (crescit). I’ve also added καίεται to translate
ardet.
φλογόω (ἡ φλόξ) = φλέγω
ἐμπίμπρημι - RG: I have substituted the perfect of ἐμπίμπρημι for
the πιμπράμενον of the text; see the note in the OP insert
below.
τεφρόω (ἡ τέφρα)
Ξύλον καιόμενον πῠρίφλεκτος, πῠρὸς δὲ σβεθέντος, δᾱλός· οὗ
μέρος ἄνθραξ, ὃς διάπῠρος θῡμάλωψ λέγεται.
Simon’s translation here is inconsistent with Span’s probably more
accurate translation, many years later, of the similar sentence in the
OP (it is Span’s translation SH and I use for the OP below, not
Scherschnik’s, who followed Simon’s). Span would have translated
this Janua sentence this way:
Ξύλον καιόμενον δᾱλὸς, πῠρὸς δὲ σβεθέντος, θῡμάλωψ· οὗ μέρος
ἄνθραξ, ὃς διάπῠρος ἀνθρᾰκιὰ λέγεται.
I.e., if forced to accept and reproduce Comenius’ distinction
between torris and tītiō , δᾱλός is probably the lignum ardens.
Furthermore, there’s nothing in the dictionaries to suggest θῡμάλωψ
is a live coal (prūna); on the contrary, in L&S it is defined as “a
piece of burning wood or charcoal;” in Schrevelius as tītiō
ambustus; in Pinzger as tītiō niger, carbo sēmiustus, vel fūlīgo.
But is Comenius’ distinction valid? Is tītiō a lignum once ardens but
now extinctum? Not based on anything in OLD (tītiō = firebrand) or
in Schrevelius or Pinzger (for both of whom tītiō = torris = δᾱλός).
Comenius undoubtedly gets the distinction from Lactantius’ Divine
Institutes 4, 14 (c. 300 A.D.), as cited by Lewis & Short: tītiō nem
vulgus appellat extractum fŏco torrem sēmiustum et exstinctum.
Of course this is not the Pathway to Latin (or Greek) but the Path to
Madness. Be grateful for an abundance of fire-related Latin and
Greek vocabulary in typically neat little Comenian sentences.
Ὁ καπνὸς καιόμενος φλόξ ἐστιν· ἐνισχόμενος κᾰμῑ́νῳ αἰθᾰ́λη ἢ
ἀσβόλη λέγεται, ἣν πλειστάκις τοῦ μὴ πῠροῦσθαι ἀποξεστέον ἐστίν.
14

OP Span
3 Ignis (~ OP V)
Ignis splendet, ardet, ūrit et crĕmat. Cuius scintilla per chălybem ex
sĭlĭce (pyrīte) ēlīsa, et in suscĭtābŭlo a fōmĭte excepta, accendit
sulphŭratum (ignĭārĭum), et inde candēlam aut lignum et excĭtat
flammam vel incendĭum quod corrĭpit aedĭfĭcĭa. Inde (ex igne)
fūmus ascendit, qui cămīno adhaerens in fūlīginem abit. Ex torre
(ligno ardente) fit tītiō (lignum extinctum). Ex prūna (partĭcula
torris) fit carbo. Tandem, quod rĕmănet cĭnis est et făvilla (in
cĭnĕres rĕdĭgitur).
RG: The text has καπνὸς κατάπυρος. I don’t find κατάπυρος in L&S
(though Pinzger has it, defined as ignitus), and I have substituted the
safer καιόμενος (moreover, I believe Lignum ardens and Fūmus
ardens are meant to be parallel).
ἡ αἰθᾰ́λη = ὁ αἴθᾰλος (αἴθω)
ἡ ἀσβόλη = ἡ ἄσβολος
Τὸ πῦρ
Τὸ πῦρ λάμπει, καίεται, φλέγει, καὶ ἐμπίμπρησι. Οὗ ὁ σπινθὴρ διὰ
τοῦ χάλῠβος ἐκ χᾰ́λῐκος (πῠρίτου [sc. λίθου]) ἐκκρουόμενος, καὶ ἐν
τῷ πῠρείῳ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐναύσματος ἐκδεχθεὶς, ἀνάπτει τὴν ἑλάνην καὶ
εἶτα τὸν λύχνον ἢ τὸ ξύλον καὶ ἐγείρει φλόγα ἢ ἐμπρησμὸν ὃς
ἐπιλαμβάνει τὰς οἰκοδομίας. Ὅθεν (ἐκ τοῦ πῠρὸς) ὁ καπνὸς
ἀναβαίνει, ὃς τῷ καμίνῳ (καπνοδόχῃ) προσκείμενος (ἐνισχόμενος)
λιγνὺς γίνεται. Ἐκ τοῦ δᾱλοῦ (ξύλου καιομένου) θῡμᾰ́λωψ γίνεται
(ξύλον σβεσθέν). Ἐκ ἀνθρᾰκιᾶς (τῆς τοῦ δᾱλοῦ μερίδος) ἄνθραξ
γίνεται. Εἶτα τὸ λοιπὸν τέφρα ἐστί, καὶ αἰθάλη (τεφροῦται).
λάμπω - splendeo
καίω - ardeo
φλέγω - ūro
πιμπράω [ἐμπίμπρημι] - crĕmo. πιμπράω is not in L&S, though it is
listed in several nineteenth century Greek-Latin dictionaries
as “idem quod πίμπρημι.” The common form is ἐμπίμπρημι,
which I have substituted. The root is πρη-, πρα- with μ
inserted in the duplication (Smyth). See ὁ ἐμπρησμός
below.
ὁ σπινθήρ, ῆρος - scintilla
ὁ χᾰ́λυψ, ῠβος - chălybs, ybis
ὁ, ἡ χᾰ́λιξ, ῐκος - sĭlex, ĭcis
ὁ πῠρίτης, ου - pyrītes, ae
ἐκκρούω - ēlīdo / excito
τὸ πῠρεῖον - suscĭtābŭlum. tinderbox
τὸ ἔναυσμα, τος - fōmĕs, ĭtis
ἐκδέχομαι - suscĭpio
15
 ἀνάπτω - accendo
ἡ ἑλάνη (vel ἑλένη) - sulphŭratum (sulfur/sulpur/sulphur, ŭris [n.];
sulfŭratus, a, um; as substantive usually in pl. sulfŭrata,
orum)
ὁ λύχνος, ου - candēla
τὸ ξύλον, ου - lignum
ἐγείρω - excĭto
ἡ φλόξ, γός - flamma
ὁ ἐμπρησμός = ἡ ἔμπρησις, εως - incendĭum
ἐπιλαμβάνω - corrĭpio
ἡ οἰκοδομία - aedĭfĭcĭum
ὁ καπνός - fūmus
ἀναβαίνω - ascendo
ὁ κᾰ́μῑνος / ἡ καπνοδοχή - cămīnus
πρόσκειμαι - adiăceo
ἐνίσχομαι (passive) - detineor
ἡ λιγνύς, ύος; ἡ ἀσβόλη = ἡ ἄσβολος; ἡ αἰθάλη - fūlīgō (Erotianus
Grammaticus: λιγνὺς ἐστι καπνώδης αἰθάλη)
γίνομαι - fīo
ὁ δᾱλός, ου L&S: related to δαίω - torris, is
τὸ ξύλον [ῠ] - lignum
καίομαι - incendor, ardeo
ὁ θῡμᾰ́λωψ, ωπος L&S: related to θῡ́φω - tītiō, ōnis (m.)
σβέννυμι - extinguo
ἡ ἀνθρᾰκιά (RG: I go here with what I find in L&S, which is
ἀνθρᾰκιά, not the ἀνθρακίς of the text) - prūna
ἡ μερίς, ίδος / τὸ μέρος, εος - pars, partis
ὁ ἄνθραξ, ᾰκος - carbo
ἡ τέφρα, ας - cĭnis, ĕris
ἡ αἰθᾰ́λη = ὁ αἴθᾰλος (αἴθω) - făvilla
τεφρόω - in cĭnĕres rĕdĭgo

VI De meteōris. Περὶ τῶν μετεώρων.

48 Văpōres aequōsi perpĕtuo sursum fĕruntur. Αἱ ἀτμίδες ὑδᾰτώδεις ἄνω ἀεὶ φέρονται.
49 Ex his densatis fit nūbēs; aut sī haec dĕorsum lābitur, nĕbŭla. Τούτων πυκνωθεισῶν, συννέφει· κάτω δὲ ἐνεχθεισῶν, ὀμίχλη
γίνεται.

16
50 Inde plŭit, ningit, grandĭnat.
51 Plŭvia dēstillat lente, imber dense, nimbus impĕtŭōse.
52 Hic, sī inter dēcĭdendum (dēlābendum) gĕlascit, fit grando; sī
incălescit nĭmĭum, ūrēdo seu rūbīgo [rōbīgo].
LJ: ŪRere (urgere ardōre ignis) non uno fit modo. Nam ŪRēdo
(ŪRīca [ŪRūca, ērūca]) adŪRit plantas: fulmen ambŪRit arbŏres:
ŬRtīca* perŪRit cutem, et inŪRit vēsīculas: frīgus praeŪRit
membra: ŪRīgō fit in membris ab USTŭlante mĕdĭcīna, indūcente
USTiōnem : USTor ōlim combūrebat (exūrebat) corpora mortuorum
: non in USTrīna opificis, sed fŏris, rĕmănente busto (h. e. ambusto
lŏco, sĕpulchro). Spīcae USTŭlatae sunt dēlĭciae prīmĭtĭarum.
*While you can easily see why Comenius would assume the same
UR root “burning,” contemporary etymology (OLD) is dubious.
53 Prŭīna est congĕlatus rōs; stīrĭa, stilla rĭgens.
54 Nĭves ex guttŭlis spūmescentibus concrētae sĕgĕtem ŏpĕriunt, nē
gĕlu vel glăcĭe algeat.
concresco, ere, crēvi, crētum
55 Aura cum spīrat, fōcillat nōs et gĕlata rĕgĕlat; ventus vĕhĕmens et
impĕtŭōsus cum flat, quătit, prosternit, et prōtĕrit quoquo sē vertit.
56 Cardĭnāles venti sunt: Subsōlānus (ŏrĭentālis), Auster (Nŏtus
mĕrīdĭōnālis), Făvōnius sīve Zephyrus (occĭdentālis), et Ăquĭlo
(Ăparctĭās, Bŏrĕăs, septentrĭōnālis). Collătĕrāles sunt: Vulturnus, ab
ŏrĭente brūmāli; Caecĭas, ab ortu aestīvo; Afrĭcus (Lĭbŏnŏtus, Lips),
ab occāsu brūmāli; Cōrus [Caurus] (Argestēs), ab occāsu aestīvo.
Καὶ δι’ αἰτίαν ταύτην ὕει, νείφει, χᾰλαζοβολεῖ.
ὕω mostly ῡ in present
Ὁ ῡ̔ετὸς ἠρέμᾰ, ὄμβρος πυκνότερον στᾰλάζει, λαῖλαψ ἢ τῡφὼς
καταιγῐδώδης καὶ ῥαγδαῖός ἐστιν.
ῥαγδαῖος, α, ον (ῥάσσω, Att. ῥάττω; ῥήσσω = ῥήγνυμι) -
impĕtŭōsus, vi perrumpens
Οὗτος ἐν τῷ καταπίπτειν ἀποπηγνύμενος (πεπηγώς) χᾰ́λαζα,
πῠροῦμενος δὲ σφόδρα ἐρῠσῑ́βη (καυθμὸς) λέγεται.
RG: I think ūrēdo and ἐρῠσῑ́βη apply mostly to plants, rūbīgo to
metals or plants
Πάχνη, ἕρση (δρόσος) πᾰγετώδης· στᾰλαγμὸς, ὑδατίδες πᾰγεῖσαι
(στάγμα πηκτόν).
L&S: ὑδατίς, ίδος in pl. = σταγόνες in Hsch.
Χιὼν παχνωθεῖσα στᾰγόνων ἀφρώδων τοὺς ἀγροὺς στέγει, τοῦ
καρπὸν ὑπὸ κρύεός τε καὶ πᾰγετοῦ μὴ λῡμαίνεσθαι.
ἡ στᾰγών, όνος - stilla
τὸ κρύος, εος [ῠ] - frīgus, ŏris; gelu
Αὔρα πνέουσα καὶ ἡμᾶς θάλπουσα τὰ πεπαχνωμένα διαλύει·
καταιγὶς ἢ λαῖλαψ ὅποι ἂν πνέουσα τρέποιτο ἅπαντα καταβάλλει,
ἀνατρέπει, καὶ ἐδαφίζει.
Οἱ ἄνεμοι κῡριώτατοί εἰσιν· ἀπηλιώτης, νότος, Ζέφῠρος, βορέας· οἱ
πλεύροθεν, Εὖρος, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς χειμερῐνής πνεῖ· Καικίας, ἀπὸ
ἀνατολῆς θερῐνῆς· Λὶψ, ἀπὸ χειμερῐνὴς δύσεως [ῠ]; Σκίρων
(Ἀργεστὴς), ἀπὸ θερῐνῆς δύσεως.
See classical compass rose. Wind gods, the Greek Anemoi.
17
 ὁ Ἀπηλῐώτης, ου (with or without ἄνεμος) - ventus Subsōlānus
ὁ Νότος - Auster, tri. Notus
ὁ Ζέφῠρος - Făvōnius. Zephyrus
ὁ Βορέας, ου - Ăquĭlo. Boreas
ὁ Εὖρος - Vulturnus
ὁ Καικίας, ου - Caecias
ὁ Λίψ, Λιβός - Afrĭcus ventus (poet. Āfer turbo)
ὁ Σκίρων, ωνος [ῐ] (prob. the same wind as ὁ Ἀργεστής, the
“clearing wind,” ἀργεστὴς Ζέφυρος in Hesiod) - Cōrus
(Caurus)
On the latter winds, see minor winds.

57 Circĭus et turbo in gyrum sē mīrĭfĭce circumagunt.
58 Exhālātĭones sulphŭreae incensae ēdunt fulgŭra (fulgetra) et
chasmata.
59 Et tum călōris cum frīgŏre pugna tŏnitrua ciet, cum frăgōre terrĭbĭli.
60 Ēmĭcans inde flammas fulmen nuncŭpatur.
61 Quod sīve fit ūrens, sīve discŭtiens, mōmento sē dissĭpat, et
quicquid eo īcitur, corruit.
62 Cum fulgŭrat, fulmĭnat, quis nōn attŏnĭtus păvescat?
Στρόβιλος καὶ τῡφὼς θαυμασίως δι’ ἀνέμου συστροφὴν μετ’ ὑετοῦ
κυκλεῖται.
ὁ θρασκίας, ου = ὁ κίρκιος (κέρκιος, κιρκίας) L&S: the wind from
NNW
Αἱ ἀποπνοαὶ θειώδεις φλογισθεῖσαι ἀστραπὰς τε καὶ χάσματα
ἀπεργάζονται.
Τότε γὰρ τὸ θερμὸν πολέμιον ὂν φύσει τῷ ψῡχρῷ, βροντὰς τε καὶ
κεραυνοὺς σὺν δούπῳ φοβερωτάτῳ ποιεῖ.
ὁ δοῦπος - sŏnĭtus, qui ex corpore ad terram adlīso ŏrĭtur; sŏnĭtus
quīvīs
Φλὸξ ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν ἐξαναδυομένη καὶ ἐκρᾰγεῖσα, κεραυνὸς
λέγεται.
ἐκ-ρήγνυμι
Οὗτος δὲ ἢ καυστειρὸς ἢ διαφορητικὸς ἢ θλαστικὸς ὢν, ἐν ἀκᾰρεῖ
διασκορπίζει ἅπαντα οἷς ἐμπίπτει.
διαφορητικός L&S: capable of dispersing, discutient
θλαστικός (θλάω) - L&S: capable of being crushed or compressed
ἀκᾰρής, ές (κείρω) - literally, of hair too short to be cut
Ὅτε δὲ ἀστράπτει, βροντᾷ, τίς οὐκ ἐμβρόντητος (ἐμβεβροντημένος)

18
 ὑπερορρωδεῖ [sc. τούτου];
63 Comētēs nullus umquam fulsit, quin stĕrĭlĭtātem inūreret terris aut Κομήτης οὐδεὶς πώποτε ἤστραψεν, ὁ μὴ λοιμὸν ἢ λῑμὸν τῇ γῇ
infectĭōnem. καταένεγκεν.
ὁ λοιμός - pestis, contāgĭum
ὁ λῑμός - fămes, is
64 Īris mātūtīna (ut et hălōs) nūbĭlōsam, vespertīna sĕrēnam Ἶρις καὶ ἅλως ἑωθῐνὴ ἀέρα συννεφῆ (νεφελώδη), ἑσπερῐνὴ δὲ
tempestatem (sūdum) nuntiat. αἰθρίαν προσημαίνει.
LJ: ŪDae res (ūvidae, hūmidae [ūmidae]) ŪDant ŪDore suo siccas.
Caelum sŪDum sine ŪDo, et sine nūbe est.

OP Span
6 Nūbēs (~ OP VIII)
Ex ăqua sursum fertur (ascendit) văpor. Ex văpōre fit nūbēs et prope
terram nĕbŭla. Ex nūbe stillat guttātim plŭvĭa et imber; quae
congĕlata grando, sēmĭgĕlata nix, călĕfacta rūbīgo dīcitur. In
plŭvĭōsa nūbe, sōli oppŏsita, īris appăret. In ăquam cădens gutta
bullam făcit, multae bullae făciunt spūmam. Ex ăqua congĕlata fit
glăcĭēs; rōs congĕlatus prŭīna dīcitur. Ex sulphŭreo văpōre fit
tŏnitru, quod e nūbe ērumpens cum fulgŭre tŏnat et fulmĭnat.
(RG : For what it’s worth, I prefer the simplicity of the pristine
Comenius text. Note how he places the key noun vocabulary words
in the emphatic first and last positions of the sentence, intentionally
and for the purpose appropriately ignoring what we and subsequent
Comenius self-styled “improvers” regard as the more normal Latin
word order. In my reprint of OP, these nouns are also emphasized
by italics and initial caps:
OP : Văpor ascendit ex Ăqua. Inde Nūbēs fit et Nebula prope
terram. Plŭvia et Imber stillat e Nūbe, guttātim ; Quae gĕlata
Grando, sēmĭ-gĕlata Nix, călĕfacta Rūbīgo est. In nūbe plŭvĭōsa,
oppŏsita Sōli, Īris appăret. Gutta incĭdens in ăquam făcit Bullam,
multae Bullae făciunt spūmam. Ăqua congĕlata Glăciēs, Rōs
cōngĕlatus dīcitur Prŭīna. Tŏnitru fit ex Văpōre sulphŭreo, quod
ērumpens e Nūbe cum Fulgŭre tŏnat et fulminat.)
On the subject of thunder and lightning in the last sentence, see
Μετέωρα
Ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ἄνω φέρεται (ἀναβαίνει) ἡ ἀτμίς. Ἐκ τῆς ἀτμίδος
γίνεται ἡ νεφέλη καὶ ἐγγὺς τῆς γῆς ὀμίχλη. Ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης
στᾰλάζει ἠρέμᾰ (κατὰ στᾰγόνας) ὁ ὑετὸς καὶ ὁ ὄμβρος· ὃς
ἀποπηγνυμένος χᾰ́λαζα, ἡμιπηγυμένος χιὼν, πῠρούμενος καυθμὸς
λέγεται. Ἐν ὑετώδει νεφέλῃ τῷ ἡλίῳ ἀντικειμένῃ ἶρις φαίνεται. Εἰς
τὸ ὕδωρ πίπτον τὸ στάγμα πομφόλυγα ποιεῖ· πολλαὶ πομφόλυγες
ποιοῦσι τὸν ἀφρόν. Ἐξ ὕδατος ἀποπηγνυμένου γίνεται κρύσταλλος·
δρόσος πᾰγετώδης πάχνη λέγεται. Ἐκ θειωδοῦς ἀποπνοῆς γίνεται ἡ
βροντὴ, ἣ ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης ἐξορμῶσα μετ’ ἀστραῆς βροντᾷ καὶ
κεραυνοῖ.
ἡ ἀτμίς, ίδος - văpor, ōris
τὸ νέφος, εος; ἡ νεφέλη - nūbēs
ἡ, ὁ ὀμίχλη - nĕbŭla
στᾰλάζω = στᾰλάσσω (late στᾰλάττω) - stillo
ἠρέμᾰ - quĭēte
ἡ στᾰγῶν, όνος (στάζω); τὸ στάγμα, ατος - gutta
ὁ ὑετός - plŭvĭa (subst. from plŭvĭus, a, um)
ὁ ὄμβρος - imber, imbris
ἀποπήγνυμι - congĕlo
ἡ χᾰ́λαζα - grando, ĭnis
ἡμιπήγνυμι - sēmĭgĕlo
ἡ χιών, όνος - nix, nīvis
πῠρόω - călĕfăcio

19
 below in this Janua topic sentences 58-62. ὁ καυθμός - rūbīgo / rōbīgo
ὑετώδης, ες, εος - plŭvĭōsus
ἀντίκειμαι - oppŏsitus sum
ἡ Ἶρις/ἶρις, ιδος - Īris/īris, idis
ἡ πομφόλυζ, ῠγος - bulla
ὁ ἀφρός - spūma
ἡ κρύσταλλος - glăcĭēs, ēi
ἡ δρόσος, ου - rōs, rōris
πᾰγετώδης, ες, εος - congĕlatus
ἡ πάχνη - prŭīna
θειώδης, ες, εος (τὸ θεῖον = brimstone) - sulphŭreus
ἀποπνοή - exhālātĭo
ἡ βροντή - tŏnitru = tŏnitrus, ūs
ἐξορμάω - ērumpo
ἡ ἀστραπή = ἀστεροπή - fulgur, ŭris (n.) = fulgor, ōris (m.)
βροντάω - tŏno
κεραυνόω – fulmĭno
(fulgur = ἀστραπή is the lightning flash seen in the sky; fulmen, ĭnis
[n.] = κεραυνός the lightning stroke or thunderbolt which descends
to earth and strikes terrestrial objects.)

OP Span
4 Aura (~ OP VI) Ἀήρ [ᾱ]
Aura spīrat lēnĭter, ventus vēro vălĭde. Prŏcella sternit arbores. Ἡ αὔρα πνεῖ πρᾱ́ως, ὁ ἄνεμος δ’ ἰσχῡρῶς. Ἡ καταιγὶς (ἡ λαῖλαψ, ὁ
Turbo in gyrum sē agit. Ventus subterrāneus (aut quaecunque sit τῡφὼς) καταβάλλει τὰ δένδρα. Ὁ στρόβῑλος κυκλεῖται. Πνεῦμα
ălia causa) terrae mōtum făcit, excĭtat. Terrae mōtus ruīnas ŏpĕratur. ὑπόγειον (ἢ τις δ’ ἂν εἴη ἑτέρα αἰτία) σεισμὸν ποιεῖ (ἐγείρει). Ὁ
σεισμὸς χάσματα ἀπεργάζεται.
(OP : Aura spīrat lēnĭter. Ventus flat vălĭde.)
ἡ αὔρα - aura
πνέω - spīro
πρᾱ́ως - lēnĭter
ὁ ἄνεμος - ventus
ἰσχῡρῶς - vălĭde
ἡ καταιγίς, ίδος - prŏcella; synonyms: ἡ λαῖλαψ, ᾰπος; τῡφώς, ῶ
Appellat. from ὁ Τῡφώς = ὁ Τῠφωεύς (cf. ὁ Τῡφῶν, ῶνος
Typhon, the father of the Winds)
καταβάλλω - prosterno

20
 τὸ δένδρον - arbor, ŏris
ὁ στρόβῑλος - turbo, ĭnis
κυκλέω; γῡρόω - circumago
τὸ πνεῦμα, ατος - ventus
ὑπόγειος - subterrāneus
ἡ αἰτία - causa
ὁ σεισμός - terrae mōtus
τὸ χάσμα, ατος - ruīna
ἀπεργάζομαι - ŏpĕror (ŏpus)

VII De ăquis. Περὶ τῶν ὑδάτων.

65 E lătĭcibus scătentes (scăturrientes) săliunt fontes, unde rīvi mānant.
66 1642: Ex his collĭguntur flŭvĭi, praecĭpŭe ŭbi plūres concurrunt, et
dēnĭque flūmĭna iūgĭter intrā rīpas suas dēcurrentia.
1665: Ex his collĭguntur flŭvĭi (flūmina), praecĭpŭe ŭbi plūres
concurrunt, iūgĭter intrā rīpas suas dēcurrentes, nĭsĭ cum aggĕres
ăquarum ēruptĭōnibus coërcendis nōn suffĭciunt.
iūgis, e Lewis & Short: continual, especially of running water
67 Ast sīcŭbi prōflŭvĭo et dēcursu cărent, tŭment, et in stagna atque
ăquam rĕsĭdem sē diffundunt.
68 Pălūdes sunt scătūrīgĭnes (scăturrīgĭnes) sĭne fluxu.
69 Torrentes sunt ăquae plŭvĭāles răpĭde dēflŭentes, a quibus
exundātĭōnes et dīlŭvĭa.
Ἐκ νᾱμάτων αἱ πηγαί, ἐκ δὲ τῶν πηγῶν τὰ ῥεῖθρα βρύει (βλύζει).
τὸ νᾶμα, ατος - lătex, ĭcis
βρύω [ῠ]
Τοῦτων συρρεόντων ποταμοὶ, καὶ συμβολαὶ γενόμεναι, ἐντὸς τῶν
ὀχθῶν ῥέουσι, πλὴν ὅτε τοῖς ἐκρήγμασι καὶ ταῖς ἐπιδρομαῖς
κῡμάτων τὰ ἀναχώματα οὐκ ἀρκεῖ.
ἡ συμβολή - iunctūra
τὸ ἀνάχωμα, ατος - agger, ĕris
Τῇ προχύσει τῆς ῥεύσεως ἐμποδιζομένης, ὕδωρ στάσῐμον [ᾰ]
(ὑδροστάσιον, τένᾰγος) διαχεόμενον συνίσταται.
στάσῐμος, ον; τὸ ὑδροστάσῐον
τὸ τένᾰγος, εος - lŏcus hūmĭdus, līmus aquae exĭgŭae restagnantis et
herbae in eius sŭperfĭcĭe appārentis, lŏcus caenōsus et
păluster, vădum, lăcūna
Τὰ ἕλη τόποι πολυπίδακες, καὶ πηγῶν οὐ ῥευσταὶ ἀναβλύσεις.
ἡ πῖδαξ, ακος - fons, scătĕbra, ăqua săliens
ἡ ἀνάβλῠσις, εως - scăturrīgo (scătūrīgo) (ἀνάβλῠσις πηγῶν Arist.)
Χειμάρροι, ὕδωρ ὀμβριόν τε καὶ χᾰραδραῖον, ὅθεν ἐπικλύσεις
(κατακλυσμοὶ) γίνονται.
ἡ χᾰράδρα (χαράττω) - torrens, qui impĕtŭōse e monte aut praecĭpĭti
lŏco dēcurrens terram excăvat

21

70 Ăquam ŭbi flŭit flŭentem; ŭbi gyratur gurgĭtem et vortĭcem; ŭbi
sēipsam absorbet vŏrāgĭnem; ŭbi expers fundi est bărathrum dīcito.
71 Sī illam nătātu plaudis, infuscas; sed clāram et quĭētam turbari, quid
rēfert?
72 Bulla fit a stillante gutta.
73 Măre salsum est, ut mŭria sătŭra.
LJ: MŬRĬa: salsūgo mărīna, cui similis MŬRĬātĭca căro. [NB:
Muriatic Acid is known as acidum salis.]
74 Ŭbi tellūrem termĭnat [sc. măre], sĭnus, prōmontōrĭa, et isthmi sunt.
75 Undae eius ab intrānĕo aestu sex hōris flŭunt ad lītŏra [littŏra]
reflŭuntque rĕciprŏce (alternant) cum sŏnĭtu horrĭbĭli: maxĭme intrā
frĕta atque ad charybdes.
76 In bŏrĕāli plăga Ōcĕănus est glăcĭālis (hyperbŏrĕus).
OP Span
5 Ăqua (~ OP VII)
Ăqua ex fonte scătet, vălĭde dēflŭit in torrente, mānat in rīvo, stat in
stagno, flŭit in flūmĭne, in sē convertitur et gyratur in vortĭce, et
făcit pălūdes. Flūmen rīpas hăbet. Măre făcit lī tŏra, sĭnus,
prōmontōrĭa, insŭlas, pēninsŭlas, isthmos, frĕta, hăbetque scŏpŭlos.
ἡ ἐπίκλῠσις, εως – prōlŭvĭes, dīlŭvĭum măris terram obrŭentis;
inundātĭo
Ὕδωρ ῥέον ῥεῦμα, ἐς ἑαυτὸ στρεφόμενόν τε καὶ δῑνούμενον δίνην
[ῑ], ἑαυτὸ ἀναρροφοῦν ἄβυσσον (βάραθρον) εἰπέ.
Τῇ νήξῃ τοῦτο κῑνῶν θολοῖς· ὕδωρ δὲ διαυγὲς ταράττειν τί ὄφελος;
ἡ νῆξις, εως
θολόω (ὁ θολός - mud, dirt, esp. in water; also, ink of the cuttle-
fish)
Πομφόλυξ στᾰγόνος σταζούσης γίνεται.
Ἡ θάλαττα ἁλμῠρὰ, ἅλμης δίκην.
Ὅπου τὴν γὴν διορίζει, κόλποι, ἀκρωτήρια, ἰσθμοί εἰσιν.
Ἡ πλημῡρὶς, τουτέστι ἡ παλίρροια ἕξ ὥραις τῇ ἔσω ἐπιτάσει τε καὶ
ἀνέσει, μάλιστα ἐντὸς τῶν πορθμῶν εὐρίπων καὶ σύρτεων
ἐξανίσταται.
ἡ πλημῡρίς, ίδος - floodtide
ἡ ἐπίτᾰσις (ἐπιτείνω) – intentio, incrēmentum, exaggĕrātĭo
ἡ ἄνεσις (ἀνίημι) – rĕlaxātĭo, rĕmissĭo
ὁ εὔρῑπος – especially the straight separating Euboea from Boeotia
ἡ Σύρτις – off of Libya
Ὁ ωκεανὸς ὑπερβόρεος ὅλος πᾰγερός ἐστιν.
Τὸ ὕδωρ
Τὸ ὕδωρ ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς βρύει (βλύζει), ὁρμητικῶς καταρρεῖ ἐν τῷ
χειμάρρῳ, νάει ἐν τῷ ῥείθρῳ, ἵσταται ἐν τῷ ὑδροστασίῳ, ῥεῖ ἐν τῷ
ποταμῷ, εἰς ἑαυτὸ στρέφεται καὶ δῑνεῖται ἐν τῇ δῑ́νῃ, καὶ ποιεῖ τὰ
ἕλη. Ὁ ποταμὸς ὄχθας ἔχει. Ἡ θάλαττα ποιεῖ ἀκτὰς, κόλπους,
ἀκρωτήρια, νήσους, χερρονήσους, ἰσθμοὺς, πορθμοὺς, καὶ ἔχει
σκοπέλους.
τὸ ὕδωρ [ῠ and ῡ] - ăqua
ἡ πηγή – fons, fontis
βρύω [ῠ]; βλύω = βλύζω - scăteo
22
 ὁρμητικῶς - vălĭde
καταρρέω - dēflŭo
χειμάρροος, ον, contr. –ρρους, ουν, and shortened χείμαρρος, ον; as
substantive, ὁ χείμαρρος - torrens
νάω - māno
τὸ ῥεῖθρον - rīvus
ἵστημι - sto
τὸ ὑδροστάσιον - stagnum
ῥέω - flŭo
ὁ ποταμός - flūmen, ĭnis (n.)
στρέφομαι - converto
δεινέομαι / στρέφομαι - gyror
ἡ δῑ́νη (sĭmĭlĭter ὁ δῖνος) - vortex, vortĭcis
δῑνέω = δῑνεύω - gyro
τὸ ἕλος - pălus, ūdis; lăcus, ūs
ἡ ὄχθη - rī pa
ἡ θάλαττα [θᾰ] - măre
ἡ ἀκτή - lī tus, ŏris (n.)
ὁ κόλπος - sĭnus, ūs
τὸ ἀκρωτήριον - prōmontōrĭum
ἡ νῆσος - insŭla
ἡ χερρόνησος (Attic for χερσόνησος) - pēninsŭla
ὁ ἰσθμός - isthmus
ὁ πορθμός - frĕtum
ὁ σκόπελος - scŏpŭlus

(RG: My reprint of the Orbis Pictus happens to be from an 1810

edition by W. Jones that is the twelfth edition of Charles Hoole’s
original 1658 English translation. Mr. Jones added a topic on The
Flood (Dīlŭvĭum), which for completeness sake and some additional
Latin vocabulary I include here, though it wasn’t translated into
Greek:
Dīlŭvĭum ūnĭversāle tōtam terram inundat; Fontium ōra rĕlaxantur;
Plūvĭa de Caelo dēscendit; Altissimi Montes Ăquis tĕguntur; Terra
ipsa et omne gĕnus Ănĭmālium corrumpitur. Noah salvus ēvādit in
Arca seu Nāve fastīgata. Ŭbique in Terris cernuntur Dīlŭvĭi Signa et

23
 Rĕlĭquiae; Montes praerupti et Valles dēcursu Ăquarum exăratae.
Ossa Piscium mărīnorum et Conchae ŭbique effŏdiuntur, etiam ex
altissimis Montibus in Rĕgĭōnibus mĕdĭterrānĕis. Et Corpora
mărīna dūrissimo Marmore inclusa rĕpĕriuntur.)
VIII De terra.
77 Terrae sŭperfĭcĭes ălĭcŭbĭ ūda est et ūlīgĭnōsa, ălĭcŭbĭ ārĭda et
petrōsa.
78 Nōnnullĭbi plāna, seu plānĭtĭes (aequor), ălĭbī montes, valles,
convalles, tŭmŭli, et dēpressa lŏca, hĭātus et antra conspiciuntur.
aequor, ŏris could refer to the plains or, more likely, the (calm,
smooth) sea
LJ: VALLis (vel VALLes; VALLecula VALLicula) plānĭtĭes inter
duos montes dēcurrens : ConVALLis undiqve montibus circumdata.
79 Colles et clīvi căcūmen versus euntibus acclīves sunt, dēclīves retro.
80 Terrae mōtus fit a subterrānĕis flātibus qui, sī prōrumpunt fŏras,
lābes fīunt.
81 Glēbam sī tĕris et frĭcas pulvus erit; sī dīlŭis et mācĕras, lūbrĭcum
lŭtum.
OP Span
Περὶ τῆς γῆς.
Ἡ τῆς γῆς περιφέρειά ποι μὲν ἔνικμός τε καὶ τελμᾰτώδης, ἀλλαχοῦ
δὲ πετρώδης, ψᾰθῠρὰ, καὶ ἄνικμος (σπάνυδρός) ἐστιν.
ἡ ἰκμάς, άδος - (h)ūmor; vapor
ψᾰθῠρός, όν (ψάω) - frĭābĭlis (friable, crumbling)
ἡ σπάνις, εως [ᾰ] - rārĭtas
Ἄλλῃ ποι ὁμᾰλὴ, ἑτέρωθι δὲ ὄρη, ἄγκη, συγάγκειαι, γήλοφοι,
ἐκρήγματα, φάραγγες καὶ ἄντρα φαίνονται.
ἡ συνάγκεια L&S: = μισγάγκεια (μίσγω, ἄγκος), meeting of glens,
meeting of the waters - convallis, is OLD: a deep, narrow,
or enclosed valley, glen
RG: ὁ γήλοφος (ὁ γεώλοφος) correctly translates tŭmŭlus. I don’t
see any geological meaning for θρόμβος (lump) in the text,
so I have dropped it. I have added καὶ ἄντρα as the obvious
counterpart to et antra. and left dēpressa lŏca untranslated.
ἐκρήγματα (ravines) and φάραγγες (clefts, chasms,
especially in a mountainside) are left as very loose
translations of dēpressa lŏca (perhaps) and hĭātūs.
Οἱ λόφοι (κολωνοὶ) τοῖς ἀναβαίνουσιν ἀνάντεις, τοῖς δὲ
καταβαίνουσι κατάντεις εἰσίν.
ὁ κολωνός (= ἡ κολώνη) - tŭmŭlus, collis
Σεισμὸς ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων ὑπογείων ἔξω βιαίως ἐνεχθέντων
γεγενημένος, χάσμα ἀπεργάζεται.
Βῶλος τετρῐμμένος κονῐορτὸς, βεβρεγμένος δὲ ὕδατι, βόρβορος ἢ
πηλὸς γλοιώδης ἐστίν.
ὁ κονῐορτός (κόνις, ὄρνυμι)
τρίβω [ῑ], βρέχω
24
7 Terra (~ OP X) Ἡ γῆ
Sŭper terrā sunt alti montes, prŏfundae valles, ēlĕvati colles, căvae Ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐστὶν ὑψηλὰ ὄρη, βᾰθῆ ἄγκη, ὑψώδεις βουνοὶ, κοῖλα
spēluncae, plāni campi, ŏpācae silvae. σπήλαια, ὁμᾰλὰ πεδία, κατάσκιαι ὗλαι.
ὑψηλός; ὑψώδης, ες, εος – altus
τὸ ὄρος, εως - mons, montis
βᾰθύς, εῖα, ύ - profundus
τὸ ἄγκος, εος – vallis, is
ὁ βουνός - collis, is
κοῖλος - căvus
τό σπήλαιον - spēlunca
ὁμᾰλός - plānus
τὸ πεδίον - campus
κατάσκιος - ŏpācus
ἡ ὕλη [ῡ] - silva

OP Span
7 Terrae Foetus (~ OP XI)
Prātum fert (gignit) grāmen cum flōribus et herbis, quae dēsecta
foenum fīunt. Arvum prōfert frūges et ŏlera, in silvis nascuntur
fungi, frāga, myrtilli; sub terra nascuntur mĕtalla et lăpĭdes, et vărĭa
ălĭa.
Τὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς γεννώμενα (τὰ τῆς γῆς γεννήματα)
Ὁ λειμὼν φέρει (τίκτει) τὰς χλοὰς μετὰ τῶν ἀνθῶν καὶ ποῶν, ἃ
ἀποκοπτόμενα χόρτος γίνεται. Ὁ ἀγρὸς (χωρίον) προφέρει τὸν σῖτον
καὶ λάχανα, ἐν ταῖς ὕλαις γεννῶνται μύκητες, κόμᾰρα, μύρτιλλοι·
ὑπὸ τῆς γῆς αὐξάνεται μέταλλα, λίθοι, καὶ ποικίλα ἄλλα.
γεννάω; τὸ γέννημα – foetus (fētus), ūs
ὁ λειμών, ῶνος - prātum
φέρω, τίκτω - fero, gigno
ἡ χλοή - grāmen, inis (n.)
τὸ ἄνθος, εος - flōs, flōris
ἡ ποά - herba
ἀποκόπτω - dēsĕco
ὁ χόρτος - foenum (faenum, fēnum) = hay. Don’t confuse with
foenus/faenus/ fēnus, ŏris (n.) = interest on money
ὁ ἀγρός, τὸ χωρίον - arvum (n. subst. of arvus, a, um (ăro, ἀρόω))
RG: I try to distinguish between the standing corn, or crop, the grain
from that crop, and the food made from the grain. This is
what I get from the dictionaries:
+ ὁ σῖτος is the grain. It usually translated by frūmentum,

25
 which can mean (OLD) 1) the grain, but also 2) the standing
crop (usu. in pl.) 3) cereal plants as a class of produce
+ ὁ καρπός is fruit, usu. of the fruits of the earth, corn
(L&S), i.e., the standing crop. It usually translated by
fructūs (pl. of fructus, ūs) or frūgēs (pl. of frux, frūgis).
fructus is in general (OLD:) the (enjoyable or pleasurable)
yield of something specified or implied, e.g., income, crops
(and also specifically the fruit of a crop, i.e., its grain, as
opposed to the flower). frux is (OLD:) the edible produce of
trees, plants, etc., i.e., fruit (grain) or standing crops, and
also specifically the fruit of a crop, i.e., its grain, as opposed
to the flower, as well as the bread, meal made from the
grain
(There is a separate OP topic below on frutex, icis, meaning
1) shrub or bush 2) a shoot, stem, stalk, growth)
τὸ λάχανον - ŏlus (hŏlus), ĕris (n.)
γεννῶμαι - nascor
ὁ μῠ́κης, ητος (but forms such as nom. pl. μῠ́και and acc. pl. μῠ́κας)
- fungus, i (fungus also equated with ὁ σπόγγηος /
σφόγγος). fungus, mushroom
τὸ κόμᾰρον (ἡ κόμᾰρος L&S: strawberry-tree, Arbutus Unedo) -
frāga (pl. only). strawberry tree, strawberries
ὁ μύρτιλλος - myrtillus. myrtillus is a medieval Latin diminutive of
myrtus / ἡ μύρτος L&S: myrtle, Myrtus communis. myrtle
αὐξάνω - (= augeo, cresco, but used here to translate nascor)
τὸ μέταλλον - mĕtallum. μέταλλον meant mine, quarry and only
later mineral, metal (the specific metals were used instead –
copper, iron, silver, etc.). In Plato τὰ μεταλλεῖα is a
collective for metals
ὁ, ἡ λίθος [ῐ] - lăpis, ĭdis (m.)
ποικίλος - vărĭus

IX De lăpĭdĭbus. Περὶ τῶν λίθων.

82 Lăpis commĭnūtus ărēna est, quae sī crassior fit, săbŭlum et glārĕa Ὁ λίθος τρῐβεὶς ψαμμίον, πᾰχύτερος δὲ ὢν ψάμαθος (ψάμμος)
vŏcatur: rūdus sunt assŭlae seu sĕcāmenta (fragmĭna) petrarum. ἐστίν· τὰ ἐρείπια περιψήματα (ἀποκόμματα) τῶν πετρῶν ἐστίν.
τὸ ἐρείπιον (ἐρείπω; generally in pl.) - rūdus, eris n. – rubble

26

83 Saxa hŭmi iăcent (sīve extant sīve dēlĭtescunt): scŏpŭli et cautes
frăgōsae et inaccessae ēmĭnent; crĕpīdo prōmĭnet.
RG: For simplicity sake, I changed the subjunctives in the text (sīve
extent sīve delĭtescant) to indicatives.
84 Scrūpŭlus calcĕo illapsus, nisi exĭmatur, urget mŏleste.
85 Cōte ăcŭimus obtūsa; sĭlĭce ēlīdimus ignem: Lȳdĭo lăpĭde mĕtalla
prŏbamus.
86 Tōphus, ărēnōsus et scăber, frĭābĭlis est: pūmex spongĭōsus, exēsus
et bĭbŭlus, lōtiōni sīve frictĭōni subserviens.
τὸ περίψημα ⟨ περιψάω
Αἱ πέτραι ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς , εἴτε προύχουσαι εἴτε λανθάνουσαι, κεῖνται·
οἱ σκόπελοι, ῥᾱχίαι τρᾱχεῖς καὶ σπῐλάδες ἀπρόσῐτοι ἐξέχουσιν·
ἀπορρὼξ προέχει.
ὁ σκόπελος - literally, lookout place (σκοπέω), hence promontory
RG: ἡ ῥᾱχία flood tide; rocky shore (L&S) seems to be an iffy
translation of cautēs (OLD: rock, cliff, crag, reef), unless
taken as ‘reef’
ἡ σπῐλάς, άδος - rūpes, is; scŏpŭlus. In one of his epigrams
(Anthologia Graeca 11.390), Lucillius distinguishes σπῐλάς
as a rock over which the sea dashes (an open enmity, he
tells his would-be lover, is better than a deceitful
friendship):
Φασι δὲ καὶ νήεσσιν ἁλιπλανέεσσι χερείους
τὰς ὑφάλους πέτρας τῶν φανερῶν σπιλάδων.
ἀπο-ρρώξ, ῶγος ⟨ ἀπορήγνυμι
Λίθαξ ἢ ψηφὶς τῷ ὑποδήματι ἐμπεσοῦσα, οὐδ’ ἐξαιρεθεῖσα, τοὺς
ὁδεύοντας ἐνοχλεῖ.
ὁ, ἡ λίθαξ, ᾰκος adj. stony; ἡ λίθαξ as fem. Subst. = λίθος
Ἀκόῃ τὰ ἀμβλέα θήγομεν· ἐκ χάλικος [ᾰ] πῦρ ἐκκρούομεν
(ἐκθλίβομεν)· λίθῳ Λῡδίᾳ τὰ μέταλλα δοκῐμάζομεν.
ἀμβλύς, εῖα, ύ
θήγω – ăcŭo
ἡ Λῡδία λίθος = ἡ βάσανος. jasper (Lydian stone, lydite, basanite)
Πῶρος ψαμματώδης, τρᾱχὺς, εὔθραυστος (εὐτρῐβής) ἐστιν; ἡ
κίσηρις σφογγώδης, ἐκβεβρωμένη, ποτικὴ, πρὸς τὰ λοῦτρα καὶ τὰς
τρίψεις οὐκ ἀνωφελής ἐστιν.
ὁ πῶρος (ἡ πώρῐνος λίθος) - tōfus (tōphus). RG: There’s nothing in
the L&S definitions of πῶρος to make me think it is tufa or
limestone specifically, but the OLD lemma for pōrus (from
which indeed, via Old French, we get ‘pore’) says ‘a kind of
stone, prob. tufa.’ tufa
εὔθραυστος ⟨ θραύω)
ἡ κίσηρις [ῐ] - pūmex, ĭcis. pumice
27

87 Alabastrītēs candidissimum marmor.
88 Magnes, eique affrĭcāta lingŭla pyxĭdis nautĭcae, Septentrĭōni
dīrecte se obvertit: ălĭcŭbĭ tămen a Mĕrīdĭāno dēviat, ad cardĭnem
occĭdŭum vel ortīvum dēflectens.
89 Gemmarum prĕtĭōssisima est carbunculus (pyrōpus), sĕcunda ab illa
ădămas, tum eranus [?], post sapp(h)īrus, smăragdus, ĭaspis,
hyăcinthus, onyx, sardonyx, etc., qui angŭlati mĭcant et scintillant.
Bezoar et lacrĭma (lacrŭma) cervīna pestĭfĕrum vīrus ac vĕnēnōsa
dispellunt.
vīrus, i n.
ἐκβιβρώσκω
bĭbŭlus means both fond of drinking and, of things, absorbent,
porous; at least in L&S, ποτικός only means fond of
drinking, so think drunken pumice
ἡ τρῖψις, εως
Ἀλαβαστρίτης, μάρμαρος λευκότατός ἐστιν.
ὁ ἀλᾰβαστρίτης (sc. λίθος), ου. L&S: calcareous (of type calcite)
alabaster. alabaster
Ἡ Μαγνῆτις, καὶ γλώττα τοῦ πυξιδίου ναυτικοῦ αὐτῇ προστρῐβεῖσα
πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον τρέπεται· ἔσθ’ ὅπη δὲ ἀπὸ μεσημβρίας πρὸς δύσιν
[ῠ] ἢ ἀνατολὴν ἀποκλίνει [ῑ].
magnetic compass
Τῶν τῑμίων λίθων πολῠτῑμωτάτη ἄνθραξ (πῠρωπὸς), δεύτερον
ἀδάμας, ἔπειτα θῠΐτης, σάπφειρος, πρᾰσῖτις (σμάραγδος), ἰάσπις,
χρῡσόλῐθος, ὀνύχιον, σαρδόνυξ. αὗται γωνιωδεῖς τε καὶ
σπινθηροειδεῖς εἰσίν. Βεζοὰρ καὶ δάκρυ ἐλάφου τὰ ὀλέθρια,
φθαρτικὰ καὶ λυγρὰ ἐπαρκεῖ.
ὁ ἄνθραξ, ᾰκος L&S: charcoal (mostly in pl.); coal; II. a precious
stone of dark-red color, including the carbuncle, ruby, and
garnet. πῠρωπός, όν (ὤψ) (“fiery-eyed”), from which the
substantive ὁ πῠρωπός is, according to Pliny, a kind of red
bronze. These are used to translate carbunculus OLD: 1) a
live coal 2) tophus 3) a kind of precious stone. carbuncle,
red garnet
ὁ θῠΐτης (sc. λίθος) L&S: an Ethiopian stone. RG: I can’t find a
trace of eranus, the Latin word in the Theodor Simon text,
but some later editions either translate as ‘turquoise’ or even
make ‘turquoise’ the Latin word (spelled, e.g. turcois).
Turquoise was important in Egyptian culture.
ἡ πρᾰσῖτις, ιδος) L&S: a precious stone, probably emerald (from
πράσον leek-green). ἡ σμάραγδος is also the name of
several green stones, including the emerald.
ἡ ἰάσπῐς, ιδος L&S: jasper (see also ἡ Λῡδία λίθος, ἡ βάσανος) -
ĭaspis, idis/idos OLD: the name of various kinds of
chalcedony, jasper. chalcedony
28

90 Haemătītēs, ălectŏrĭa, āëtītēs, būfōnĭus, sarda, lazulus sĕquĭores
sunt.
sĕcŭs, comparative sĕquĭus (sētĭus)
ὁ χρῡσόλῐθος L&S: topaz. topaz RG: Taken in order, this would
seem to be the translation of hyăcinthus, which is doubtful.
ἡ ὑάκινθος [ῠᾰ] L&S: a precious stone of blue color (ὁ
ὑάκινθος is the flower hyacinth, bluebell)
hyăcinthus OLD: (besides the flower) a precious stone,
prob. sapphire
hyacinth is a name for the mineral zircon and jacinth, a red
transparent variety of zircon used as a gemstone
ὁ ὄνυξ, ῠχος primary meaning ‘claw,’ ‘talon’; meaning III.4 in
L&S, along with meaning II of τὸ ὀνύχιον is onyx. OLD
has two definitions of onyx, ychis, 1. a much-prized kind of
marble, prob. a stalagmitic limestone 2. a multi-colored
gem, a variety of quartz
ὁ σαρδόνυξ, ῠκος L&S: sardonyx. The stone was called ὄνυξ when
the dark ground was simply spotted or streaked with white,
but σαρδόνυξ if the different colors were disposed in layers.
Though, according to Wikipedia, sardonyx is a variant in
which the colored bands are sard (shades of red) rather than
black. (Of τὸ σάρδιον, L&S: the Sardian stone. This stone
was of two kinds, the transparent-red or female, being our
carnelian, the transparent-brown or male our sardine. See
here for the distinction.)
bezoar
RG: Deer tears? I’m striking out. Anyone?
Ὁ αἱμᾰτίτης, ἀλεκτορία, ἀετίτης, βατράχιος, σάρδα, λάζυλος ὡς
λίθοι εὐτελέστεραι ἀπευωνίζονται.
λίθος αἱμᾰτίτης [ῑ] L&S: haemitite, a red iron-ore. haemitite
ălectŏrĭus, a, um (a Latin word from ὁ ἀλέκτωρ = ἀλεκτρυών, cock)
– Plin. Nat. 37.144: Ălectŏrĭas [sc. gemmas] vŏcant in
ventriculis gallīnācĕorum inventas crystallĭna spĕcie,
magnĭtūdĭne făbae, … (ἀλέκτορος λόφος - alectoros lophos
is the plant ‘yellow rattle’)
ὁ ἀετίτης [ῑ] λίθος - lăpis āëtītēs (ae). eagle-stone (aetites)
τὸ βᾰτράχιον L&S: IV. malachite (ὁ βάτρᾰχος [ᾰ] = būfō, ōnis -
frog). malachite. Check out what malachite can do for you!
Buy a malachite frog!
29

91 Margărītae et ūnĭōnes (qui grandĭuscūli sunt) in conchis rĕpĕriuntur.
Horum līnĕis luxŭrĭantes mŭlĭerculae sēsē incingunt, tum ĕtĭam
perfŏratis aurĭcŭlis eosdem illĭgant.
grandĭuscūlus a disputed reading in Terence; perhaps grandĭcŭlus
92 Cŏrallia sunt arbusculae mărīnae rāmusculi.
93 Vitrum trālūcens crystalli sĭmĭlĭtūdĭnem habet, nōn dūrĭtĭem:
scinditur smyrite.
OP Span
10 Lăpĭdes (~ OP XIII)
Ărēna et săbŭlum lăpis est contrītus. Lăpis pars est petrae. Cōs,
sĭlex, marmor sunt ŏpāci lăpĭdes. Magnēs attrăhit ferrum. Gemmae
(lăpĭdes prĕtĭōsi) sunt pellūcĭdi lapĭlĭi ut candĭdus ădămas, rŭbĕus
rubinus, caerūlĕa sapp(h)īrus, vĭrĭdis smăragdus, et mĭcant, sī
angŭlati sunt. Margărītae in conchis crescunt, cŏrallia in mări spĕcĭe
arbuscularum. Sūcĭnum ad măre maxĭme in Borussia [Prussia]
collĭgitur. Vitrum est sĭmĭle crystallo.
(OP: Ărēna et Săbŭlum est Lapis comminūtus. Saxum est pars
Petrae (Cautis). Cautēs, is is a rough sharp rock.)
sarda, ae OLD: the ‘sard’ variety of carnelian (see on σαρδόνυξ in
the preceding sentence. carnelian/sard
lapis lazuli
ἀπευωνίζω L&S: cheapen, dub. in Luc. Nigr.23 (εὐωνίζω hold
cheap, εὐωνέω buy cheaply). εὐτελής, ές easily paid for,
cheap. But sĕquĭores in the Latin may just mean with
tonque-in-cheek ‘of a different category’.
Μαργᾰρῖται ἐν κόγχαις εὑρίσκονται, οἷς θρυπτικῶς διακεῖμεναι
γῠναῖκες τὴν κεφαλὴν τε καὶ τὰ ὦτα διακοσμοῦσιν.
θρυπτικός, ή, όν (θρύπτω) - 1) frangendi, commĭnŭendi vim hăbens,
frangens, commĭnŭens 2) frăgĭlis, frĭābĭlis 3)
metaphorically, prōpensus ad dēlĭcātam vītam, dēlĭcātus,
mollis
Τὰ κοράλλια κλαδίσκοι δενδρίου θᾰλασσίου [late Att. θᾰλαττίου]
ἐστίν.
Ἡ ὕᾰλος διαφᾰνὴς κρυστάλλῳ ἐμφερεστάτη τὴν μὲν διαφάνειαν,
οὐδᾰμῶς δὲ τὴν σκληρότητα ἔχει· τμητὴ σμύριδι.
ἡ σμύρις, ιδος - emery-powder. emery
Οἱ λίθοι
Ἡ φάμμος (ἡ ψάμᾰθος) λίθος ἐστὶ συντρῐβείς. Ὁ λίθος μέρος ἐστὶ
τῆς πέτρας. Ἡ ἀκόνη, χάλιξ, μάρμαρος λίθοι εἰσὶν ἀνήλιοι. Ἡ
Μαγνῆτις προσέλκει τὸν σῐ́δηρον. Λίθοι τῑ́μιοι λιθάριά ἐστι
διαφανῆ, ὡς ὁ λευκὸς ἀδάμας, ἐρυθρὸς ῥούβινος, κῠᾰνῆ σάπφειρος,
χλωρὰ σμάραγδος, καὶ στίλβουσι, εἰ γεγωνιωμένοι εἰσίν. Οἱ
μαργᾰρῖται ἐν κογχαῖς αὐξάνονται, τὰ κοράλλια ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ, ὡς
δενδρία. Τὸ ἤλεκτρον παρὰ τῇ θαλάττῃ, μάλιστα ἐν τῇ Βορουσσίᾳ
συλλέγεται. Ἡ ὕᾰλος κρυστάλλῳ ὅμοιός ἐστιν.
ἡ ψάμμος, ἡ ψάμᾰθος [ψᾰ] - (h)ărēna, săbŭlum (RG: τὸ ψαμμίον
from the text is ‘pebble.’ I replaced it with ψάμᾰθος.)
συντρίβω [ῑ] - contĕro
ἡ ἀκόνη [ᾰ] - cōs, cōtis. Not a mineral type, but a particular use of a
variety of natural and synthetic stones, whetstone
30
ὁ, ἡ χᾰ́λιξ, ῐκος - sĭlex, sĭlĭcis. Also applied to any hard rock or
stone, flint, lava, etc. χᾰ́λιξ can also mean ‘rubble.’flint,
Flintstone
ὁ μάρμαρος - marmor, ŏris (n.). marble
ἀνήλιος - ŏpācus
ἡ Μαγνῆτις, ιδος (with or without λίθος, which as a feminine
usually refers to some special stone) - magnēs, magnētis
(i.e., lăpis [m.] Magnēs). magnet
ἕλκω - trăho
ὁ σίδηρος [ῐ] - ferrum. iron
τῑ́μιος - prĕtiōsus. concept of precious stones
τὸ λῐθάριον - lăpillus
διαφᾰνής, ές - pellūcĭdus
λευκός – candĭdus
ὁ ἀδάμας, αντος - ădămas, antis. diamond
ἐρυθρός - rŭber/rŭbĕus. RG: The English word ‘ruby’ goes back to
the Latin word for red, but via medieval Latin and French.
rubinus / ῥούβινος in the text seem to simply be the
Latinizing / Greekizing of this modern term. I’m hard put to
find the ancient Greek or Roman word for ruby. Perhaps ἡ
παντάρβη (L&S) ; ἡ ἄνθραξ; carbunculus. ruby
κῠᾰνέος (contr. κῠᾰνοῦς) - caerūlĕus
ἡ σάπφειρος - sapp(h)īrus. sapphire (the other gemstone, besides
ruby, from the mineral corundum. In antiquity, σάπφειρος
probably referred to what we know as the lapis lazuli.)
χλωρός - vĭrĭdis
ἡ σμάραγδος - name of several green stones, including the emerald.
emerald
γεγωνιωμένος (γωνιόομαι) - angŭlatus
ὁ μαργᾰρίτης, ου [ῑ] (ἡ μαργᾰρῖτις λίθος and - ῖτις alone) -
margărīta, ae and margărītum. pearl
ἡ κόγχη - concha
αὐξάνομαι - cresco
τὸ κοράλλιον (τὸ κουράλιον) - corallium (cūralium). coral, esp. red
coral
τὸ δενδρίον - arbuscula

31
 τὸ ἤλεκτρον (ὁ, ἡ ἤλεκτρος) - sūcĭnum (OLD: often in pl., smt. in
sense ‘pieces of amber’). amber
συλλέγω - collĭgo
ἡ ὕᾰλος (ὕελος) - vitrum. glass
ὁ κρύσταλλος (τὸ κρύος [ῠ] – icy cold) - 1) ice 2) rock-crystal (clear
quartz)

X De mĕtallis. Περὶ τῶν μετάλλων.

94 Mĕtalla de fŏdīnis ēruntur (effŏdiuntur), e quibus quia lĭquescunt et
rursus consistunt (spissantur), vărĭa conflantur.
In classical Latin, fŏdīna is usually only in compounds, e.g.,
aurifŏdīna
95 Aurum est perfectissimum, quia pūrissimum ac pondĕrōsissimum,
praesertim obryzum.
96 Cătīno immissum atque clībăno vel centĭēs rĕcoctum nē hīlum
quidem substantĭae (essentĭāle) dēperdit.
97 Argentum huic prŏxĭme accēdit, cum ‘pūrum pŭtum’ est; sed
scōrias hăbet quae ambūruntur. Exusto autem intertrīmento,
ēmundatum fit ductĭle.
98 Ferrum, ut ut dūrissimum, ferrūgĭne arrōditur; ēpurgatum et
indūratum ăliquŏtĭēs chalybs dīcitur.
99 Aeri adhaeret aerūgo, ob vīvĭdam vĭrĭdĭtātem ad tinctūras expĕtīta.
(aerūgo f.)
100 Ŏrĭchalcum pervulgata ūsurpātĭōne est cadmēa tinctum aes: fundi
sōlum pŏtest, nōn tĕnŭari in lāmellas, ob frĭābĭlĭtātem.
Τὰ μέταλλα ἐκ τῶν ὀρυγμάτων ἐξορύτταται, ἐξ ὧν τηκομένων τε
καὶ πάλιν συνισταμένων πολλαπλάσια τεχνήματα χεῖται [χέεται].
Ὁ χρῡσὸς ἐντελέστατός ἐστιν, ἐπειδὴ τῶν ἄλλων μετάλλων ἀμῐγής
τε καὶ ὑπερβρῑθέστατός ἐστι, μάλιστα ὄβρυζος.
ἀμῐγής, ές ⟨ μίγνυμι
ὑπερβρῑθής, ες (τὸ βρῖθος, εος weight) = ὑπερβᾰρής
ὄβρυζος, η, ον pure (ἡ ὄβρυζα = Lat. obrussa – essaying of gold)
Πεφθεὶς καὶ τηκτὸς ἐν τρυβλίῳ καὶ κλῑβάνῳ ἑκατοντάκις, οὐδὲν τῆς
ουσίας ἀχράντου ἀποβάλλει.
πέσσω Att. πέττω later πέπτω
τὸ τρύβλιον - catīnus –cup, bowl
(ὁ κρίβανος [ῑ] Att. for κλίβανος)
Ὁ ἄργῠρος, κᾰθᾰρὸς ὢν, τούτου τῇ ἀξίᾳ ἐγγυτάτω, σκωρίαν ἔχει, ἧς
πῠρὶ ἐκκαυθείσης ἐλᾰτὸς γίνεται.
ἐλᾰτός ⟨ ἐλαύνω
Ὁ σίδηρος σκληρότατος μὲν, ὅμως δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰοῦ κατεσθίεται·
κᾰθᾰρισθεὶς δὲ καὶ σκληρωθεὶς χ ὁποσάκις, χάλυψ λέγεται.
ὁ ἰός – (A) arrow (B) poison, venom (C) rust on iron, verdigris on
copper and bronze
Τῷ χαλκῷ ἰὸς ἐνίσχεται, οὗ τὸ ἄνθος διὰ τὴν χλωρότητα βᾰφαῖς
ὠφέλιμόν τε καὶ περιπόθητόν ἐστιν.
Ὁ ὀρείχαλκος τῇ καδμείᾳ διάβροχος, οὐ τῠπίας, ἀλλὰ χῠτός ἐστι,
διὰ τὴν ψᾰθῠρότητα.

32

101 Ēlectro stannum, et hoc plumbum mollius et vīlius est.
102 Argento vīvo (hydrargyro) nĭhil mīrābĭlius: lĭquĭdum est, nec tămĕn
mădet.
103 Nam, sīve id sŭper ăliquid effundas, sīve ei ălĭquid immergas, sīve
aspergas, nĭhil mădescit.
104 Sāl, ălūmen, vitriolum (chalcanthum), nĭtrum, sulphur, bĭtūmen
(asphaltītēs), naphtha, cinnăbăris, arsĕnĭcum, stĭbĭ (antimonium),
ōchra, chrȳsocolla, (Cĭmōlĭa) crēta, plumbāgō, rubrīca, etc., sūci
mĕtallĭci dīcuntur: cērussa et mĭnĭum ădultĕrīnum factīcĭa sunt; sīc
quŏque chrȳsocolla aurificum glūtĭnum.
ἡ καδμεῖα (sc. γῆ) cadmia, calamine. cadmia
ὁ τῠπίας, ου - hammered (ἡ τῠπάς, άδος - mallet), wrought. Pollux:
τυπίας χαλκός wrought brass opposed to ὁ τροχίας χαλκός
cast brass (L&S: less correct for χῠτός χαλκός)
χῠτός ⟨⟩ ἐλᾰτός
Τοῦ ἠλέκτρου ὁ καττίτερος [ῐ], καὶ τούτου ὁ μόλυβδος
μᾰλᾰκώτερός τε καὶ εὐτελέστερός ἐστιν.
τὸ ἤλεκτρον (and ὁ, ἡ ἤλεκτρος) - an alloy of gold and silver (in a
different meaning it is a resin)
Τοῦ ὑδραργίου οὐδὲν θαυμασιώτερον· νᾱροῦ μὲν ὄντος, ἀλλ’ οὐχ
ὑγροῦ.
Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκχεομένῳ διυγραίνεται.
Ὁ ἅλς, στυπτηρία, χάλκανθον, νίτρον, θεῖον, ἀσφαλτίτης, νάφθᾰ,
κιννάβαρι, ἀρσενικὸν, στίμμι, ὤχρα, χρῡσοκόλλα, Κῐμωλία,
μολύβδαινα, Σινωπίς (μίλτος τεκτονικὴ) χῡμοὶ ὀρυκτοί εἰσιν·
ψιμύθιον καὶ σάνδυξ ποιητά. χρῡσοκόλλα χρῡσουργῶν τε καὶ
χρῡσοχόων κόλλᾰ.
ἡ στυπτηρία (sc. γῆ) (στύφω [ῡ] contract, draw together) L&S:
name of any of a group of astringent substances containing
(a) alum, or (b) ferrous sulphate (χαλκῖτις) - ălūmen, ĭnis
(n.) OLD: one or other of a group of astringent substances,
including sulphates of aluminum, potash alum, etc., alum.
alum
τὸ χάλκανθον (ὁ, ἡ χάλκανθος) L&S: solution of blue vitriol
(copper sulphate), used for ink and for shoemaker’s
blacking - chalcanthon (um), i (n.) OLD: = atramentum
sutorium RG: vitriolum in the text is probably late Latin
(sulfuric acid, copper sulfate)
τὸ νίτρον L&S: sodium carbonate - nĭtrum OLD: a name given to
various alkalis, esp. soda and potash (but prob. seldom the
modern nitre). sodium carbonate
τὸ θεῖον L&S: brimstone - sulfur (sulphur), uris (n.) OLD: sulfur,
brimstone. sulfur
ὁ ἀσφαλτίτης, ου, fem. ῖτις, ιδος L&S: bituminous - bĭtūmen , inis
33
 (n.) OLD: a generic name for various hydrocarbon mixtures
such as pitch and asphalt (for Asphaltītēs as the Dead Sea,
OLD cites Pliny NH: nihil in Asphaltītē Iudaeae lacu, qui
bĭtūmen gignit, mergi potest). asphalt/bitumen
ἡ νάφθᾰ - naptha, ae (also napthās, ae) OLD: an inflammable
mineral oil, naphtha. naphtha
τὸ κιννάβᾰρι [ᾰ] - L&S: cinnabar, bisulphuret of mercury, whence
vermilion is obtained - cinnăbăris, is OLD: a red pigment,
‘dragon’s blood,’ prob. a resin obtained from the tree
Pterocarpus draco or sim. cinnabar as a metal, dragon’s
blood as a plant resin
τὸ ἀρσενικόν (ἀρρενικόν; from ἀρσην/ἀρρην male) L&S: yellow
orpiment – arr(h)ĕnĭcum (also arsĕnĭcum) OLD: yellow
arsenic, orpiment. orpiment (the etymology of the name is
aurum + pigmentum)
τὸ στίμμι (or στῖμι), ιος or εως or ιδος L&S: powdered antimony,
used for eye-paint – stĭbĭ, is (n.) (also stĭbĭum). antimony
ἡ ὤχρα - ōchra. yellow ochre
ἡ χρῡσοκόλλα - chrȳsocolla. malachite
ἡ Κῐμωλία (sc. γῆ) (ἡ Κιμωλος – an island in the Cyclades) L&S:
Cimolian earth, like fuller’s earth, used in baths and
barbers’ shops and in medicine - crēta, a general word for
clay or chalk used in a wide variety of applications (Pliny
NH. 35.195: Crētae plūra gĕnĕra. ex iis Cĭmōlĭae duo ad
mĕdĭcos pertĭnentia …). Cimolian earth
ὁ μολύβδαινα L&S: a piece of lead, used in various applications -
plumbāgō OLD: lead ore
ἡ Σινωπίς = ἡ Σῐνωπική (sc. μίλτος; ἡ μίλτος red earth, red ochre,
ruddle) L&S: a red earth found in Cappadocia, imported
into Greece from Sinope (a town on the Black Sea) - rubrīca
OLD: red ochre, used as a pigment and in medicine,
agriculture, etc. (a second meaning is as a chapter-heading
in a book of law, painted red, hence our “rubric”)
ὁ χῡμός L&S: plant and animal juices, flavors; ὀρυκτός (ὀρύττω)
dug out, quarried - sūcus, i (and succus) mostly plant and
animal juices but also applied to inorganic things

34

OP Span
9 Mĕtalla (~ OP XII)
Plumbum molle est et grăve. Ferrum dūrum est, dūrior vēro
Chălybs. Artĭfĭces făciunt ex stanno canthăros, ex aere ăēnea, ex
ŏrĭchalco candēlābra, ex argento unciales (argenteos), ex auro
(ducatos) aureos. Argentum vīvum semper lĭquet et consūmit
(dēvŏrat, dērōdit) mĕtalla.
τὸ ψιμύθιον (ὁ ψίμυθος) L&S: white lead, used as a pigment, esp. to
whiten the skin of the face - cērussa OLD: carbonate of
lead, white lead. white lead, cerussite
ἡ σάνδυξ, υκος L&S: a bright red color, also called ἀρμένιον;
obtained by heating ψιμύθιον (= cerussa) - mĭnĭum OLD: a
substance yielding a bright red pigment, properly cinnabar,
or the pigment itself. red lead
Μέταλλα
Ὁ μόλυβδος μᾰλᾰκός ἐστι καὶ βᾰρύς. Ὁ σῐ́δηρος σκληρός ἐστι,
σκληρότερος δὲ ὁ Χᾰ́λυψ. Οἱ τεχνῖται ποιοῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ καττῐτέρου
τοὺς κανθᾰ́ρους, ἐκ τοῦ χαλκοῦ χάλκεα, ἐκ τοῦ ὀρειχάλκου τὰ
λύχνια, ἐκ τοῦ ἀργύρου ἀργύρια, ἐκ τοῦ χρῡσοῦ χρῡσοῦς (sc.
στατῆρες). Τὸ ὑδράργῠρον πάντοτε νᾱρόν ἐστι, καὶ ἀναβρώσκει
(κατεσθίει) τὰ μέταλλα.
ὁ μόλυβδος - plumbum. lead
μᾰλᾰκός - mollis
βᾰρύς, εῖα, ύ - grăvis, e
ὁ σῐ́δηρος - ferrum. iron
σκληρός – dūrus
ὁ Χᾰ́λυψ, ῠβος - In pl. the Chalybes in Pontus, famous as οἱ
σιδηροτέκτονες Χᾰ́λυβες, hence χᾰ́λυψ is an appelation for
steel. steel, smelting
τεχνίτης, ου - artĭfex, fĭcis
ὁ καττίτερος [ῐ] - stannum. tin
ὁ κάνθᾰρος L&S: I. dung-beetle, Scarabaeus pitularius II. a sort of
drinking-cup with large handles
ὁ χαλκός copper - aes, aeris (n.) copper, bronze, brass. RG: I
substituted aes for cuprum, which is late Latin (deriving
from the island of Cȳprus). copper
χάλκεος (Epic form χάλκειος) - ă(ē)nĕus
ὁ ὀρείχαλκος L&S: Lat. orichalcum, mountain-copper, i.e., yellow
copper ore, copper or brass made from it - ŏrĭchalcum.
orichalcum
τὸ λύχνιον (also λυχνίον) - candēlābrum
35

XI De arbŏribus et fructibus.
105 Planta fĭbris rădīcum (h)ūmōrem imbĭbens ălescit, vĭget, frondescit
et flōret.
106 Eo destĭtuta languet, flaccescit, marcescit, ārescit īlĭco [illĭco].
107 Fastīgĭum est vertex seu căcūmen: stirps dīcitur, quātĕnus sē in
rāmos et frondes pandit.
108 His dēfectis, trunci et caudĭcis et stīpĭtis nōmen habet. Termĕs est
rāmusculus cum fructibus dēcerptus sīve rĕvulsus: rāmāle autem ab
arbŏre rēiectus.
termĕs, ĭtis
109 Extrinsĕcus cortex: intrinsĕcus lĭber est: qui dum vĭret, glūbi potest:
mĕdulla est intĭma.
110 Arbŏribus fŏlia dēlābuntur et crescunt, praeterquam gummosis, quae
contĭnuō (usque et usque) vernant, ut buxus, taxus (smīlax), etc.
wāwēwīwōwū wăwĕwĭwŏwŭ wĀwĒwĪwŌwŪw ĂwĔwĬwŎwŬ
ὁ ἄργῠρος - argentum. silver
ὁ χρῡσός - aurum. gold
ἡ ὑδράργῠρος - argentum vīvum. quicksilver (mercury)
νāρός - flŭĭdus, lĭquĭdus
ἀναβιβρώσκω (κατεσθίω) - consūmo, dēvŏro, dērōdit (only attested
in past participle dērōsus)
Περὶ τῶν δένδρων, καὶ καρπῶν.
Τὸ φῠτὸν διὰ τῶν ἰνῶν τὴν ἰκμάδα προσέλκον τρέφεται, ἀκμάζει,
φυλλιᾷ, βλαστεῖ.
ἡ ἴς, ἰνός, ἶνα [ῑ] (ϝις) - rōbur, vīs; nervus; fibra
ἡ ἰκμάς, άδος - (h)ūmor; văpor
Ταύτης δὲ στερηθὲν ἐκκάμνει, μᾰραίνεται, σήπεται, ξηραίνεται
αὐτόθι.
κάμνω - fătīgo, ἐκκάμνω – dēfătīgor
μᾰραίνω - marcescere făcio, flaccĭdum reddo (originally of fire)
σήπω – pūtrĕfăcĭo
ξηρός - ārĭdus, siccus
Τὸ ἄκρον αὐτοῦ κορυφή ἐστιν· στέμμα ῥῐζόφῠτον λέγεται, καθόσον
εὐθᾱλὲς κλάδων τε καὶ πετάλων ἐστίν.
Τούτων ἀποκοπέντων στέλεχος (κορμὸς) ὀνομάζεται· κλάδος μετὰ
καρποῦ ἀποσπασθεὶς σπάδιξ, ὄζος ἀποβληθείς τε καὶ ἀποτμηθεὶς
τοῦ δένδρου κλᾰδίσκος λέγεται.
ἡ σπάδιξ, ῑκος [ᾱ] (σπάω) - termĕs
ὁ ὄζος - nōdus arbŏris, rāmus (ὄζος Ἄρηος = hŏmo bellĭcōsus)
Ἔξω φλοιὸς, ἔντοσθε λέπος ἐστίν, ὃ χλωραινόμενον οἷόν τ’ ἐστὶ
λεπίζεσθαι· ἐν μέσῳ δὲ μῠελὸς λανθάνει.
Τὰ δένδρα φυλλορρεῖ καὶ αὖθις φυλλοβολεῖ, πλὴν τὰ κομμιδώδη, ἃ
συνεχῶς ἀνθεῖ, οἷον πύξος, σμῖλαξ.
ἡ πύξος L&S: box, Buxus sempervirens - buxus (um). box
(boxwood, buxus)
ἡ σμῖλαξ (Att. μῖλαξ), ᾰκος = σμῖλος, μῖλος, yew, Taxus baccata –
taxus (smīlax, acis OLD: an evergreen climbing plant,
Smilax aspera; also, a similar-looking climber, bind-weed,
36

111 Pōmus (mālum), pĭrus, cĕrăsus, prūnus, ŏlīva (ŏlĕa) arbŏres sunt
sătīvae; fraxinus, fāgus, alnus, ornus (fraxinus), silvestres.
112 Illae fructĭfĕrae: harum plēraque stĕrĭles; ut, betulla, pōpulus alba,
pōpulus nigra.
113 Quaedam exūbĕrante fŏliosā et frondosā luxŭrie umbrĭferae sunt,
vĭrecta quibus innascuntur, ŏpācantes; nōmĭnătim: tĭlia, plătănus,
ulmus, et cētĕrae lātifŏliae.
114 Sălix dat vīmina, quorum contextu corbes et crātes fīunt.
115 Ăbiēs prōcēra est, ut et pĭcea, lărix, cupressus, cĕdrus.
or convolvulus. rough bindweed). yew
Μηλέα, ὄγχνη (ἄπιος), κέρασος, κοκκυμηλέα, ἐλαία, ἥμερα δένδρα·
μελία, φηγὸς, κλήθρα, μελία ταπεινὴ, ἄγρια.
ἡ ὄγχνη (later spelled ὄχνη) and ἡ ἄπιος [ᾰ] are both Pyrus
communis in L&S. European pear
Ἐκεῖνα καρποφόρα, ταῦτα δὲ, ὡς τὸ πολύ, ἄκαρπα, οἷον σημύδα,
λεύκη, αἴγειρος.
ἡ λεύκη L&S: white poplar, Populus alba. white poplar
ἡ αίγειρος L&S: black poplar, Populus nigra. black poplar
Δένδρα τινὰ φυλλομανοῦνται, τὰ ἄλση, ἐν οἷς φύεται, ἐπισκιάζοντα,
οἷα δὴ φῐλύρα, πλάτανος, πτελέα, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πλᾰτύφυλλα [τῠ].
τὸ ἄλσος, εος - lūcus; nĕmus, ŏris [n.]; saltus, ūs
ἡ πλᾰτᾰ́νιστος (later form πλᾰ́τᾰνος) L&S: plane, Platanus
orientalis. oriental plane
ἡ πτελέα L&S: elm, ulmus glabra - ulmus. elm and Wych (Scots)
elm
Ἰτέα λύγον, οὗ πλέγμασι σπῠρίδες (σπῠρίχνια) ἢ ταρροὶ
συμπλέκονται, παρέχει.
ἡ, ὁ λύγος [ῠ] L&S: = ἡ, ὁ ἄγνος, agnus castus, Vitex Agnus-castus,
withy: in pl., its twigs or withes - vīmen, ĭnis (n.). withy (see
also vitex)
ἡ σπῠρίς, ίδος (dim. σπῠρίχνιον) - corbis, is
ὁ ταρσός (Att. ταρρός) - crātis, is
Ἐλάτη, πεύκη, πίτυς, κῠπᾰ́ριττος, κεδρελάτη, δένδρα προμήκη.
RG: ăbiēs = ἐλάτη, cupressus = κῠπᾰ́ριττος, and cĕdrus = κέδρος/
κεδρελάτη, that is clear. But here seems to be some confusion here
in the translation for pĭcea and lărix, so I’ll just give the relevant
data and leave it alone.
L&S: ἡ πίτυς, υος [ῐ] is pine, esp. Pinus Laricio, Corsican pine, so
is πεύκη / pīnus
OLD: pĭcea is spruce, prob. Picea abies. spruce and European
spruce
OLD: lărix, icis is a loan-wd., perh. Gallic, meaning larch-tree,
37

116 Palma, sī curvatur, eo vălĭdius in sublīme nītitur.
sublīmis, e
117 Gemma hĭans (dĕhiscens) flōrem, in quo ăpex (stāmen), sed in fīco
grossulum, prōtrūdit. Flōs fructum; qui ŭbi posteā mātūrescit,
carpitur aut dēcŭtitur aut per se dēcĭdit frăcescens.
grossus, i (hence grossulus) - OLD: an immature or abortive fig.
RG: This bizarre little insertion about the fig comes from
Columella 5.10.10: At si voles fīcum quamvīs non nātūra
sēram facere, grossulos, prioremve fructum, dēcŭtito (“If,
on the other hand, you wish to make a fig tree bare late
fruit, which it does not naturally do, shake down the unripe
or early fruit”). You wouldn’t really expect to find an exact
equivalent of this in Greek, and the translator simply
employs ἐρῑνός, a wild fig.
frăcesco < frăcēs/flăcēs f. pl. - OLD: pulp left after pressing olives
(opp. to the watery residue ămurca)
118 Quidam sunt praecŏces, ălii sērōtini (cordi), quidam perennes, ut
iūnĭpĕrus: ĕduntur autem vel rĕcentes, vel viēti, vel frăcidi.
Asservantur in opōrothēca et opōrophylacio.
praecox, cŏcis (also praecŏquis, e, and praecŏquus, a, um) <
praecŏquo
though Lewis & Short related it to ἡ λάριξ, ικος, which
L&S defines as larch, Larix europaea. European larch
L&S: ἡ κέδρος cedar-tree; ἡ κεδρελάτη Syrian cedar, Iuniperus
excelsa - cĕdrus (OLD: cedar or juniper). cedar; Syrian
cedar is perhaps what is today called Lebanon cedar; Greek
juniper
Φοῖνιξ ἐπικαμφθεὶς ἑαυτὸν εἰς ὕψος ἰσχυρότερον ἐγείρει τε καὶ
ἀνίστησι.
Ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς χάσκων, ἄωτον, ἐν ῷ κρόκη, φύει· συκῆ, ἐρῑνόν· ὁ
ἄωτος καρποτοκεῖ; καρπὸς δὲ πέπειρος ἢ δρέπεται ἢ ἀποσείεται ἢ
σαπρὸς αὐτομάτως εἰς γῆν καταπίπτει.
ὀφθαλμός / gemma - an eye or bud of a plant
τὸ ἄωτον (and ὁ ἄωτος) can mean flower, as here, but often ‘the
choicest, the flower of its kind,’ praestantissimum quodque
in omni re
stāmen and κρόκη are used here for the flower’s stamen, but most
often mean thread, as in weaving
stāmen = ὁ στήμων, ονος = warp
trāma = subtēmen = κρόκη = woof/weft
RG: I replaced ἐπίσαπρος in the text, which L&S only finds once,
and only as a dubious reading, with σαπρός (σήπω).
Τῶν καρπῶν ἄλλοι πρόωροι, ἄλλοι ὄψῐμοι, ἄλλοι μόνιμοι, οἷον
ἄρκευθος; φᾰ́γονται δὲ ἢ νέοι ἢ πάρετοι καὶ χᾰλᾰροί· ἐν ὀπωροθήκῃ
τηροῦνται.
NB: ἔφᾰγον is aor. 2 for present ἐσθίω
RG: πάρετος (παρίημι; relaxed, palsied) is a clever choice for viētus
(shrivelled); see poem 5.54/55 in the Anthologia Palatina
cited by L&S: καὶ Δωρὶς παρέτοις ἐξεχύθη μέλεσι
A more obvious choice would have been ἰσχνός or ξηρός as
well as indeed χᾰλᾰρός.
ἡ ὀπώρα (sts. ὁπώρα) – the part of the year between the rising of
Sirius and of Arcturus (last days of July, all of August, part
of Sept.); fruit
38
119 Cĕrăsa oblongis petiŏlis pendent: aprōniāna breviusculis.
Plin. Nat. 15.102: cĕrăsorum Aprōniāna maxime rŭbent (i.e., of
Aprōnius, a Roman gentile name). Cf. also Nat. 23.27: Est
ergo et nĭgra [vītĭs], quam proprie bryōniam vŏcant, ălii
Chironiam, ălii gynaecanthem aut aprōniam – black bryony,
Tamus communis. black bryony (the fruit is a bright red
berry)
120 Mespĭla sunt lānūginōsa: pyra sūcŭlenta: prūna damascēna,
armeniaca, persica, cerina, nana, silvestria ossiculata sunt.
silvestria as opposed to satīva (cultivated)
121 Pŭtāmen āmŏveat, et nūcem, sī cassa nōn est, nŭcĭfrangĭbulo frangat
oportet, qui nucleum esse vult: sīve sit iuglans, sīve Avellāna (quam
fert corylus), sīve tribulus, sīve ămygdălum.
ĕdo, esse - to eat
corylus, i f. - hazel-tree (OLD: not a Greek word; cognate with AS
haesel)
Τὰ κεράσια ἐπὶ μακρῶν μίσχων, τὰ ἀπρωνίανα βρᾰχυτέρων
κρέμεται (ἤρταται).
ἀρτάω
Τὰ μέσπιλα χνοώδη, τὰ ἄπια ὀπώδη [ὀποείδη]· τὰ κοκκύμηλα,
βράβυλα, ἀρμενιακὰ, περσικὰ, κηρινὰ , νάνα, ἄγρια ὀστώδη.
τὸ μέσπῐλον (from the tree ἡ μεσπῐ́λη) - medlar from the medlar-
tree, Mespilus germanica. medlar
ὁ χνόος - lānūgo
ὁ ὀπός milky juice drawn from a plant
prūna damascēna. damson
{
τὸ βράβῠλον L&S: sloe, Prunus spinosa. blackthorn (sloe)
τὸ Ἀρμενιακόν L&S: apricot, Prunus Armeniaca. apricot
}
{
RG: I don’t know what the following are. As a guess, they may
derive from ‘waxy’ and ‘dwarf.’ One French translation of the Janua
suggests one or the other may be the mirabelle (parfois recouverte
d’une mince couche cireuse … l'expression « prune de mirabel » est
attestée, en 1649, chez Comenius, ensuite le terme est mentionné au
sens de « petite prune »).
τὰ κηρινά
τὰ νάνα
}
Τὸ κέλῡφος ἀφαιρείτω καὶ τὸ κᾰ́ρῠον θραυρέτω μὴ διάκενον ὁ τοῦ
πῡρῆνος ἐφιέμενος, εἴτε κᾰ́ρῠον βασιλικὸν εἴτε λεπτοκάρῠον, (ὃ
κόρυλος φέρει), εἴτε τρίβολος, εἴτε ἀμυγδάλη ἐστίν.
ὁ πῡρήν, ῆνος
ὁ τρίβολος L&S: water-chesnut, Trapa natans (τρίβολος ἔνυδρος in
Thphr.) - tribolus (tribulus) OLD: a spiny plant, caltrop,
Tribulus terrestris, and prob. also Fagonia cretica and
39

122 Sūber et īlex glandes, quercus etiam gallas, castănea castăneas
echīnatis ŏperculis convestitas, pīnus strobīlos, cornus corna, laurus,
ăcer, et sorbus baccas ferunt.
OLD: echīnus – inter alia, the prickly pericarp of a chestnut
123 Sorba, siliquae, et Cydōnia (cotōnea), aurantia, citrea, līmōnia, et
māla pūnica (māla grānāta) stīpant (adstringunt, oppīlant); fīcus,
frāga, mōra (mōra mōri), mōra rŭbi, mōra rŭbi Īdaei, mōra myrti
(myrta) et myrtilli (vaccīnia) laxant lubricantque. Lōtos dēgustata
oblīvionem indūcit.
Trapa natans. water caltrop (water chestnut)
ἡ ἀμυγδάλη. almond
Φελλόδρυς καὶ πρῖνος βᾰλᾰ́νους, δρῦς κηκῖδας, κάστανον κάστᾰνα
πώγωνι λοπίσματος κεκαλυμμένα, πεύκη στροβίλους, κράνεια
κράνεια, δάφνη, σφένδαμνος, ὄα, ἀκρόδρυα φύει.
ἡ φελλόδρῠς, ῠος (ὁ φελλός = cork-oak, Quercus Suber) and ἡ
πρῖνος in L&S are holm-oak, Quercus Ilex - sūber, eris (n.)
OLD: cork-oak, Quercus suber, and its thick spongy outer
bark; īlex, icis OLD: holm-oak and the wood of the ilex and
its fruit, acorns. cork oak, holm oak
ὁ πώγων, ωνος - barba
ἡ κράνειᾰ = τὸ κρᾰ́νον L&S: cornelian cherry, Cornus mas; τὸ
κράνειον = τὸ κρᾰ́νον fruit of the κράνειᾰ - cornus, i and ūs
OLD: cornel-tree or cornelian cherry, Cornus mas; cornum,i
cornel-berry. cornelian cherry
ἡ σφένδαμνος = ἄκαστος L&S: Olympian maple, Acer
monspessulanum – ăcer, ris (n.) OLD: (related
etymologically to ἄκαστος) the maple and wood of the
maple. Montpellier maple
ἡ ὄα L&S: service-tree, Sorbus domestica; its fruit can also be ὄα or
τὸ ὄον - sorbus (soru-) OLD: service-tree, Sorbus domestica
and sorbum (soruum) its fruit, the sorb. service tree
Ὄα, κερᾱ́τια, Κῠδώνια, Μηδικὰ, κίτρια, λιμόνια, ῥόαι σφίγγουσι
(ἀποκλείουσι)· σῦκον, κόμαρα, μόρον, συκάμινον, βάτινον
χᾰλαστικά. λωτὸς γεγαυμένη λήθην ἐμποιεῖ.
τὸ κερᾱ́τιον (“little horn”) from the carob seed as a unit of weight =
carat, 1/1728th of a pound; = Latin siliqua - siliqua OLD: 1.
a pod 2. usu. siliqua Graeca, also Syriaca carob-tree or its
fruit. carob
ἡ Κῠδωνέα quince tree, Pyrus Cydonia, μῆλον Κῠδώνιον quince.
quince
μῆλον Μηδικόν L&S: citron, Citrus medica. citron (RG: I don’t see
any source for aurantia, though ‘citron yellow’ is a defined
color)
ἡ κιτρέα = τὸ κίτρῐον L&S: citron-tree, Citrus Medica (borrowed
40

124 Thūs (tūs), myrr(h)a (murra), mastichē, camphora, sarcocolla, rēsīna
pituina, terebinthina rēsīna, pix gummi sunt arbŏrum certarum, quin
et sūcinum (ēlectrum, glaesum) ut ferunt.
from Lat. citrea); τὸ κίτρον = τὸ κίτρῐον fruit of the κιτρέα -
citrea OLD: citrus tree, and citreus, a, um / mālum citreum.
citrus
līmōnia - RG: Not sure what these are. From an historical and
etymological point-of-view it may not be our obvious guess,
the lemon that makes our lemonade, though whatever he
meant by it, ‘lemon’ is Anchoran’s 1631 English
translation. It may be the kind of wild beet Lewis & Short
asserts for līmōnium, citing Pliny 20.28 Est et beta silvestris
quam limonium vocant … huius folia … os adstringunt.
ἡ ῥόα (Ion. and Ep. ῥοιή, later ῥοιά) L&S: pomegranate-tree Punica
Granatum, and the fruit pomegranate - mālum grānātum
(“containing many seeds”) (Col. 12.42.1 māla dulcia
grānāta quae Pūnica vocantur). pomegranate
ἡ κόμᾰρος L&S: strawberry-tree, Arbutus Unedo - frāga, orum wild
strawberries. strawberry
mōra mōri are black mulberries or blackberries (mōrum, i) from the
black mulberry tree (mōrus, i); mōra rŭbi blackberries from
the bramble (rŭbus, i); mōra rŭbi Īdaei are European red
rasberries; myrta myrti myrtle berries (myrtum, i – τὸ
μύρτον) from the myrtle-tree (myrtus, i); mōra myrtilli =
vaccīnia are whortleberries (vaccīnium: OLD: definition b.
a plant yielding a purple dye, prob. a whortleberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus or V. uliginosum) or its fruit. European
blueberry (whortleberry)
ἡ σῡκάμινος = ἡ μορέα L&S: mulberry-tree, τὸ σῡκάμινον fruit of
the σῡκάμινος
ἡ βᾰ́τος L&S: bramble, Rubus ulmifolius, τὸ βάτινον fruit of the
βᾰ́τος, blackberry
ἡ βᾰ́τος Ῑδαία L&S: raspberry, Rubus Idaeus
Λιβανωτὸν, σμύρνα (= μύρρα), μαστίχη, κάμφορα, σαρκοκόλλα,
πῐτυΐνη ῥητίνη, τερμινθίνη ῥητίνη, πίττα, κόμμῐ δένδρων τινῶν,
ὀπώδη [ὀποείδη] δάκρυα, ὡς καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρόν φασιν.
ὁ λῐβᾰνωτός L&S: frankincense, the gum of the tree ὁ λίβᾰνος
(L&S: frankincense-tree, Boswellia Carterii) - tūs, tūris (n.)
OLD: frankincense or olibanum, the aromatic gum of the
41

OP Span
11 Arbor (~ OP XIV)
Ex sēmine crescit planta, planta fit frŭtex, frŭtex arbor. Arbor rādīce
sustentatur. Ex rādīce surgit stirps ; stirps in rāmos et frondes
extenditur, ex quibus fŏlia nascuntur. In summo cacūmen est.
Truncus rādīci adhaeret. Caudex est dēsectus stīpĕs sine rāmis, et
habet corticem, lĭbrum et medullam. Viscus rāmis adnascitur, qui
etiam gummi, rēsīnam, picem et ălios lĭquōres exsūdant.
genus Boswellia. frankincense
ἡ σμύρνα = ζμύρνα = μύρρα L&S: myrrh, the gum of an Arabian
tree Balsamodendron Myrrha - myrrha OLD: myrrh, and the
tree from which myrrh is obtained, Commiphora schimperi.
myrrh
ἡ μαστίχη L&S: mastich, obtained from ἡ σχῖνος mastich, Pistacia
Lentiscus, or from ἡ ἰξίνη pine-thistle, Atractylis gummifera
- mastichē, ēs. mastic
camphor comes from Fr. camphre, itself from medieval Latin
camfora, from Arabic and Sanskrit
ἡ σαρκοκόλλα L&S: a Persian gum, Astragalus fasciculifolius - of
the genus Astragalus, perhaps the tragacanth
ἡ ῥητῑ́νη L&S: pine-resin; ἡ τέρμινθος (with alternative τερεμινθ-
forms and τερεβινθ-) L&S: terebinth, Pistacia Terebinthus -
terebinthus (os) and adjective terebinthinus, a, um. pine
resin, terebinth (turpentine)
ἡ πίττα - pix, picis. pitch
τὸ κόμμι - cummi (comm-, gumm-) - gum in general as a viscid
secretion from trees, and perhaps also specifically from the
gum arabic tree
τὸ ἤλεκτρον (and ὁ, ἡ ἤλεκτρος) L&S: amber (in a different
meaning it is an alloy of gold and silver) - sūcinum and
ēlectrum and glaesum (glēsum and, acc. to Lewis & Short,
glessum). amber
Τὸ δένδρον
Ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος προγίγνεται τὸ φῠτόν, τὸ φῠτὸν θάμνος γίνεται,
ὁ θάμνος δένδρον. Τὸ δένδρον ὑπὸ τῆς ῥίζης ἀνέχεται. Ἐκ τῆς ῥίζης
στέμμα ἀνίσταται, τὸ στέμμα εἰς κλάδους καὶ πέταλα ἐκτείνεται, ἐξ
ὧν τὰ φύλλα προέρχεται. Ἐν τῷ ἀνωτάτῳ κορυφή ἐστιν. Τὸ
στέλεχος τῇ ῥίζῃ πρόσκειται. Ὁ κορμὸς στέμμα ἀποκοφθέν ἐστιν,
ἄνευ κλάδων, καὶ ἔχει τὸν φλοιὸν, τὸ λέπος, καὶ μῠελόν. Ὁ ἰξὸς τοῖς
κλάδοις προσγεννᾶται (φύεται), οἳ καὶ κόμμι, ῥητίνην, πίτταν καὶ
τοιαῦτα ἄλλα ἀφιδροῦσι.
τὸ σπέρμα - sēmen, inis (n.)
42
 τὸ φῠτόν - planta
ὁ θάμνος - frŭtex, icis
τὸ δένδρον - arbor, ŏris
ἡ ῥίζα - rādix, īcis
ἀνέχομαι - sustentor
τὸ στέμμα - stirps (also stirpes, stirpis), stirpis
ἀνίσταμαι - surgo
ὁ κλάδος - rāmus
τὸ πέταλον - frons, frondis (Don’t confuse with frons, frontis)
ἐκτείνω - extendo, dīvĭdo
τὸ φύλλον - fŏlĭum
φῡ́ω - gigno
ἡ κορῠφή - cacūmen, inis (n.)
τὸ στέλεχος, εος - truncus
πρόσκειμαι - adjaceo
ὁ κορμός (from κείρω to shear; κορμός is the trunk of a tree with the
boughs lopped off) – truncus, caudex (older form for cōdex,
cōdicis), stīpĕs, itis
ἀποκόπτω - ampŭto
ὁ φλοιός - cortex, icis
τὸ λέπος, εος - lĭber, bri
ὁ μῠελός (ῡ always in Homer, ῠ always in Att. and in derived
words) - mĕdulla
ὁ ἰξός - viscus, i and viscum, i (Don’t confuse with viscus, eris)
προσγεννάομαι (φῡ́ω) - adnascor
τὸ κόμμι - gummi
ἡ ῥητίνη - rēsīna
ἡ πίττα - pix, pĭcis
ἀφιδρόω - exsūdo (RG: ἰδίζω in the text not in L&S, though
Pinzger’s nineteenth-century Lat2Grk dictionary translates
exsūdo as ἰδίζω, so somebody must have thought it a
legitimate word)

OP Span
12 Fructūs arbŏrum (~ OP XV) Οἱ καρποὶ τῶν δένδρων
Fructūs a fructiferis arbŏribus dēcerpuntur. Mālum est rŏtundum, Οἱ καρποὶ ἀπὸ καρποφόρων δένδρων ἀπολέγονται. Τὸ μῆλον

43
pĭrum et fīcus oblonga; cĕrăsus longo petiŏlo pendet, prūnum et
persicum breviori; mōrum brevissimo. Nux jūglans, (nux) Avellāna,
et căstănea est cortĭce tecta (cortice invŏlūta). Stĕrĭles arbŏres sunt
ăbiēs, alnus, betulla, cupressus, fāgus, fraxinus, tĭlĭa, sălix, etc. Sed
plēraeque sunt umbriferae. Iūnĭpĕrus vēro et laurus baccas ferunt,
pīnus strobīlos, quercus glandes et gallas.
στρογγύλον ἐστί, τὸ ἄπιον καὶ τὸ σῦκον παραμήκη· τὸ κεράσιον
ἀπὸ μακροῦ μόσχου κρέμαται, τὸ κοκκύμηλον καὶ τὸ περσικὸν ἀπὸ
βρᾰχυτέρου, τὸ μόρον ἀπὸ βρᾰχυτάτου. Τὸ κᾰ́ρῠον, τὸ
λεπτοκάρῠον καὶ τὸ κάστᾰνον λεπίσματι κεκαλυμμένα ἐστὶ
(λεπίσματι ἐγκεκῠλισμένα). Ἄκαρπα δένδρα ἐστὶν ἡ ἐλάτη, κλήθρα,
σημύδα, κῠπᾰ́ριττος, φηγὸς, μελία, ἐτέα, φῐλύρα, κτλ. Ἀλλὰ τὰ
πλεῖστα σκιώδη ἐστίν. ἡ ἄρκευθος δὲ καὶ ἡ δάφνη ἀκρόδρυα φύει, ἡ
πεύκη στροβῑ́λους, ἡ δρῦς τὰς βᾰλᾰ́νους καὶ κηκῖδας.
ὁ καρπός - fructus, ūs
καρποφόρος - fructifer
ἀπολέγω - dēcerpo
τὸ μῆλον - mālum. apple
στρογγύλος - rŏtundus
τὸ ἄπιον - pĭrum. pear
τὸ σῦκον (ἡ σῡκῆ, contracted from σῡκέα, is the tree) - fīcus, i and
ūs. fig
παραμήκης - oblongus
τὸ κεράσιον (fruit of ὁ κερᾰσός) - cĕrăsus (also um). cherry
μακρός - longus
For petiŏlus the text has μιχός, which must be a mistake for either ὁ
μίσχος or ὁ μόσχος; I (RG) opt for the latter, based on the
citation in L&S from Dioscorides, ὁ μόσχος τῶν φύλλων
leaf-stalk, petiole - peciŏlus / petiŏlus (OLD: a misspelling
from pediculus). petiole
κρέμαμαι - pendeo
τὸ κοκκύμηλον - prūnum. plum
τὸ Π/περσικόν - persicum. peach
βρᾰχύς, εῖα, ύ - brevis
τὸ μόρον - mōrum. black mulberry and blackberry.
τὸ κᾰ́ρῠον (generically, any kind of nut) - nux jūglans (jūglans =
Iovis glans; cf. Διὸς βάλανος chestnut). L&S: walnut is
prop. κᾰ́ρῠον βασιλικόν. walnut
τὸ λεπτοκάρῠον - avellāna (nux Avellāna/Abellāna; Avella/Abella
[Gr. Ἀβέλλα] is a town in Campania). hazelnut (filbert)
ἡ καστᾰνέα, ἡ κάστᾰνος, τὸ κάστᾰνον chestnut-tree; τὰ κάστᾰνα
sweet chestnuts - căstănea OLD: chestnut-tree and chestnut.
44
 chestnut
τὸ λέπισμα - cortex, tĭcis
καλύπτω - tĕgo
ἐγκῠλίνδω, ἐγκῠλῑ́ω (these are the entries in L&S, not the ἐγκῠλίζω
of the text) - involvo
ἄκαρπος - stĕrĭlis, e
ἡ ἐλάτη L&S: silver fir, Abies cephalonica - ăbiēs, ĕtis OLD: silver
fir, prob. abies pectinata. silver fir
ἡ κλήθρα L&S: alder, Alnus glutinosa - alnus. alder
ἡ σημύδα L&S: Judas-tree, Cercis Siliquastrum - betulla (a Gallic
word spelled thus in OLD). birch (the Judas-tree doesn’t
seem related)
ἡ κῠπᾰ́ριττος, ιττος cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L&S: -
cupressus. Mediterranean cypress
ἡ φηγός L&S: = δρῦς ἀγρία, Valonia oak, Quercus Aegilops - fāgus.
beech
ἡ μελία L&S: manna ash, Fraxinus Ornus - fraxinus. ash (fraxinus),
manna ash
ἡ ἰτέα, ἰτείη L&S: the ἐτέα of the text prob. = ἰτέα; willow - sălix,
ĭcis. willow
ἡ φῐλύρα [ῠ] L&S: lime tree, Tilia platyphyllos - tĭlĭa. lime-tree
(linden) (not closely related to the lime fruit)
σκιώδης - umbrifer
ἡ ἄρκευθος L&S: juniper, Iuniperus macrocarpa – iūnĭpĕrus.
juniper
ἡ δάφνη L&S: sweet bay, Laurus nobilis - laurus. bay laurel
τὰ ἀκρόδρυα (pl. only in L&S) - bacca
φύω [Generally ῠ before vowels, ῡ before consonants, with
exceptions] - genero, fero
ἡ πεύκη L&S: pine, esp. Pinus Laricio, Corsican pine - pīnus, i and
ūs. pine
ὁ στρόβῑλος L&S: among other meanings, later for ὁ κῶνος pine-
cone - strobīlus. pine-cone
ἡ δρῦς, υός (υ can be ῡ or ῠ) L&S: originally for tree, then specific
trees such as Quercus Aegilops (φηγός – see above) and
Quercus Ilex (holm oak, ἡ πρῖνος) - quercus. oak

45

XII De herbis, tam hortensibus, quam silvestribus (errāticis)
125 Herba excrescens cauli vel scāpo innītitur.
126 Rāpum, nāpus, sĭser, raphanus maior, raphanus minor, pastināca,
brassica (crambē), lactūca, asparagus, scolymus (carduus altilis),
apium, nasturtium, intybus satīvus, spinachium (spinacia), bulbus
ĕdūlis, portulāca, atriplex ŏlĕra (ŏluscula) vŏcantur.
127 Frūges sunt, quae in culmum (călămum) surgunt et spīcas (sīve
ἡ βάλᾰνος [βᾰ] - glans, glandis. acorn (oak nut)
ἡ κηκῑ́ς, ῖδος L&S: I. ooze, of fat or juices drawn forth from fire II.
oak-gall - galla. oak-gall (gall-nut, oak-apple)
Περὶ ποῶν ἡμέρων τε καὶ ἀγρίων.
Βοτάνη αὐξομένη θύρσῳ ἢ καυλῷ ἐρείδεται.
Γογγύλη ἥμερος, βουνιὰς, σίσαρον, σῐ́νᾱπῐ Περσικόν, ῥᾰφανὶς,
κράμβη, θρῐδᾰκῑ́νη, ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγος, σκόλῠμος, σέλῑνον, κάρδᾰ́μον,
σέρῐς, σπινάκια, βολβὸς, ἀνδράχνη, ἀτράφαξυς λάχᾰνα καλοῦνται.
ἡ βουνιάς, άδος L&S: french turnip, Brassica Napus - nāpus OLD:
etymologically, an adaptation of τὸ νάπυ Att. for σίναπι =
mustard; turnip, navew. rapeseed (rape)
RG: See OP Ŏlera below for my subsitution of σῐ́νᾱπῐ Περσικόν and
ῥᾰφανὶς for ῥάφανος and κάρος in the text
ὁ ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγος L&S: stone sperage, Asparagus acutifolius -
asparagus. asparagus, wild asparagus
ὁ σκόλῠμος L&S: golden thistle, Scolymus hispanicus - scolymus.
Spanish oyster thistle (carduus - thistle)
apium - OLD: the name given to a number of species of plants, esp.
celery (= τὸ σέλῑνον, see OP Ŏlera below)
τὸ κάρδᾰ́μον L&S: nose-smart, Lepidium sativum -
nasturicum/nasturtium OLD: a kind of cress, prob.
Lepidium sativum. garden cress
ἡ σέρῐς, ιδος L&S: endive or chicory - intubum (-tib-), i and us, i.
endive
Spinach and the English word ‘spinach’ were apparantly introduced
to England and France in the 14th century. Later, it was the
key to Popeye’s virility.
ὁ βολβός purse-tassels, Muscari comosum (among many other
identifications) - bulbus OLD: an edible bulb, esp. an onion.
tassel hyacinth
ἡ ἀνδράχνη L&S: purslane, Portulaca oleracea - portulāca.
common purslane
ἡ ἀτράφαξυς, υος [ᾰτρᾰ] L&S: orach, Atriplex rosea - atriplex, icis.
atriplex (orach)
Σπόρος, κᾰλᾰ́μῳ στηριζόμενος, στάχυας ἢ ἀθερώδεις ἢ κολοβοὺς
46
 ăristatas sīve mŭtĭcas) ferunt: glūmis autem grānum fŏvent, ăristis
praemūniunt, ut oryza, zēa (ădŏr, fār), mĭlĭum, pānĭcum, frūmentum
Saracēnicum, frūmentum Indicum.
128 Lĕgūmina vēro sĭlĭquis et valvulis implexa sunt: ut in făba, pīso,
ervo, cĭcĕre, lŭpīnis, vĭcĭa, lente, phasēolis (smīlăcibus) vĭdere est.
129 Sed quī fit ut trītĭcum (sĭlīgō) in sĕcāle, immo in zīzānĭa (aeram) et
lŏlĭum; hordĕum in aegilōpem, ăvēna in ăvēnam fătŭam dēgĕnĕret?
130 Farrāgō et ălĭcastrum pĕcŏris causa sĕritur.
ἔχει· ἐλύτρῳ δὲ κόκκον συνέχει, καὶ ἀθέρι περιφράττει, οἷον ὄρυζα,
ζειαί, κέγχρος, ἔλῠμος, ἐρύσῐμον.
ἡ ὄρυζα L&S: rice, Oryza sativa, both the plant and the grain -
oryza. rice
ἡ ζειά usu. in pl. (ἡ ζέα) L&S: one-seeded wheat, Triticum
monococcum - zea/zēa OLD: Emmer wheat, Triticum
dicoccum. einkorn wheat (monococcum), emmer wheat
(dicoccum)
ădŏr, ădōris and ădŏris OLD: a kind of course grain, emmer wheat
fār, farris (n.) OLD: a kind of husked wheat, triticum dicoccum or
emmer, and the grain of this plant
τὸ ἐρύσῐμον [ῠ] L&S: hedge-mustard, Sisymbrium polyceratium.
hedge mustard
Ὄσπριον ἐντὸς θηκῶν καὶ λόων τηρεῖται, οἷον κύᾰμος, πίσον,
ὄροβος, ἐρέβινθος, βῐκίον, φακὴ, φασίολος.
ὁ ὄροβος L&S: bitter vetch, Vicia Ervillia - ervum OLD: a kind of
cultivated vetch, Vicia (Ervum) ervilia, or its seeds. bitter
vetch
lŭpīnum (us, i) OLD: the lupin, esp. Lupinus albus, and the seed of
the lupin. white lupin
ὁ φᾰ́σηλος (= ὁ φᾰσίολος) L&S: a kind of bean, calavance, Vigna
sinensis - phasēlus (os). cowpea
Διὰ τί δὲ ἐκ πῡροῦ ὄλῡραί τε καὶ ζιζάνια, ἐκ κρῑθῶν αἰγίλωψ, ἐξ
ἀκροσπέλλου σιφώνιον ἀπέβη;
ὄλῡρα L&S: mostly in pl. ὄλῡραι = ζειαί; sĕcāle, is OLD: a kind of
cereal, rye
τὸ ζιζάνιον L&S: a weed that grows in wheat, = ἡ αἶρα, prob.
darnel, Lŏlium tēmŭlentum - zīzānĭa, ōrum; lŏlĭum OLD: a
grass found as a weed in corn, darnel. darnel
τὸ σῑφώνιον L&S: = αἰγίλωψ
Γράστις (χλόη) βοσκημάτων χάριν σπείρεται.
ἡ γράστις (γράω) L&S: grass, green fodder
ἡ χλόη L&S: the first green shoot of plants in spring, and related
meanings
47

131 Bulbosa (bulbis turgidula) sunt: ālium, cēpa, colchium, porrum,
scilla (squilla), hyacinthus, martagum.
132 Ărōmata sunt: pĭper, zingiberi, zedoaria (zadura), cinnamōmum
(cassia), nux myristica, macir, caryophyllon, ăcŏrum, coriandrum,
cubebae, anīsum (anēsum), anēt(h)um, cumīnum, sĭnāpi.
farrāgō, inis. farrago
ălĭcastrum (hal-) (ălĭca, ae = ὁ ἄλιξ, ικος L&S: groats of rice-wheat
(ζέα)) OLD: an early-ripening variety of emmer
Κεφαλωτά ἐστι τάδε, σκόροδον, κρόμμῠον, κολχικὸν, πράσον,
σκίλλα, ὑάκινθος, μάρταγον.
τὸ κολχικόν L&S: meadow saffron, Colchicum speciosum. “autumn
crocus” (RG: this doesn’t look bulbous to me)
τὸ πράσον L&S: leek, Allium Porrum - porrum (us, i). wild leek
ἡ σκίλλα L&S: squill, Urginea maritima - scilla OLD: the bulbous
seaside plant squill (Urginea maritima). squill (sea squill,
sea onion)
ὁ Ὑάκινθος; ὁ, ἡ ὑάκινθος - hyacinthus. hyacinth
The word ‘martagon’ seems to derive from a medieval Latin word
formed from a Turkish word. martagon (Turk’s cap lily)
Ἀρώματά δ’ εστι· πέπερῐ (πίπερῐ), ζιγγίβερις, ζάδουρα, κιννᾰ́μωμον,
κάρῠον μῠριστικὸν, μάκερ, καρῠόφυλλον, ἄκορον (κάλαμος
μῠρεψικὸς), κορίαννον, καρπήσιον, ἄννησον, ἄνηθον (ἄννηθον),
κύμῑνον, σίνᾱπῐ (σίνηπῐ).
τὸ πέπερῐ (πίπερῐ) L&S: pepper, Piper nigrum - pĭper, ris (n.). black
pepper
ὁ, ἡ ζιγγίβερις, εως (τὸ ζιγγίβερι) L&S: an Arabian spice plant,
prob. ginger - zingiberi, is (n.). ginger
zedoary - a spice introduced to Europe around the sixth century
τὸ κιννᾰ́μωμον L&S: a superior kind of cassia, Cinnamomum
Cassia - cinnamōmum. Chinese cinnamon
κάρῠον μῠριστικόν (“fragrant nut”, τὸ μύρον [ῠ] unguent), nux
myristica. nutmeg, a spice from the evergreen tree Myristica
fragrans
μάκιρ (μάκειρ) L&S: muttee-pal, the fragrant resin (known as
muttee-pal in India) of Ailanthus malabarica. macis
τὸ ἄκορον L&S: yellow flag, Iris Pseudacorus (κάλαμος μῠρεψικός,
sweet flag, in Polybius 5.45.10) - ăcŏrum (on) OLD: sweet
flag or yellow flag. sweet flag, yellow flag
τὸ κορίαννον (κορίανδρον is a gloss in Hysch.) L&S: coriander,
Coriandrum sativum - coriandrum. coriander
48

133 Ŏdōrĭferae et cŏrōnariae, e quibus cŏrollas, serta et servias vĭent ac
plectunt, sunt: ămărantus, caryŏphyllus, digitālis, rōsmărīnus,
tulipae, līlia, viola purpurea, prīmula vēris (verbasculum).
τὸ καρπήσιον L&S: an aromatic plant, Valeriana Dioscoridis.
valerians. cubebae is the cubeb (le cubèbe)
τὸ ἄννησον or ἄνησσον (τὸ ἄνῑσον) L&S: anise, Pimpinella Anisum
- anīsum (anēsum). anise
τὸ ἄνηθον or ἄννηθον L&S: dill, Anethum graveolens. dill
τὸ κύμῑνον [ῠ] L&S: cumin (RG: the Latin text has cumīnum
(carum), but I have dropped carum on the grounds that
cumin is sometimes (wrongly) confused with caraway
(carum carvi).)
τὸ σίνᾱπῐ (σίνηπῐ) L&S: mustard, Sinapis alba. white mustard
Ἄνθη εὔοσμα (εὐοσμοῦντα), ἐξ ὧν ἑλικτοὶ στέφανοι, ἁμμάτια,
στεφανώματα πλέκεται, τοιάδε πού ἐστιν· ἀμάραντος,
καρῠόφυλλος, λυχνὶς, λῐβᾰνωτὶς στεφανωματικὴ, τυλίπη, λείριον,
ἴον πορφῠροῦν, φλόγιον, λευκόïον, φλόμος χρῡσοειδής.
τὸ ἁμμάτιον dim. of τὸ ἅμμα, ατος (ἅπτω)
τὸ ἀμάραντον (subst. from ἀμάραντος, α, ον “never fading”) –
amarantus. amaranth
RG: In the following, digitalis and λυχνίς both seem appropriate to
the classification in this sentence, though not the same
flower. In one edition, the Greek translation adds θρῠαλίς
parenthetically to λυχνίς, in another as a comma-delimited
separate flower. In neither case do I understand its inclusion
(ἡ θρῠαλίς, ίδος L&S: plantain, Plantago crassifolia), so I
have removed it.
digitalis (foxglove)
ἡ λυχνίς, ίδος L&S: rose campion, Lychnis coronaria. rose campion
τὸ λείριον L&S: Madonna lily, Lilium candidum. Madonna lily
τὸ ἴον RG: The translator adds the adjective πορφῠροῦν, perhaps
unnecessarily, since τὸ ἴον by itself, in L&S, means violet,
Viola odorata - viola OLD: the name given to several spring
flowers, including viola purpurea (the sweet violet, Viola
odorata). In fact, I’ve added purpurea to the Latin text.
sweet violet
φλόγιον RG: I am not sure if this is a separate flower or another
adjective or type of ἴον.
τὸ λευκόïον L&S: gilliflower, Matthiola incana. stock
49

134 Grāmini aggregantur muscus, cārex, polygŏnum, trĭfŏlium, cytĭsus,
plantāgō, mīlĭfŏlĭum, convolvulus (smīlax), consŏlĭda, ĕrīcē (ĕrīca),
ruscus (ruscum), polygonaton, polygala, caltha, sonchus: et
ăquātĭles, alga (ulva) ac lens pălustris.
ἡ, ὁ φλόμος L&S: mullein, Verbascum sinuatum - verbascum OLD:
any of various kinds of the plant mullein, Verbascum
sinuatum. The translator probably had Pliny Nat. 25.28 in
mind: verbascum, cuius flōs similis auro est. mullein
Ἐν πόαις ἀναγράφονται μόσχος, πολύγονον, τρίφυλλον, κύτῐσος,
ἀρνόγλωσσον, στρατιώτης χῑλιόφυλλος, μᾰλᾰκόκισσος, σύμφῠτον,
ἐρείκη, ὀξῠμυρσίνη, πολῠγόνατον, πολύγαλον, κάλθη, σόγχος· πόαι
ὑδατώδεις: φῦκος θαλάττιον καὶ λιμναῖον, φᾰκὸς τελματώδης.
muscus OLD: moss or any similar growth. RG: μόσχος doesn’t
seem to be a good translation (was there a false etymology
here? OLD relates muscus to OHG mos and English moss);
Schrevelius and Pinzger translate muscus as τὸ βρύον, τὸ
μνίον, and τὸ φυκίον, but based on their dictionary
definitions in L&S, they don’t seem to be better choices.
cārex, icis OLD: reed-grass or sedge. For some reason, not in the
Greek translation. The 1820 translation doesn’t translate this
word, the 1802 translates as ἡ ὀξύς, ύδος, different types of
sorrel
τὸ πολύγονον [ῠ] L&S: knot-grass, Polygonum aviculare. common
knotgrass
τὸ τρίφυλλον [ῐ] L&S: clover, Trifolium fragiferum. strawberry
clover
ὁ, ἡ κύτῐσος [ῠ] L&S: tree-medick, Medicago arborea. tree medick
τὸ ἀρνόγλωσσον L&S: plaintain, Plantago major - plantāgō, inis
OLD: a plant of the genus Plantago, esp. the greater
plaintain, Plantago major. greater plaintain
ὁ στρᾰτιώτης L&S: soldier; II. water-lettuce, Pistia Stratiotes; ὁ
στρᾰτιώτης χῑλιόφυλλος (ὁ χῑλιόφυλλος = πολύγονον
ἄρρεν) L&S: Achillea Millefolium, yarrow or milfoil -
mīlĭfŏlĭum, i; millĭfŏlĭum; mīlĭfŏlĭa, ae OLD: a. a marsh
plant, perh. water-milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum, etc. b.
yarrow, Achillea millefolium and its allies. water cabbage,
Eurasian watermilfoil, yarrow
ὁ μᾰλᾰκόκισσος (ὁ κισσός Att. κίττος ivy, Hedera helix) L&S: =
μῖλαξ λεία, Att. for σμῖλαξ in its meaning great bindweed,
Convolvulus sepium (cf. μῖλαξ τραχεῖα rough bindweed,
50

135 Ăcŏnītum, cĭcūta, nāpellus vĕnēnata sunt ĭdeōque rādīcitus
ēruncanda.
ēruncare is legitimate. Columella 2.10.28: omnis alterius generis
herbas ēruncato.
Smilax aspera). larger bindweed (cf. rough bindweed)
τὸ σύμφῠτον L&S: comfrey, Symphytum bulbosum - consŏlĭda
Lewis & Short: a plant, also called conferva, black briony,
comfrey: Symphytum officinale. comfrey, bulbous comfrey
ἡ ἐρείκη L&S: heath, Erica arborea - ĕrīcē, ēs and ĕrīca, ae. tree
heath
ἡ ὀξῠμυρσίνη = κεντρομυρσίνη L&S: butcher’s broom, Ruscus
aculeatus - ruscus (um) (also rustum) OLD: butcher’s
broom, Ruscus aculeatus. butcher’s broom
τὸ πολῠγόνατον L&S: sealwort, Polygonatum multiflorum -
polygonaton, i OLD: a. a kind of thistle (= leucacantha) b.
knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare (see polygonum above).
Solomon’s seal
τὸ πολύγαλον [ῠ] L&S: milkwort, Polygala venulosa. milkwort
calt(h)a, ae OLD: (perh.) the marigold, Calendula officinalis. RG:
OLD also says [Gk.], but I do not find χάλθη in L&S. On
caltha Lewis & Short says ‘cf. Gr. χαλκανος’, which I also
do not find in L&S. pot marigold
ὁ σόγχος (σόγκος) L&S: sow-thistle, Sonchus aspera – sonc(h)us (-
os) OLD: a lettuce-like plant, sow-thistle, Sonchus. sow
thistle
τὸ φῦκος, εος L&S: seaweed, wrack - alga, ae OLD: seaweed (ulva,
ae OLD: a collective term for various grass-like or rush-like
aquatic plants, sedges, etc.). seaweed
φᾰκὸς τελματώδης - lens pălustris. This will be some kind of
duckweed
Ἀκόνῑτον, κώνειον, βουνιὰς θᾰνᾰ́σῐμοι πόαι, ἇς δεῖ ὀλορριζὶ
ἐκρῑζοῦν.
τὸ ἀκόνῑτον L&S: leopard’s bane, Aconitum Anthora - ăcŏnītum
OLD: a plant of the genus Aconitum, aconite. leopard’s
bane
τὸ κώνειον L&S: hemlock, Conium maculatum - cĭcūta. hemlock
See sentence 126, where nāpus – turnip, navew, rape – was
translated by βουνιάς = Brassica Napus. nāpellus, which is
not in OLD or Lewis & Short, would seem to be the dim. of
nāpus (“the specific name, Napellus, signifies a little turnip,
51
 in allusion to the shape of the roots” according to
botanical.com) and be Aconitum napellus (monkshood) (see
also Aconit napel), which contains poisonous compounds.
136 Sed păpāvĕris căpitulum vulnĕratum distillat ŏpium, quod vim habet Κώδεια τρωθεῖσα ὄπιον ὑπνωτικὸν τε καὶ ναρκωτικὸν ἐκβλύζει.
sŏpōrandi et stŭpĕfaciendi.
păpāver, ris (n.) poppy OLD: the species Papaver somniferum is
prob. referred to in most cases. opium poppy. ἡ κώδεια
means ‘head’ in general as well as the head of plants and the
poppy capsule specifically (L&S)
ὁ ὀπός is in general the vegetative, milky juice drawn from a plant
by tapping it; the dim. τὸ ὄπιον is poppy-juice, opium
specifically - opium. opium (lachryma papaveris)
τιτρώσκω
137 Mĕdĭcīnales herbae: tam hortenses, quam campestres. Θεραπευτικαὶ ἥμεραί τε καὶ ἄγριαι.
137.1The 1642 edition appended to sentence #137 a more exhaustive The 1642 edition appended to sentence #137 a more exhaustive
pharmacopoeia than found in the original Janua: pharmacopoeia than found in the original Janua:
Cephalicae. Κεφαλικαί.
Călĭdae et Siccae. Θερμαί τε καὶ ξηραί.
Betonica, … Βεττονικὴ, ...
Frīgĭdae et hūmĭdae. Ψυχραί τε καὶ ὑγραί.
Flores nymphaeae …
Νυμφαία ...
Ophthalmicae.
Ὀφθαλμικαί.
Faeniculum …
Μάραθρον ...
Thoracicae tam Anacatharticae quam Bechicae.
Θωρακικαὶ, ἀνακαθαρτικαὶ, βηχικαί.
Călĭdae :
Θερμαί·
Frīgĭdae:
Ψυχραί·
Cardiacae.
Καρδιακαί.
Calidae:
Τῶν θερμῶν·
Frīgĭdae:
Τῶν δὲ ψυχρῶν τάδε,

52
 Stomachicae Pepticae. Στομαχικαὶ καὶ πεπτικαί.
Călĭdae : Θερμαί·
Frīgĭdae: Ψυχραί·
Hepaticae. Ἡπατικαί.
Călĭdae : Θερμαί·
Spleneticae. Σπληνετικαί.
Călĭdae : Θερμαί·
Scorbuticae. Σκορβουτικαί.
Nasturtium aquaticum, Καρδαμίνη,
Nephriticae et Cysticae. Νεφριτικαὶ καὶ κυστικαί.
Călĭdae : Θερμαί·
Frīgĭdae: Ψυχραί·
Uterinae (Hystericae). Ὑστερικαί.
Călĭdae : Θερμαί·
Frīgĭdae: Ψυχραί·
Attractivae. Ἐπισπαστικαί.
Ranunculus, Βατράχιον,
Repellentes. Ἀποκρουστικαί.
Tribulus aquaticus, Τρίβολος ἔνυδρος,
Astringentes. Στεγνωτικαί.
Bursa pastoris, Στρατιώτης,
Laxantes. Χαλαστικαί.
Atriplex, Ἀτράφαξις,

53
 Obstructiones tollentes. Διαφορητικαί.
Tanacētum, Παρθένιον,
Dolōrem sēdantes. Ἀνώδινοι.
Verbascum, Φλόμος,
Somnum conciliantes. Ὑπνωτικαί.
Hyoscyamus, Ὑοσκίαμος,
Vulnerariae. Τραυματικαί.
Pilosella (auricula mūris), Μυὸς ὠτὶς,
Sēmen generantes. Σπερματογόνοι.
Satyrium, Σατύριον,
Indūrantes. Σκληρυντικαί.
Lenticula palustris, Φακὸς τελματώδης,
Emollientes. Μαλακτικαί.
Senecio, Ἠριγέρων,
Rarefacientes. Ἀραιωτικαί.
Foenum graecum (silicia, buceras), Τῆλις,
Incrassantes. Παχυοτικαί.
Amarantus, Ἀμάραντος,
Vēsīcantes (vēsīcatoriae). Κυστικαί.
Hydro-piper, etc. Ὑδροπίπερι.
Ūrīnam cientes. Διουρετικαί.
Pepones, Πέπονες,
Menses moventes. Μηναγωγοί.

54
Nepētha, Καλαμίνθη,
Secundinas et foetum mortuum pellentes. Ἐκβόλιοι.
Thlaspi, Θλάσπι,
Calculum frangentes. Λιθοτριβικοί.
Lappa, Ξάνθιον,
Sternutatoriae. Πταρμικαί.
Nigella, Μελάνθιον,
Rheumatagogae et masticatoriae. Ῥευματαγωγοί.
Staphisagria, Σταφισάγρια,
Errhina. Ἔρρινοι.
Succus betae, Τοῦ τεύτλου ὀπὸς,
Vermes necantes et depellentes. Φθαρτικαὶ τῶν ἑλμινθίων.
Corallina, Κοράλλια,
Alexipharmacae. Ἀλεξιφάρμακαι.
Coronopus (serpentina), Κορονώπους,
Anodinae. Ἀνώδινοι.
Solanum, Μανδραγόρας,
Magneticae. Μαγνητικαί.
Perforata (hypericum), Ὑπέρικον,
Vomitoria (Emetica). Ἐμετικαί.
Asarum, Ἄσαρον,
Bīlem purgantia (cholagoga). Χολαγωγοί.
Mītiora: Ἀσθενεστέραι·

55
 Fortiora: Ἐνεργεστέραι·
Pituitam (Phlegmagoga). Φλεγμαγωγοί.
Mītiora: Ἀσθενεστέραι·
Fortiora: Ἐνεργεστέραι·
Melancholiam (Melanagoga). Μελαναγωγοί.
Mītiora: Ἀσθενεστέραι·
Fortiora: Ἐνεργεστέραι·
Serum (Hydragoga). Ὑδραγωγοί.
Mītiora: Ἀσθενεστέραι·
Fortiora: Ἐνεργεστέραι·
Diaphoretica. Διαφορητικοί.
Carduus benedictus, Ἀτρακτυλὶς λασία,

OP Span
14 Ŏlera (~ OP XVII) Λάχανα
In hortis nascuntur ŏlera, ut lactūca, brassica, cēpa, ālium, cŭcurbita, Ἐν τοῖς κήποις γεννᾶται λάχανα, ὠς θρίδαξ, κράμβη, κρόμμυον,
sĭser, rāpum, raphanus minor, raphanus maior, petrŏselīnum, σκόροδον, σῐκύα, σίσαρον, γογγύλη, ῥᾰφανὶς, σῐ́νᾱπῐ Περσικόν,
cŭcŭmĕres, pĕpōnes. πετροσέλῑνον, σίκυες, πέπονες.
ὁ κῆπος - hortus
τὸ λάχανον - ŏlus, ĕris (also hŏlus) (n.)
ἡ θρίδαξ, ακος (Att. ἡ θρῐδᾰκῑ́νη) L&S: lettuce - lactūca. lettuce
ἡ κράμβη L&S: cabbage, Brassica cretica - brassica. cabbage
τὸ κρόμμῠον L&S: onion, Allium Cepa- cēpa, ae (caepa, ae and
caepe [cēpe], is [n.]). onion
τὸ σκόροδον (contr. σκόρδον) L&S: garlic, Allium sativum - ālium
(allium). garlic
ἡ σῐκύα [ῠ] - L&S: bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris; ἡ κολοκύνθη
L&S: round gourd, Cucurbita maxima - cŭcurbita. gourd
(see also bottle gourd [calabash])

56

OP Span
15 Frūges (~ OP XVIII)
Quoddam frūmentum super culmo crescit gĕnĭculis discrēto, ut
trītĭcum, sĭlīgō, hordĕum. In his spīca vel ăristas habet, vel mŭtĭca
est et grāna in glūma continet. Quoddam vēro habet lŏco spīcae
pānĭculam, grāna fascĭātim continentem, ut ăvēna, mĭlĭum,
frūmentum Saracēnicum. Lĕgūmina sĭlĭquas habent, quae grāna
τὸ σίσᾰρον L&S: parsnip, Pastinaca sativa - sĭser, ĕris (n.) OLD: a
plant cultivated for its piquant root, perh. rampion,
Campanula rapunculus; Lewis & Short: perhaps skirret.
parsnip, rampion, skirret
ἡ γογγύλη = ἡ γογγῠλίς, ίδος L&S: turnip, Brassica Rapa - rāpum
(alt. form rāpa, ae). turnip
τὸ κᾰ́ρον = ἡ καρώ L&S: caraway. caraway RG: The text has
κάρος, which I can’t find and I don’t get. I have substituted
the correct word (acc. to L&S) for raphanus minor = radish,
i.e., ῥᾰφανίς. The use of raphanus for horseradish seems to
begin with the early renaissance botanists. In ancient
Greece, Dioscorides called horseradish τὸ σῐ́νᾱπῐ Περσικόν,
so for the heck of it I put that in the text in place of the
translator’s ῥάφανος.
ἡ ῥᾰ́φανος - L&S: Att. for κράμβη cabbage, Brassica cretica; ἡ
ῥᾰφανίς, ῖδος L&S: radish, Raphanus sativus
raphanus, i OLD: radish. radish
Most translators translate raphanus minor as radish, raphanus maior
as horse radish
τὸ σέλῑνον L&S: celery, Apium graveolens; τὸ πετροσέλῑνον
parsley, Petrosalinum sativum - petrŏselīnum OLD:
parsley, Petroselinum crispum. parsley
ὁ σῐ́κῠος or σῐκῠός, also ἡ σίκυς, υος L&S: cucumber, Cucumis
sativus - cŭcŭmis, ĕris. cucumber
πέπων, ονος L&S: as an adj., cooked by the sun, ripe; σῐ́κῠος πέπων
a kind of gourd or melon that, unlike the σῐ́κῠος, could only
be eaten when ripe - pĕpōn, ōnis OLD: a watermelon or
other gourd. gourd
Τὸ σῖτον
Τίνες σῖτοι ἐπὶ καλάμῳ αὐξάνονται τοῖς ἄρθροις διοριζομένῳ, ὡς ὁ
πῡρός, τὸ σῐλίγνιον, κριθαί. Ἐν τούτοις ὁ στάχυς ἢ ἀθήρας ἔχει, ἢ
κολοβός ἐστι καὶ τοὺς κόκκους συνέχει ἐν ἐλύτρῳ. Ἔχουσι δὲ ἄλλοι
ἀντὶ στάχυος ἀνθήλην, τοὺς κόκκους φακελληδὸν συνέχουσαν, ὡς ὁ
ἀκρόσπελλος, κέγχρος, ἔλῠμος. Τὰ ὅσπρια θήκας ἔχουσι, τὰ κόκκα
57
valvulis inclūdunt, ut pīsum, făba, vĭcĭa, et his minora, nempe cĭcĕra
et lentes.
Varro De re rustica 1.48.3: Spīca mŭtĭca (codd., some editors
emend to mŭtĭla) dīcitur, quae nōn habet ăristam.
λοβοῖς συγκλείουσας, ὡς πίσος, κύᾰμος, βῐκίον καὶ τὰ τούτων
μικρότερα, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, ἐρέβινθοι καὶ φᾰκαί.
ὁ σῖτος - frūmentum
ὁ κᾰ́λᾰμος - culmus
αὐξάνω - cresco
τὸ ἄρθρον - gĕnĭculum
διορίζω - discerno
ὁ πῡρός L&S: wheat, Triticum vulgare - trītĭcum. wheat
τὸ σῐλίγνιον L&S: = Lat. siligo, winter wheat (NB: ἡ σίλιγνις in the
text is the flour from wheat) - sĭlīgō, inis OLD: a soft
variety of wheat, Triticum vulgare. RG: Probably
mistranslated by Hoole as ‘rye.’ Siligo was classified by the
ancient writers as a type of wheat (“lighter” than triticum,
according to Columella), but the distinctions between the
different types of wheat are unclear.
ἡ κρῑθή mostly in pl. (τὸ κρῖ is barley in Homer) L&S: barley-corns,
barley, the meal being ἄλφιτα - hordĕum. barley
ὁ στάχυς, υος - spīca (the ear)
ὁ ἀθήρ, τοῦ ἀθέρος - ărista (the awn or beard of barley)
ἔχω - habeo
κολοβός, όν - mŭtĭlus (mŭtĭcus)
συνέχω - contineo
ὁ κόκκος - grānum
τὸ ἔλυτρον (εἰλύω) - glūma (husk)
ἡ ἀνθήλη - pānĭcula (pānu-). panicle (RG: ἀνθήλη πυρός is a gloss
on ἀνθήλη πώγων in the Lexicon of Hesychius, a valuable
resource for many obscure Greek words like this one)
φακελληδόν - fascĭātim (RG: Pinzger has this equation; while I
don’t find φακελληδόν in L&S, it comes from φᾰ́κελος,
sometimes written φᾰ́κελλος, bundle, faggot)
ὁ ἀκρόσπελλος = ὁ αἰγίλωψ L&S: haver-grass, Aegilops ovata -
ăvēna OLD: the oat, prob. including a number of allied
grasses. oat (Aegilops ovata is ovate goatgrass)
ὁ κέγχρος L&S: millet, Panicum milliacrum - mĭlĭum. millet
ἡ ἔλῠμος in L&S = μελίνη millet - frūmentum Saracēnicum. Hoole
translates “turkey-wheat”
58
 τὸ ὄσπριον L&S: pulse of all kinds - lĕgūmen, ĭnis (n.). pulse
ἡ θήκη - sĭlĭqua
ὁ λοβός - valvulus
συγλείω - conclūdo
ὁ πῐ́σος (also τὸ πίσον) L&S: pease, Pisum sativum - pīsum OLD:
one or other variety of pea, prob. Pisum arvense. pea
ὁ κῠ́ᾰμος - L&S: bean, Vicia Faba - făba. bean
τὸ βῐκίον L&S: vetch, Vicia sativa - vĭcĭa. vetch
ὁ ἐρέβινθος L&S: chick-pea, Cicer arietinum - cĭcer, ĕris (n.).
chickpea
ὁ φᾰκός (ἡ φᾰκῆ is dish of lentils, lentil-soup) L&S: lentil, Ervum
Lens, and its fruit - lens, lentis OLD: the lentil plant and its
seed, the lentil. lentil

OP Span
13 Flōres (~ OP XVI) Ἄνθη
Inter flōres maxime nōti sunt vēre adveniente vĭŏla, hyacinthus, Ἐν τοῖς ἄνθεσιν μάλιστα γνωστά ἐστι ἔᾰρος προσιόντος τὸ ἴον,
narcissus, tum alba ac lūtea et caerŭlĕa līlia, tandem rŏsa et ὑάκινθος, νάρκισσος, εἶτα τὰ λευκὰ καὶ ξανθὰ καὶ κῠάνεα κρίνα, τὸ
caryophyllum. Ex his serta et serviae vinciuntur. Etiam ŏdōrātae ῥόδον καὶ καρῠόφυλλον. Ἐκ τούτων στέφανοι καὶ στεφανώματα
herbae adduntur, ut ămārăcus, ămărantus, capillus Vĕnĕris, rūta, πλέκεται. Ἔτι καὶ εὔοσμαι πόαι προστίθενται, ὡς ᾰ̓μᾱ́ρᾰκον,
lavendula, rōs mărīnus, hyssōpus, nardus, ōcimum, salvia, menta, ᾰ̓μᾰ́ραντος, ἀδίαντον, πήγᾰνον, ὀρῑ́γᾰνον, λῐβᾰνωτίς, ὕσσωπος,
etc. Inter campestres flōres maxime nōti sunt līlium convallium, νάρδος, ὤκῐμον, σφᾰ́κος, μίνθη (τὸ ἡδύοσμον), κτλ. Ἐν τοῖς ἀγρίοις
chamaedrys, cyanus, chamaemēlum. Inter herbas agrestes, cytisus, ἄνθεσι μάλιστα γνωστά ἐστι τὸ σπληνίον, χᾰμαίδρῡς, κύᾰνος,
absinthium, rumex acetosa, urtīca. Tulipa est decus flōrum, sed sine χαμαίμηλον. Ἐν ταῖς ποαῖς ἀγρίαις, ὁ κύτῐσος, ἀψίνθιον, ὀξαλίς,
ŏdōre. ἀκᾰλήφη (κνίδη). Ἡ τυλίπη κόσμος ἐστὶ τῶν ἀνθῶν, ἀλλὰ ἄνευ
ὀσμῆς.
τὸ ἄνθος, ους - flōs, flōris
Comenius Spring Comenius Flores Comenius Flores γνωστός - nōtus (nosco)
Flowers.pptx Odoratae.pptx Campestres et Herbai Agrestes.pptx
τὸ ἔαρ, ἔαρος - vēr, vēris (n.)
πρόσειμι - accēdo, advenio
τὸ ἴον - vĭŏla. violet
ὁ Ὑάκινθος; ὁ, ἡ ὑάκινθος - hyacinthus. hyacinth
ὁ νάρκισσος - narcissus. narcissus
λευκός - albus
ξανθός - flāvus, but used here to translate lūteus, a, um, of the color
of the plant lūtum, a plant used for dyeing yellow (Don’t

59
 confuse with lŭteus, a, um - muddy (lŭtum))
κῠάνεος (ὁ κύᾰνος [ῠ] dark-blue enamel) - caerŭlĕus
τὸ κρῐ́νον L&S: white lily, Līlium candidum - līlium. lily
τὸ ῥόδον - rŏsa. rose
τὸ καρυόφυλλον L&S: dried flowerbud of the clove-tree, Eugenia
caryophyllata - caryophyllum (“nut-tree”). See clove and
gilliflower (Hoole’s rendering)
ὁ στέφανος, τὸ στεφάνωμα - serta, ōrum
ὁ φάκελλος, σύνδεσμος - servia. RG: I don’t find servia in my
dictionaries. My Hoole English translation of the OP
translates servia as “nosegay.” Was there such a thing as
nosegay in antiquity? In any case, I love the English names
nosegay, tussie-mussie, posy. Since Comenius distinguishes
serta and serviae, the Greek translators felt obliged to do
the same, so they as simply used the redundant στέφανος
and στεφάνωμα, though Span’s glossary notes φάκελλος
(φάκελος) and σύνδεσμος, which are just generic words for
collections, bundles (φάκελος = fascis)
πλέκω - vincio
εὔοσμος - ŏdōrātus
ἡ πόα - herba
προστίθημι - addo
τὸ ᾰ̓μᾱ́ρᾰκον (also ὁ ᾰ̓μᾱ́ρᾰκος) L&S: marjoram, Origanum
Majorana - ămārăcus (and ămārăcum). marjoram
ὁ ᾰ̓μᾰ́ραντος (sc. ἄνθος; μαραίνω - the “never-fading” flower) -
ămărantus. amaranth
τὸ ἀδίαντον (substantive of ἀδίαντος, ον unwetted [διαίνω]) L&S:
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris - capillus Vĕnĕris. maidenhair
fern
τὸ πήγᾰνον L&S: rue, Rūta graveolens- rūta. the herb rue (the
etymology is rūta > rue, but rue as in “to rue the day” is an
Old English word)
τὸ ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (also ἡ ὀρῑ́γᾰνος) L&S: an acrid herb - lavendula. RG: I
believe lavendula is a medieval Latin term, from which
came the plant genus lavandula of modern classification. I
am dubious of its equation with ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (orīganum

60
 vulgare is attested in Pliny). See lavandula and origanum
ἡ λῐβᾰνωτίς, ίδος L&S: associated with various rosemarys,
including Rōsmarīnus officinalis - rōs mărīnus (also rōs
mărīnum [n.], rōs măris, or rōs alone. rosemary
ὁ ὕσσωπος - hys(s)ōpus (and hys(s)ōpum). hyssop
ἡ νάρδος L&S: spikenard - nardus. spikenard
τὸ ὤκῐμον L&S: Ōcimum Basilicum - ōcimum (also ōcimum). basil
ὁ σφᾰ́κος L&S: sage-apple, Salvia calycina - salvia. salvia
ἡ μίνθα/μίνθη L&S: mentha vĭrĭdis (τὸ ἡδύοσμον = μίνθη) - menta
(mentha). mint
ἄγριος - agrestis
τὸ σπληνίον L&S: citations in Dioscorides for several types of
plants - līlium convallium. RG: Nothing in L&S makes me
confident σπληνίον is an accurate translation of līlium
convallium. See lily of the valley and May-lily (Hoole’s
translation.
ἡ χᾰμαίδρῡς, ῠος L&S: germander, Teucrium Chamaedrys -
chamaedrys. germander (Teucrium)
ὁ κύᾰνος [ῠ] L&S: blue cornflower - cyanus. centaurea cyanus
τὸ χᾰμαίμηλον L&S: earth-apple, camomile - chamaemēlum.
chamomile
ὁ, ἡ κύτῐσος [ῠ] L&S: tree-medick, Medicago arborea - cytisus
(also cytisum) (also translated as trifolium, i.e., clover). See
cytisus, tree medick, clover
τὸ ἀψίνθιον L&S: wormwood, Artemisia Absinthium - absinthium
(and apsinthium). wormwood
ἡ ὀξαλίς, ίδος L&S: sorrel, Rumex acetosa - rumex acetosa (OLD:
rumex, icis - a species of dock grown as a vegetable,
probably named from spear-shaped leaves, since the first
definition of rumex is a kind of javelin). RG: The Comenius
text is just acetosa, I made it rumex acetosa. sorrel
ἡ ἀκᾰλήφη L&S: stinging-nettle (also sea-anemone); ἡ κνίδη (and
κνίζα) L&S: nettle, Urtica (from κτίζω scratch) - urtīca.
nettles
ἡ τυλίπη - tulipa. RG: The word tulip is first mentioned in western
Europe around 1554. The Latin word tulipa is modern.

61

XIII De frŭticibus.
138 Sambūcus (sabūcus), ribes, rŭbus, rŭbus īdaeus, hedera, ligustrum,
glycyrrhiza, balsămum, paliūrus, spīna (sentis, vepres*, veprēcula*),
cynosbătos, veprēta* et dūmēta* frŭtĭces clŭent: et ŭbi illi ūbertim
prōgerminant, frŭticēta (frŭtecta) fīunt.
*plural
139 Cannae ((h)ărundines) internōdia habentes et iunci pălustria ămant,
iisque lātissime prōvĕniunt.
140 Ex scirpo ēnōdi (unde typhae ēnascuntur) succīso mattae (stŏrĕae,
ὁ κόσμος - dĕcus, ŏris (n.)
ἡ ὀσμή - ŏdor, ōris
Περὶ τῶν θάμνων.
Ἀκτῆ, ῥίβες, βᾰ́τος, βᾰ́τος Ῑδαία, κιττὸς, φῐλῠρέα, γλῠκῠρρῑ́ζα,
βάλσᾰμον, πᾰλῐούρος, ἄκανθα, κῠνόσβᾰτος, ἀκανθεὼν θάμνοι· γῆ
θαμνώδης (θαμνοειδής) θαμνὼν λέγεται.
ὁ κισσός (Att. κιττός) L&S: ivy, Hedera Helix - hedera (-ed). ivy
ἡ φῐλῠρέα (φιλλυρέα in the text is, acc. to L&S, a falsa lectio in
Dioscorides for ἡ φῐλύρα L&S: lime-tree, Tilia
platyphyllos) L&S: mock privet, Phillyrea media - ligustrum
OLD: a white-flowered shrub, prob. privet. privet, phillyrea
ἡ γλῠκῠρρῑ́ζα L&S: sweet-root, i.e., liquorice, Glycyrrgiza glabra -
glycyrrhiza, ae OLD: Glycyrrgiza glabra and Glycyrrgiza
echinata. liquorice, Glycyrrgiza echinata
τὸ βάλσᾰμον L&S: balsam-tree, Balsamodendron Opobalsamum.
balsam
ὁ, ἡ πᾰλῐούρος L&S: Christ’s thorn, Paliurus australis; OLD:
Paliurus spina-Christi. Christ’s thorn
ἡ ἄκανθα (ἡ ἀκή) L&S: thorn, prickle; any thorny or prickly plant;
of other plants - spīna. thorn, spines, & prickles
sentis, is OLD: any thorny bush or shrub
vepris, is OLD: a thorn bush, as a general term, usu. in pl.
ἡ, ὁ κῠνόσβᾰτος L&S: whiterose, Rosa sempervirens - cynosbatos
OLD: some kind of rose. evergreen rose
ὁ ἀκανθεών L&S: thorny brake, acc. to the Glossaria = spīnētum
(OLD: a thicket of thorn bushes)
veprētum Lewis & Short: a thornhedge, bramble-thicket
dūmētum OLD: only found in pl.; a clump of thorn or sim. bushes,
thicket
frŭticētum OLD: a thicket of shrubs or bushes, same as frŭtectum
(RG: I don’t find θαμνών in L&S, but it seems to be formed in
analogy to ἀκανθεών, the ών ending implying a collection)
Κάλᾰμοι φάλαγγας ἔχοντες, καὶ σχοῖνος τὰ ἕλη φῐλοῦντες, ἐν
τέλμασιν εὐθᾰλοῦσιν.
Σχοίνου ἀνὀζου καὶ ἀποκοπείσης, ὅθεν τύφαι ἐκφύονται, ψίᾰθοι
62
 tĕgĕtes) confĭciuntur. στορέαι παρασκευάζονται.
matta, ae Lewis & Short: a mat made of rushes. RG: To translate
this, I have replaced the non-existent στορέαι in the text
with ἡ, ὁ ψίᾰθος [ῐ] (L&S: a rush-mat)
stŏrĕa, eae OLD: a mat or matting of rushes, cot
teges, etis OLD: a piece of matting made of rushes or sim. material
141 Bōlēti et tūbera inter fungos praestantissimi, ac quorundam lautitiae Βωλίται καὶ ὕδνα μῠκήτων βέλτιστοι καὶ ἐνίων δαψίλειαί εἰσιν.
sunt.
ὁ βωλίτης [ῑ] L&S: terrestrial fungus, Lat. bōlētus - bōlētus OLD:
mushroom
tūber, eris (n.) terrae OLD: a subterranean fungus, truffle; sim. tūber
alone. truffle (RG: I have substituted τὸ ὕδνον L&S: truffle,
Tuber cibarium for ὁ βολβός in the text, none of whose
several plant identifications in L&S seem to be any type of
fungus)
ὁ μύκης, ητος [ῠ] (with alternate forms such as nom. pl. μύκαι and
acc. pl. μύκας) L&S: mushroom or other fungus - fungus
OLD: a fungus, in practice confined to the larger varieties
such as mushroom, toadstool, etc. fungus

OP Span
16 Frŭtĭces (~ OP XIX) Οἱ θάμνοι
NB: A frŭtex can be (1) a shrub or bush, as in this topic of Τὸ φῠτὸν ὃ μεῖζον καὶ σκληρότερόν ἐστι τῆς πόας θάμνος λέγεται,
Comenius, and (2) a short stem, stalk, growth. ὡς εἰσιν ἐν ταῖς ὄχθαις καὶ λίμναις σχοῖνος, ὁ δόναξ ἄνοζος τύφας
φέρων, καὶ ἔνδον κοῖλος καὶ φάλαγγας ἔχων ὁ κάλᾰμος. Ἐν ἄλλοις
Planta quae maior et dūrior est quam herba frŭtex dīcitur, ut sunt in
τόποις ἀυξάνονται τὸ ῥόδον, ῥίβες, ἀκτῆ, ἄρκευθος, ὅμως ἡ
rīpis et stagnis iuncus, scirpus ēnōdis typhas ferens, et nōdos habens
ἄμπελος, ἣ κλήματα φέρει, τὰ κλήματα ἕλικας, οἴνᾰρα, καὶ βότρυας,
intusque căva (h)ărundō. In ăliis lŏcis crescunt rŏsa, ribes,
ὧν τῷ στύλῳ [τῷ καυλῷ] αἱ στᾰφῠλαὶ κρέμανται, ῥᾱγὰς
sambūcus, iūnĭpĕrus, sĭmĭlĭter vītis, quae palmĭtes ēmittit, palmĭtes
συνέχουσαι.
caprĕŏlos, pampĭnos, et răcēmos, quorum scāpo ūvae pendent,
ăcĭnos contĭnentes. τὸ φῠτόν - planta
σκληρός - dūrus
ἡ πόα - herba
ὁ θάμνος - frŭtex
ἡ οχθή - rīpa
ἡ λίμνη - stagnum
ὁ, ἡ σχοῖνος - iuncus. rush

63
 ὁ δόναξ, ᾰκος L&S: pole-reed, Arundo Donax (κάλαμος αὐλητικός
has the same meaning) - scirpus OLD: a marsh plant used
for weaving, bulrush (Scirpus lacustris) or sim. giant cane,
bulrush, scirpus
ἄνοζος (ὁ ὄζος) - ēnōdis, e
ἡ τύφη [ῡ] L&S: a plant used for stuffing bolsters and beds, reed
mace, Typha angustata. typha (reedmace, cattail)
ἡ φάλαγξ - nōdus RG: I’m not sure φάλαγξ is the best translation
here (why not ὄζος?). The closest appropriate definition of
φάλαγξ in L&S is ‘the bone between two joints of the
fingers and toes,’ and one of Pinzger’s defintions for
φάλαγξ is internōdium – in other words, the space between
the nōdi.
κοῖλος - căvus
ὁ κάλᾰμος - (h)ărundō, inis. reed
ὁ τόπος - lŏcus
ἀυξάνομαι - cresco
ῥίβες - ribes. Ribes is a genus of edible currants such as the
gooseberry. OED: a medieval Latin word adapted from the
Arabic.
ἡ ἀκτῆ (contraction of ἀκτέα) L&S: elder tree, Sambucus nigra –
sabūcus (also sambūcus). sambucus (elder)
ἡ ἄμπελος - vītis, is. grapevine
τὸ κλῆμα, ατος - palmĕs, ĭtis. shoot
ἡ ἕλιξ, ῐκος - caprĕŏlus. tendril
τὸ οἴνᾰρον - pampĭnus. here the vine-leaf
ὁ βότρυς, υος - răcēmus. grape cluster, raceme
ὁ στῦλος - scāpus. RG: In botany, the better choice may be ὁ καυλός
ἡ στᾰφῠλή - ūva. the grape!
κρέμαμαι - pendeo
ἡ ῥάξ, ῥᾱγός - ăcĭnus. In general, these words mean ‘grape,’ but
here, grape seeds
συνέχω - contineo

(RG: My reprint of the Orbis Pictus happens to be from an 1810

edition by W. Jones that is the twelfth edition of Charles Hoole’s

64
 original 1658 English translation. Mr. Jones added a topic on The
Science of Botany (Herbarum Scientia), which for completeness and
some additional Latin vocabulary I include here, though it wasn’t
translated into Greek. Mr. Jones writes of botany as “a study much
in vogue” – he writes this about fifty seven years after Linnaeus
published his Species Plantarum.
Botanicus vĕgĕtăbĭlĭa omnia explōrat; plantas inter se recte
distinguit; in classes, genera, et spĕcies distribuit; observat
herbarum charactēres nātūrālis: flōrum formas, calycem, pĕtăla,
stāmina (fīlāmenta), stĭlum, sēmina, vascŭla sēmĭnalia, sĭlĭquas,
baccas; fŏliorum fĭgūram, margĭnem, hăbĭtum, ordinem; rādīces,
simplices, rāmosas, oblongas, fibratas, bulbosas, tūberosas. Quaerit
ŭbi sponte nascantur; hae in montibus ŏrĭuntur, saxis, mūris,
aggeribus; illae in agris, pascuis, campis, silvis, dūmētis; ăliae in
pălūdibus, stagnis, fossis, fontibus, flŭvĭis, lŏcis mărĭtĭmis, et mări
ipso. Pro diversitate nātūrae sŏlum ămant restĭbĭle, ărēnosum,
glāreosum, pingue, hūmĭdum, siccum, petrosum, aprīcum, ŏpācum.
Vīres exquīrit ad mĕdĭcīnam, ūsus ad victum, pābŭlum, artes
mănŭāles. Săpor, ŏdor, cŏlor, vīres indĭcant.
ὁ, ἡ κᾰ́λυξ, ῠκος - calyx, icis
τὸ πέταλον leaf -> modern Latin petalum -> petal (early 18th
century)
stĭlus, i OLD: Sts., by erron. assoc. w. Gk. στῦλος, written stylus -
the plant stem
restibilis, e - never left fallow (restare “to hold out”)

XIV De ănĭmālibus, et prīmo de ăvibus.
142 Quicquid vita, sensu, et mota praeditum est, animal est.
143 Nam ālites vŏlant: quaedam praepete et concitato, quaedam
languidiore vŏlātu, aërem quasi sulcantes: aquatilia nătant (nant);
illae pennis et ālis, haec pinnis; quadrupedia currunt; reptilia rēpunt.
144 Vŏlŭcres sunt bĭpedes (manucodiatam ĕnim esse apodem falso
proditum est) et plūmatae et rostratae: excepto vespertīliōne, qui
Περὶ τῶν ζῴων, καὶ πρῶτον τῶν ὀρνίθων.
Ἅπαν ζῳῆς, αἰσθήσεώς τε καὶ κινήσεως μετέχον, ζῷόν ἐστιν.
Τὰ ὄρνεα πτεροῖς ἵπταται· ἔνια μὲν πτώσει ὠκυτάτῃ τε καὶ ταχίστῃ,
ἄλλα δὲ βραδυτέρᾳ τὸν ἀέρα οἰονεὶ σχιζει· τὰ ἐνυδρόβια πτερύγεσι
νήχεται, τὰ τετράποδα τρέχει, τὰ ἑρπετὰ ἕρπει.
ἵπταμαι late for πέτομαι
Τὰ ὄρνεά ἐστι δίποδα (ῥυντάκην ἄποδα εἶναι μεμῡ́θευται), πτερωτὰ,
ῥάμφη ἔχοντα· νυκτερὶς δὲ τρῐχώδης τε καὶ ὀδοντώδης ἐστίν.

65
 pĭlosus et dentatus.
apūs, odis
145 Rostro legentes grāna, inglŭvĭem referciunt: nulla mingit [meiit].
146 Procreationis causa nīdos struunt (nīdificant, nīdulantur): halcyōn
(halcēdo) in ipso pĕlăgo, inūsitata eius tranquilitate: unde halcyōnia.
147 Tum pariunt ōva (quae sub testa albumen et vitellum, seu lūteum
occultant): iisque donec animentur incŭbantes (sī subventanea
(zephyria) aut ūrina nōn fuerunt) pullos implūmes exclūdunt (qui
dum pipiunt, pipiones vocantur).
Plin. Nat. 10.158: tertium (ōvum) inrĭtum est; ūrinum vocant (wind-
egg).
148 Răpāces sunt: vultur, milvus, accipiter, falco, nīsus, quae unguibus
uncis in turtŭres ăliasque innŏcuas ālites saeviunt, captasque
incunctanter ac crūdēliter dilăniant.
149 Noctua noctu cernit, interdiu caucūtit: ut et ăliae nocturnae, būbō,
asio, scops, ŭlŭla, strix, caprimulgus, nycticorax.
150 Phāsiāni, ōtides (tardae), tetraones (urogalli), meleăgrides
(gallopāvōnes), cāpōnes, attagēnes, perdīces, cŏturnīces, in dēliciis
habentur: et ornithotrophiis inclūsae, ŏpĭpăre ŏpīmantur.
151 Ŏlor (cygnus), fŭlĭca, mergus, querquedula, onocrotalus, pelecanus,
τὸ ῥάμφος, εος
Συλλέγοντα κόκκους τῷ ῥάμφῃ, πρηγορεῶνα (πρόβολον) πληροῖ·
οὐδὲν δ’ οὐρεῖ.
ὁ πρηγορεών, ῶνος - inglŭvĭēs – crop of a bird. crop
ᾨοτοκίας ἕνεκα ἀπονεοττεύει (νεοσσοποιεῖ)· ἡ ἁλκυὼν ἁλκυόνια
[L&S: αἱ ἁλκῠονίδες] ἡμῖν ἐν πελάγει παρέχει.
Τότε ᾠὰ, τὸ χρῡσὸν καὶ τὸ λευκὸν ὑπ’ ὀστράκῳ κατέχοντα, τίκτει τε
καὶ ἐπῳάζει, ἕως αὐτὰ, μὴ ζεφύρια (ὑπηνέμια) ὄντα, ἁπτέρους
νεοττοὺς φύει.
Ἁρπακτικὰ τάδε· γὺψ, ἱκτῖνος, ἱέραξ, αἰσάλων, σπιζίας. Ταῦτα
ἀγκύλαις ὄνυξιν ὀρνίθων τὰς ἀσῐνεῖς, οἷον δὴ τὰς τρυγόνας, ἁρπάζει
τε καὶ ἁλούσας ὠμῶς διασπᾰράττει.
L&S: ὁ σπιζίας, ου Accipiter nīsus
ἁλούσας ⟨ ἁλῶναι ⟨ ἁλίσκομαι
Γλαὺξ νυκτὸς ὀξυδερκὴς, ἡμέρας ἀμβλυωπεῖ, καθὼς καὶ ἄλλαι
νυκτεριναί, βουὰς, ὠτὸς, κουκουβαίη, αἰγώλιος, ἐλεὸς, αἰγοθήλας,
νυκτικόραξ.
L&S: ὁ αἰγωλιός (or αἰγώλιος), perhaps Strix flammea
L&S: ὁ αἰγοθήλας Caprimulgus europaeus (goatsucker)
Ἴτυες, ὠτίδες, τέτριγες, μελεαγρίδες, ἀλεκτρυῶνες ἐκτομίαι,
ἀτταγῶνες, περδίκες, ὄρτυγες εἰς τὰ τῶν τραπεζῶν ἀρεσκεύματα
τίθενται, ἐν τοῖς ὀρνιθοτροφείοις εἴργονται, ἁβρῶς πῑαίνονται.
ἴτυς ? Nowhere do I find this word meaning a type of bird.
L&S: ἡ ὠτίς (οὖς) Otis tarda
ὁ ἐκτομίας, ου exsectus, castratus
L&S: ὁ ὄρτυξ Coturnix vulgaris
L&S: only gives ἀρέσκεια and ἀρέσκευμα as obsequiousness, act of
obsequiousness.
Κύκνος, λάρος, πώυγξ, κερκὶς, ὀνοκρόταλος, πελεκὰς, καὶ ἄλλαι
66
 et ăliae aquaticae, palmipedes sunt: nulla pennipes.
152 Sturni gregatim (unde sturnatim) sed absque ordine; grŭes valde
congrue; ardeae admŏdum excelse vŏlitant.
153 Canōrae sunt: ăcanthis (carduelis), ălauda (galērīta), ācrēdŭla
(luscinia, philomēla), fringilla, galbulus, merula, linaria.
ācrēdŭla: Cicero’s translation of Aratus’ ὀλολυγών
154 Pălumbes et livia sunt cŏlumbae ferae. Locus in quo cŏlumbae
cĭcŭres edŭcantur peristereon (peristerotrophium, cŏlumbarium)
vŏcitatur.
ὁ περιστερεών, όνος dovecote
155 Merops, ŭpŭpa, pīcus, fīcēdŭla, rŭbecula (erythacus), curruca
vermibus vescuntur: ut et găvia fortassis: sed magis est ut pisciculis.
Plin. Nat. 10.91: găviae in petris nīdificant. (A tern?)
156 Trochilus et parvus parus perrīdicule se struthioni (strūthiocamēlo)
compărarent.
157 Turdus sibi ipsi căcat exitium: quia quod conspurcat, ex eo viscus
(viscum) pullŭlat: id est, ăviārium glūtĕn.
158 Coturnix curtam habet caudam: mōtacilla suam indēfesse mōtat:
pāvo suam ŏcellatam et variegatam (vărĭe pictam) dispandens
superbit.
159 Cassīta (galērīta [ălauda cristata]) cirrum, gallus cucurriens cristam
in suo sterquilinio erigit.
ἔνυδροι στεγᾰνόποδές εἰσιν· οὐδεμίᾰ πτερόπους ἐστίν.
In Arist. HA, στεγᾰνόπους web-footed is opposed to σχιζόπους.
Ψάροι μὲν ἀγεληδὸν πέτονται, ἀτάκτως δέ· γέρανοι μάλα εὐτάκτως·
ἐρῳδιοὶ κομῐδῆ (ὑπερβαλλόντως) ὑψιπέτεις.
ᾨδικὰ ὄρνεα· θραῦπις, κορυδαλὶς, Φιλομήλα, χρησόμιτρις, σπίζα,
χλωρίων, κόττῠφος, λινουργός.
Φάττα, πελειὰς, περιστεραὶ ἄγριαι· τόπος περιστερῶν ἡμέρων
τρεφομένων περιστερεών.
L&S: ἡ πελειάς, άδος = ἡ πέλεια wild rock-pigeon, Columba livia
L&S: ἡ περιστερά Columba livia domestica
Μέροψ, ἔποψ, δρυοκολάπτης, συκαλὶς, ἐρύθακος, ὑπολαῒς
σκώληκας σῑτοῦνται, ἴσως καὶ καύης, ἡ μᾶλλον ἰχθυδίοις χαίρει.
L&S: ἡ ὑπολαΐς, ίδος an unknown small bird
L&S: καύης Only definition in L&S is “a Lydian word for Lydian
priest.” But it cites Hesychius for ὁ καυκαλίας and καυκιάλης as a
kind of bird. Also under ἡ κήξ, κηκός = a sea-bird, perh. a tern, it
says “also in the forms καύαξ = λάρος, Hsch., and καύηξ Hippon.2
(nisi leg. καύης, q.v.).”
τὸ ἰχθύδιον - pisciculus – little fish (pisciculus also a collective
singular for whitebait)
Τροχίλος, αἰγίθαλος ἐλάττων, ὑπερκαταγελάστως τῷ
στρουθιοκαμήλῳ ἑαυτοὺς ἂν συμβάλλοιεν.
L&S: τροχίλος Egyptian plover, said to pick leeches from the
crocodiles throat (Hdt. 2.68), or to pick the crocodile’s teeth (Arist.
HA612a21)
Κίχλα ἑαυτῷ ὄλεθρον χέζει· ἐκ κόπρου γὰρ αὐτῆς ὁ ἰξὸς γεννᾶται.
Ὄρτυξ ὀρροπύγιον βραχὺ ἔχει· σεισοπῡγὶς πῡγὴν ἀνενδότως κῑνεῖ·
ταὼς πτερὸν ἑτερόχρωμόν τε καὶ πολυόμματον ἐκτᾰνύων [=
ἐκτείνων] ἐπὶ τῷ κάλλει γαυριᾷ.
Ἡ κορυδαλὶς πλοκάμους, ἀλέκτωρ κοκκύζων τὸν λόφον ἐν κοπρῶνι
ἰδίῳ ἀνίστησι.
67

160 Anser, quem turundis săgīnant, strepit (gingrit, gratitat): ănas
tetrinnit: gallīna gracillat et glocinat (glocit): corvus crocitat: ăquĭla
clangit: cĭcōnia crepitat: cŭcūlus cŭcūlat: noctua cucubat: pīca
garrit: mŏnēdulŭ (grāculus) fringultat: cornices cornicantur: hirundo
trinsat: passer fritinnit aut minurrit.
RG: I have substituted glŏcidat for glocino/ gloco in the text, which
words I do not find in the dictionaries (whereas Paul. Fest.:
glŏcidare gallīnarum proprium est, cum ōvis incŭbiturae sunt.).
161 Cētĕrum psittacus articulatas vōces formare suescit.
162 Phoenīcem, gryphem, harpyias, figmenta esse puto.
OP Span
17 Ănimālia, et prīmum ăves (~ OP XXI)
Ănimăl vīvit, sentit, mŏvetur, nascitur et mŏritur, nūtrit se et crescit,
stat aut sĕdet, aut cŭbat, aut grăditur. Ăvis (ut halcyon, quae in mări
nīdulatur) plūmis tegitur, pennis vŏlat, duas habet ālas et totidem
pĕdes, caudam et rostrum. Fēmella pōnit in nīdo ōva iisque incŭbans
pullos exclūdit. Ōvum testa tegitur, sub qua albumen, sicut in hoc
vĭtellus est.
cirrus = ὁ βόστρυχος and ὁ πλόκαμος
Χὴν ψωμίσματι πῑαινόμενος καὶ ἡ νῆττα παππάζει, ἀλεκτρὶς
κακκαβίζεῖ, κόραξ κρώζει, ἀετὸς κλάζει, πέλαργος πλαταγίζει,
κόκκυξ κοκκύζει, νυκτερὶς τρίζει, κιττὰ κιτταβίζει, κλοιὸς κολώζει,
κορώνη κρώζει, χελιδὼν ψιθυρίζ ι, στρουθίον πιπίζει.
L&S: ὁ στρουθός sparrow, fringilla domestica
Ψιττάκη ἐνάρθρως λαλεῖν ἐθίζεται.
Φοίνικα, γρύφα, ἁρπυΐας μῡθευθῆναι οἶμαι.
ὁ γρύψ, γρῡπός griffin
Τὰ ζῷα, καὶ πρῶτον οἱ ὄρνιθες
Τὸ ζῴον ζῇ, αἰσθάνεται, κῑνεῖται, γεννᾶται καὶ ἀποθνῇσκει,
τρέφεται καὶ αὐξάνεται, ἵσταται ἢ κάθηται, ἢ κεῖται, ἢ βαίνει. Ἡ
ὄρνις (ὡσπερανεὶ ἡ ἀλκυών, ἥ τις ἐν τῷ πελαγεῖ νεοττεύει) πτίλοις
καλύπτεται, πτεροῖς ἵπταται, δύο ἔχει πτέρῠγας καὶ τοσούτους
πόδας, ὀρροπύγιον καὶ τὸ ῥάμφος. Τὸ θῆλυ ᾠἂ τίθεται ἐν τῇ
νεοττίᾳ, καὶ ἐπῳάζον νεοττοὺς φύει. Τὸ ᾠὸν ὀστρακῷ καλύπτεται,
ὑφ’ οὗ τὸ λευκὸν ὡς καὶ ἐν τούτῳ ἡ λέκιθος ἐστίν.
τὸ ζῴον - ănĭmăl, ālis (n.)
ὁ, ἡ ὄρνις, ὄρνῑθος (also τὸ ὄρνεον) - ăvis, is
ζῶ (contr. fr. ζώω)/ζῇς/ζῇ - vīvo (Span has ζάει, but ζάω only in
Gramm. [L&S], an assumed form [Smyth]
αἰσθάνομαι - sentio
κῑνέομαι - mŏveor
γεννάομαι - nascor
ἀποθνῄσκω - mŏrior
τρέφω - nūtrio
αὐξάνω - cresco
ἵσταμαι - sto
κάθημαι - sĕdeo
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 κεῖμαι - cŭbo
βαίνω - grădior
ὡσπερανεί - velut
ἡ ἀλκυών, όνος - halcyon
τὸ πέλᾰγος - măre, is (n.)
νεοττεύω - nīdulor
τὸ πτίλον - plūma
καλύπτω - tego
τὸ πτερόν - penna
ἵπταμαι (rare for πέτομαι) - vŏlo
ἡ πτέρυξ, ῠγος - āla
τοσοῦτος - totidem
ὁ ποῦς, ποδός - pēs, pĕdis
τὸ ὀρροπύγιον [ῡ] - cauda
τὸ ῥάμφος - rostrum
τὸ θῆλυ - femella
τὸ ᾠόν - ōvum
τίθημι - pōno
ἡ νεοττία - nīdus
ἐπῳάζω - ōvis incŭbo
ὁ νεοττός - pullus
φύω [Generally ῠ before vowels, ῡ before consonants, with
exceptions] - gigno
τὸ ὄστρακον - testa
τὸ λευκόν - albumen (a word first appearing in the 1590s, according
to the Online Etymological Dictionary)
ἡ λέκῐθος - vitellus

OP Span
18 Ăves Dŏmesticae (~ OP XXII)
Gallus, qui māne cantat, cristam habet et calcāria ; castratus gallus
dīcitur cāpō, et in ornīthotrophīo săgīnatur. Gallīna ruspatur
fĭmētum, et colligit (quaerit) grāna: ut et cŏlumbae quae in
cŏlumbārio nūtriuntur, et gallopāvus cum sua mĕlĕagride;
pulcherrimus pāvo superbit pennis. Cĭcōnia in dŏmuum culminibus
nīdĭfĭcat. Hĭrundo, passer, pīca, mŏnēdŭla, et vespertīlio (mūs
Τὰ οἰκεῖα ὄρνεα
Ὁ ἀλέκτωρ, ὃς τὸ πρωῒ φωνεῖ, λόφον ἔχει καὶ πλήκτρα,
ἐκτετμημένος ὀνομάζεται ἐκτομίας, καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀρνῑθοτροφείῳ
πῑαίνεται. Ἡ ἀλεκτορὶς ἐξερευνᾷ τὸν κοπρῶνα, καὶ συλλέγει (ζητεῖ)
τοὺς κόκκους, ὡς καὶ αἱ περιστεραί, αἳ ἐν τῷ περιστερεῶνι
τρέφονται, καὶ ὁ ἀλέκτωρ ἰνδικὸς μετὰ τῆς μελεαγρίδος αὑτοῦ· ὁ
κάλλιστος τᾰὼς γαυριᾷ τοῖς πτεροῖς. Ὁ πελαργὸς ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν

69
ālātus) vŏlant circa dŏmus. δωμάτων κορυφαῖς νεοττεύει. Ἡ χελιδὼν, στρουθὸς, κίττα, κολοιὸς,
καὶ νυκτερὶς (μῦς πτερωτός) ἵπτανται (πετonνται) περὶ τῶν οἰκιῶν.
οἰκεῖος - dŏmesticus
τὸ ὄρνεον - ăvis, is
ὁ ἀλέκτωρ (poetic form of ἀλεκτρυών) - gallus. cock
φωνέω - canto
πρωΐ - māne
ὁ λόφος - crista
τὸ πλῆκτρον - calcar, āris (n.)
ὁ ἐκτομίας, ου (ἐκτέμνω) - cāpō, ōnis (also cāpus, i). capon
ὀνομάζω - dīco
τὸ ὀρνῑθοτροφεῖον - ornīthotrophīum
πῑαίνω - săgīno
ἡ ἀλεκτορίς, ίδος - gallīna. hen
ἐξερευνάω - ruspor
ὁ κοπρών, ῶνος (ἡ κόπρος) - fĭmētum (fĭmus and fĭmum = dung)
συλλέγω - colligo
ζητέω - quaero
ὁ κόκκος - grānum
ἡ περιστερά - cŏlumba. pigeon
ὁ περιστερεών, ῶνος - cŏlumbārium
τρέφω - nūtrio
ὁ ἀλέκτωρ ἰνδικός - gallopāvus. turkey
ἡ μελεαγρίς, ίδος - mĕlĕagris, idis (OLD : a kind of guinea fowl,
perhaps Numida ptilorhynca)
ὁ τᾰώς (and τᾰῶς), gen. τᾰώ/τᾰῶ - pāvo, ōnis. peacock
καλός - pulcher
γαυριάω - superbio
τὸ πτερόν - penna
ὁ πελαργός - cĭcōnia. stork
τὸ δῶμα; ἡ οἰκία - dŏmus, ūs
ἡ κορυφή - culmen, inis (n.)
νεοττεύω (Att. νεοττεύω; ὁ νεοττός a chick) - nīdĭfĭco
ἡ χελιδών, όνος - hĭrundo, dinis. swallow
ὁ στρουθός - passer, ĕris. sparrow
ἡ κίττα L&S : jay, Garrulus glandarius - pīca. Eurasian jay

70

OP Span
19 Oscĭnes (~ OP XXIII)
Note: In antiquity, oscen is first and foremost a technical term of
augury, then more broadly a song-bird.
Luscĭnĭa omnium ăvium suāvissime cănit. Ălauda vŏlĭtans cantitat
in āĕre, cŏturnix hŭmi sĕdens, cēterae in arbŏrum rāmis, ut
pĕregrīna lūtĕŏla, fringilla, carduēlis, acanthis, līnāria agrestis,
pārus, galgulus, rŭbecula, curruca [?]. Psittacus, mĕrŭla, sturnus
cum pīca et mŏnēdŭla, discunt articŭlate loqui. Plūrimae harum in
căvĕis servantur.
ὁ κολοιός L&S : jackdaw, Corvus monedula - mŏnēdŭla. jackdaw
ἡ νυκτερίς, ίδος - vespertīlio, ōnis. bat
ὁ μῦς, μῡός - mūs, mūris
πτερωτός - ālātus
ἵπταμαι; πέτομαι - vŏlo
Ὄρνεα ᾦδικά
Ἡ ἀηδὼν πάντων τῶν ὀρνέων ἥδιστα ᾄδει. Ἡ κορῠδαλλὶς τερετίζει
ποτωμένη ἐν τῷ ἀέρι. Ὁ ὄρτυξ ἐν τῇ γῇ καθημένη, τὰ ἕτερα ἐπὶ τοῖς
τῶν δένδρων κλάδοις, ὡς ἡ χλωρὶς ἐξωτερική, σπίζα, χρῡσομῆτρις,
ἀκανθίς, λινουργὸς ἀγρία, ὁ αἰγίθᾱλος, ἴκτερος, ἐρίθᾰκος, ὑπολωίς
[?]. Ὁ ψιττακός, κόττῠφος, ψάρ, μετὰ τῆς κίττης καὶ κολοιοῦ,
ἐνάρθρως λᾰλεῖν μανθάνουσι. Τὰ πλεῖστα τούτων ἐν οἰκίσκοις
τηρεῖται.
ᾠδικός - cănōrus
ἡ ἀηδών, όνος - luscĭnĭa. nightingale (in Greek mythology,
Φιλομήλα was raped by her brother-in-law and turned into a
nightingale)
ἡδύς - suāvis
ἀείδω, contr. ᾄδω - căno
ἡ κορῠδός (κορῠδαλλίς, ίδος) - ălauda. lark
ποτάομαι (frequentat. of πέτομαι) - vŏlĭto (frequentat. of vŏlo) (RG:
I have substituted ποτωμένη for the reading in the text)
τερετίζω - cantito (RG: I have substituted τερετίζω for ᾄδει in the
text)
ὁ ὄρτυξ, ῠγος L&S: quail, Coturnix vulgaris - cŏturnix. quail
κάθημαι - sĕdeo
ὁ κλάδος - rāmus
ἡ χλωρίς, ίδος L&S: greenfinch, Fringilla chloris - lūtĕŏla.
greenfinch or canary
ἡ σπίζα L&S: chaffinch, Fringilla caelebs - fringilla. chaffinch
ἡ χρῡσομῆτρις L&S: goldfinch, Fringilla carduelis - carduēlis, is
(from carduus, i = thistle, the goldfinch’s favorite food.
goldfinch
ἡ ἀκανθίς, ίδος L&S: a bird, goldfinch or linnet - acanthis. linnet,
71

OP Span
20 Ăves ăgrestes (~ OP XXIV Ăves campestres et silvestres)
Strūthio (strūthocamēlus) est maximus ālĕs, rēgulus (trochilus)
minimus, noctua turpissimus, ŭpŭpa sordidissimus, quia stercŏre
nūtritur, manucodiata rārissimus, phāsiānus, tarda, tetraō surdus,
but also see redpoll
ἡ ἀγρία λῐνουργὸς - līnāria RG: Supposedly linnet (as translated by
Hoole), since τὸ λῐνον = līnum = flax, and the linnet gets its
name from its fondness for hemp and flax. But under these
words I find nothing regarding birds in L&S or OLD. As a
second meaning of λῐνουργός Pinzger gives avicula
quaedam, referencing Oppianus but without a specific
citation (perhaps from the extant prose summary of
Oppian’s poem De aucupio).
ὁ αἰγίθαλλος or αἰγίθᾱλος - pārus. titmouse
ὁ ἴκτερος L&S: jaundice, from the color of which the bird gets its
name; equated to the galgulus by Pliny, perhaps the golden
oriole - galgulus (the MS. reading in Pliny, but some editors
substitute galbulus). golden oriole
ὁ ἐρίθᾰκος L&S: robin-redbreast, Erithicus rubecula - rŭbecula.
robin RG: I substituted ἐρίθᾰκος for ἐρυθακός in the text.
ὑπολωίς - curruca. ? The Greek? The Latin? Hoole translates as
hedge-sparrow (in Wikipedia Hedge Sparrow redirects to
Dunnock, which is indeed a warbler). See also Lesser
Whitethroat (sylvia curruca).
ὁ ψιττακός - psittacus. parrot
κόττῠφος L&S: blackbird, Turdus merula - mĕrŭla. blackbird
ὁ ψάρ, ψᾱρός (also ὁ ψάρος or ψᾶρος; also ὁ ἀστραλός) L&S:
starling, Sturnus vulgaris - sturnus. starling
For pīca and mŏnēdŭla, see Ăves Dŏmesticae
ἐνάρθρως - articŭlate
λᾰλέω - loquor
μανθάνω - disco
ὁ οἰκίσκος (also ὁ κόρτος and ἡ κόρτη) - căvĕa
τηρέω - servo
Ὄρνεα ἄγρια
Ὁ στρουθοκάμηλος μέγιστον ὄρνεόν ἐστιν, ὁ τροχίλος ἐλάχιστον, ἡ
γλαῦξ αἰσχρότατον, ὁ ἔποψ ῥῠπαρώτατον, ὅτι τῷ κόπρῳ τρέφεται, ὁ
ῥυντάκης σπᾰνιώτατον. Ὁ φᾱσιᾱνός, ὠτίς, τέτριξ (τετράων) κωφή,
72
attagēn, perdix, gallinago, turdus in mensarum dēlĭcĭis pōnuntur.
Inter rĕlĭquas ăves pŏtissimae sunt pervĭgil grus, gĕmens turtur,
cŭcūlus, palumbēs, pīcus, garrŭlus, cornix.
ἀτταγήν, πέρδιξ, σκολόπαξ, κίχλη εἰς τὰ τῶν τραπέζων τρῠφὰς
τίθενται. Ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς τὰ ἐξαιρετότερά ἐστιν ὁ παννύχιος
γέρᾰνος, στενάζουσα τρῡγών, κόκκυξ, ἡ φάττα, δρῠοκολάπτης,
κρόταλος, κορώνη.
ἄγριος - ăgrestis
ὁ, ἡ στρουθοκάμηλος - strūthio (strūthocamēlus). ostrich
ὁ τροχῐ́λος L&S: the Egyptian plover and also the wren, Troglodytes
europaeus - trochilus and also rēgulus, because in Italy the
wren was called the rex avium (to the annoyance of the
eagle). wren
ἐλάχιστος - minimus
ἡ γλαύξ Att. γλαῦξ, γλαυκός L&S: little owl, Athene noctua -
noctua. little owl
αἰχσρός - turpis
ὁ ἔποψ, οπος L&S: hoopoe, Upupa epops - ŭpŭpa. hoopoe
ῥῠπᾰρός (ὁ ῥῠ́πος) - sordidus
ὁ κόπρος - stercus, ŏris (n.)
τρέφω - nūtrio
ὁ ῥυντάκης (ῥυνδάκη) a kind of Indian bird - manucodiata. bird-of-
paradise, see also manucode
σπᾰ́νιος - rārus
ὁ φᾱσιᾱνός L&S: from the river Φᾶσις in Colchis, therefore the
Phasian bird, pheasant, Phasianus colchicus [the ancient
territory of Colchis and the river Phasis are in modern-day
Georgia] - phāsiānus. pheasant
ἡ ὠτίς, ίδος L&S: bustard, Otis tarda - tarda. great bustard
ἡ τέτριξ, ιγος L&S: a bird, also called the οὖραξ by the Athenians;
but also ὁ τετράων, ωνος = ὄρνις ποιός, Lat. tetrao, guinea-
fowl, Meleagris numida - tetraō, ōnis OLD: The name of
several kinds of game-bird. black grouse. See also
capercaillie and why it is called deaf.
κωφός - surdus
ὁ ἀττᾰγᾶς, ᾶ = ὁ ἀτταγήν, ῆνος L&S: francolin, Tetrao orientalis -
attagēn, ēnis. francolin
ὁ, ἡ πέρδιξ, ικος L&S: partridge - perdix, īcis. partridge
ὁ σκολόπαξ, ᾰκος L&S: prob. = ὁ ἀσκαλώπας, prob. woodcock,
73

OP Span
21 Ăves răpāces (~ OP XXV)
Ăquĭla, rex ăvium, sōlem intŭetur. Vultur et corvus mortĭcīnis
nūtriuntur. Milvius insectatur pullos. Falcō, nīsus, et accipiter
răpiunt ăvĭcŭlas. Astur răpit cŏlumbas et maiores ăves.
Scolopax ruricula - gallinago. Eurasian woodcock. See also
gallinago
ἡ κίχλη L&S: thrush (a generic term, including various species) -
turdus. thrush
ἡ τρῠφή - dēlĭcĭum RG: I have substituted τρῠφή for the ἀρέσκευμα
in the text, which is an act of obsequiousness. τρῠφαί =
dēlĭcĭae
τίθημι - pōno
ἐξαίρετος - praecipuus
παννῠ́χιος - pervĭgil, ĭlis
ὁ, ἡ γέρᾰνος L&S: crane, Grus cinerea - grus, grūis. crane
στενάζω - gĕmo
ἡ τρῡγών, όνος (τρύζω) L&S: turtle-dove, Columba turtur - turtur,
uris. turtle-dove
ὁ κόκκυξ, ῡγος L&S: cuckoo - cŭcūlus. cuckoo
ἡ φάττα (Att. for φάσσα) L&S: ringdove or cushat, Columba
palumbus - palumbēs, is (also us, i) OLD: a wood-pigeon.
common wood pigeon. See also barbary (ringneck) dove
ὁ δρῠοκολάπτης L&S: woodpecker - pīcus. woodpecker
ὁ κρόταλος RG: I don’t find this word in L&S, but it clearly derives
from ὁ κρότος rattling noise - garrŭlus (someone has made a
substantive out of garrŭlus, a, um). jay
ἡ κορώνη L&S: a sea-bird, possibly shearwater - cornix, īcis OLD:
a crow (or related bird). RG: The specific bird seems
unclear. L&S and OLD: corvus and κόραξ (raven) and
corvix and κορώνη are all related.
Ἅρπακτικὰ ὄρνεα
Ὁ ἀετός, ἄναξ τῶν ὀρνέων, εἰς τὸν ἥλιον βλέπει. Ὁ γύψ καὶ ὁ κόραξ
θνησῐμαίοις τρέφονται. Ὁ ἰκτῖνος διώκει τοὺς νεοττούς. Ὁ αἰσάλων,
σπιζίας, ἵεραξ ἁρπάζουσι τὰ ὀρνίθια. Ὁ ἀστερίας ἁρπάζει τὰς
περιστερὰς καὶ τὰ μείζονα ὄρνεα.
ἁρπατικός - răpax, rapācis
ὁ ἀετός (ἀειτός) - ăquĭla. eagle and on raptors in general
ὁ ἄναξ, ακτος - rex, rēgis
74
 θεάομαι; βλέπω εἲς τινα - intŭeor
ὁ γύψ, γῡπός - vultur, uris. vulture
ὁ κόραξ, ακος L&S: raven, Corvus corax - corvus. raven
θνησῐμαῖος, α, ον - mortĭcīnus, a, um
τρέφω - nūtrio
ὁ ἰκτῖνος L&S: kite, Milvus regalis - milvius. kite
διώκω - insector
ὁ νεοττός - pullus
ὁ αἰσάλων, ωνος L&S: a kind of hawk, prob. merlin, Falco aesalon;
Scherschnik and Span suggest an alternative, ὁ τριόρχης, ου
= τρίορχος (literally, of three testacles, ὁ ὄρχις), for which
L&S: a kind of hawk, perh. buzzard, Buteo vulgaris - falcō,
ōnis (believed in ancient etymology to be derived from the
resemblance of the bird’s inwardly curved claws to the
curved sickle, falx). merlin, falcon
ἡ σπιζίας L&S: sparrow-hawk, Accipiter nisus - Nīsus/nīsus (RG:
Nīsus was the king of Megara, betrayed by his daughter
Scylla ad turned into a sea-eagle. I think the use of nīsus to
describe a specific bird is post-classical.) Eurasian sparrow-
hawk, also see Hoole’s translation hobbie/y
ὁ ἱέραξ, ᾱκος [ῐ] - accipiter, tris. hawk
ἁρπάζω - răpio
τὸ ὀρνίθιον - ăvĭcŭla
ὁ ἀστερίας, ου (“starred”) L&S: as a bird (it’s also the name of a
fish), perhaps (i) bittern, Ardea stellaris (ii) a kind of hawk
= χρῡσάετος - astur (RG: The only use of astur with
reference to birds I see in ancient sources is a Lewis &
Short citation from Julius Firmicus Maternus’ Matheseos,
336 A.D., though I do not find it there. In contemporary
classifications I only find the name used for the
Madagascan serpent eagle, or Eutriorchis astur.). Hoole
translates gerfalcon
ἡ περιστερά - cŏlumba

OP Span
22 Ăves ăquāticae (~ OP XXVI) Ὄρνεα ἔνυδρα

75
Ŏlor albus, anser, et ănas nătant. Mergus se mergit. His adde
fŭlĭcam et pelecanum. Haliāetus et găvia dēvŏlant; sed ardea in rīpis
stat, ut căpiat pisces. Būtĭō inserit rostrum ăquae, et mūgit ut bōs.
Mōtacilla mōtat caudam.
Ὁ κύκνος λευκός, ὁ χήν, καὶ ἡ νήττα νήχονται. Ὁ λάρος
καταποντίζεται. Τούτοις προστίθει τὴν φᾰλᾱρίδα καὶ τὸν πελεκᾶνα.
ὁ ἁλιάετος καὶ ἡ κὴξ καταπετῶνται, ἀλλὰ ὁ ἐρῳδιὸς ἐν ταῖς ὄχθαις
ἑστήκει, ἵνα καταλάβῃ τοὺς ἰχθύας. Ὁ τρίορχος ἐμβάλλει τὸ ῥάμφος
τῷ ὕδατι, καὶ μῡκᾶται ὡς βοῦς. Ἡ σεισοπῡγὶς πῡγὴν κῑνεῖ.
ἔνυδρος - ăquāticus
ὁ κύκνος L&S: swan, Cycnus olor - ŏlor, ōris (also cycnus/cygnus).
swan
λευκός - candidus
ὁ, ἡ χήν, ηνός L&S: wild goose, Anser cinereus - anser, ĕris. goose
ἡ νῆττα (νῆττα) - ănas, ănătis. duck
νήχω but mostly med. νήχομαι - năto
ὁ λάρος L&S: a ravenous sea-bird, perh. sea-mew, gull - mergus
OLD: a name given to several sea-birds, prob. gulls. gull,
common gull (mew)
καταποντίζομαι - mergor
προστίθημι - addo
ἡ φᾰλᾱρίς, ίδος [RG: I’ve substituted this for ὁ πούγξ, which I don’t
find anywhere] L&S: coot, Fulica atra, so-called from its
bald white head [old English idiom: “as bald as a coot”] -
fŭlĭca OLD: a water-fowl, probably the coot, perh. φᾰλᾱρίς,
ιδος. coot
ὁ πελεκάν, ᾶνος L&S: [ὁ πελεκανός = fulica in the Corpus
Glossariorum Latinorum] pelican, Pelicanus onocrotalus -
pelicanus. pelican
ὁ ἁλιάετος (ἁλιαίετος) L&S: sea-eagle prob. osprey - haliāetus.
osprey
ἡ κήξ, κηκός (also in the forms καύαξ = ὁ λάρος, Hsch., and
perhaps καύηξ) L&S: a sea-bird, perh. the tern or sea-
swallow - găvia OLD: a sea-bird, possibly a tern. tern
καταπετάομαι - dēvŏlo
ὁ ἐρῳδιός - ardea. heron
ἡ ὄχθη (mostly in pl.) - rīpa
ἑστήκω - sto
καταλαμβάνω - căpio
ὁ ἰχθύς, ύος - piscis, is
76
 ὁ τριόρχης, ου = τρίορχος (literally, of three testacles, ὁ ὄρχις), for
which L&S: a kind of hawk, perh. buzzard, Buteo vulgaris -
būteō, ōnis OLD: a species of hawk, prob. a buzzard
RG: But these are not aquatic birds and can’t be right.
Comenius loved the sound of words and believed many
words had an onomatopoetic origin (see his first chapter in
the original OP). He clearly knew these lines (41-42) from
the anonymous late antique poem Carmen de Philomela,
cited by Lewis & Short for the lemma būtiō, ōnis,
Ast ululant ululae lugubri voce canentes
Inque paludiferis butio butit aquis.
where būtiō means bittern. The naturalist James Francis
Stephens came up with the scientific name Botaurus
Stellaris for the eurasian bittern by combing butio and
taurus, because the bittern’s call resembles the bellowing of
a bull, precisely as in Comenius here. This leaves the
question, what would the Greek translation for bittern be?
Eurasian bittern
ἐμβάλλω - insero
τὸ ῥάμφος, εος - rostrum
μῡκάομαι - mūgio
σεισοπῡγίς, ίδος - mōtacilla OLD: the white water-wagtail. wagtail
RG: Literally and suggestively, σεισοπῡγίς would seem to be the
obvious translation; L&S: σεισοπῡγίς = (ἡ ἴυγξ = τὸ κῐναίδιον,
Hsch.). κῐναιδεία is unnatural lust, κῐ́ναιδος a catamite; ἡ ἴυνξ,
ἴυγγος wryneck (old-world woodpecker) was used as a charm to
recover unfaithful lovers, being bound to a revolving wheel
(hence to put a “jinx” on someone). But the bird in question
wags its tail rather than twists its neck (wryneck).
ἡ πῡγή - cauda
κῑνέω - mŏveo and mōto freq. of mŏveo

XV De ăquātilibus. Περὶ τῶν ἐνύδρων.

163 Pisces lympham ore immissam branchiis emittunt. From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Οἱ ἰχθύες ὕδωρ ἐπιῤῥοφηθέν, διὰ τῶν βραγχίων ἀφιᾶσιν.

77
164 Suntque squamosi vel glăbri: et horum ălii vīvipari, ălii ōvipari.
165 In illis măres habent lactes, fēminae ōva.
lactēs, ium f. pl.
166 Flŭviātiles sunt: sturio (ăcĭpenser), antacaus exos (huso), amia,
anguilla lūbrica, quam sī capessis, elābitur, mūgil (capito), mullus
(barbus), trutta (aurata), thymallus, alburnus (leuciscus), hobius
(fundulus), mustēla, cobitis barbatula, cobitis aculeata, rutilus
(rubellio).
L&S: κωβιός = cōbios, ii a species of spurge
= gōbius (cōbius), gōbiō (cōbiō) iōnis a small fish
of the gudgeon kind
167 Piscinales, carpio (cyprinus), lucius (lupus), coracinus, perca, tinca,
oculata (melanurus).
168 Marini, seu pĕlăgici: ăci [L&S: ăcus, ūs], salmones (esoces),
mūraenae, mūraenulae (flūtae), alosae, congri, raiae, ostreae, rhombi
(passeres), sŏleae, mytuli (pectunculi), sardae (sardinae), scombri,
spirinchi (saperdae), squillae, et vărĭa monstra, ut hippopotamus,
phōca, etc.
169 Halēces salitas {sal(l)io} in tīnis, quae ex tabulis (assibus) dŏlatis
fabricantur (fabrefīunt), nōbis afferunt: passas {pando} vēro, ut et
sōle tostos passeres in fasciculis.
L&S tīna, ae a kind of wine jar (Var. in Non: antiquissimi in
conviviis utres vini primo, posteā tīnas ponebant (id est oris longi,
cum operculo).
170 Asellus ārĕfactus, nisi probe contusus, ūsui nōn est. De passere
maiore carnosas habere licet partes siccatas.
171 Delphīnus pernīcitate, bālaena (cētus) magnitudine omnibus anteit.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Εἰσὶ δὲ ἢ λεπιδωτοί, ἢ λεῖοι (μαλακόδερμοι)· καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν
ζωοτόκοι, οἱ δὲ ὠοτόκοι.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὸ ἄῤῥεν γαλακτίδας, τὸ θῆλυ ὠὰ ἔχει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ποτάμιοί εἰσι· ἀκίπενσερ, ἀντακαῖος ἀνόστεος, ἀμία, ἔγχελυς γλοιὴ
(σφαλερὰ) ἡ δεδραγμένη διολιοθαίνει, κεστρεύς ποτάμιος, τρίγλα,
τρώκτης, χρυσόφρυς, θύμαλλος, λευκίσκος, κώβιος, γαλή, ἀφύη
(κωβίτης), κωβίτης κεντρίνη, ἐρυθρίνος.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Λιμναῖοι, κυπρίνος, φυκίς (λάμβραξ), κορακίνος, πέρκη, ψύλων,
μελανοῦρος.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Πελαγικοι· ῥαφίς, ἄλμων, μύραινα (πλωταί), τριχίας, κόγγρος,
βάτος, ὄστρεον, ῥόμβος, βούγλωττος, πτειδίον, σάρδιος, σκόμβρος,
σαπέρδης, κόρις, καὶ ἄλλα ποικίλα τέρατα, οἷον ἰπποπόταμος,
φώκη.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Μαινὶς τεταριχευμένη ἐν πιτύναις, σανίδων πελεκωθεισῶν
τετυγμέναις· ψῆτται δὲ καπνισταὶ ἢ διηλιωθεῖσαι ἐν δεσμιδίοις
πωλοῦνται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὀνίσκος ξηρανθείς, ἐὰν μὴ τυφθῇ, ἐδώδιμος οὐκ ἐστίν. τῆς ψήττης
μείζονος τὰ σαρκώδη τε καὶ ξηρανθέντα μέρη πάρεστιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Δελφὶς ἐπ’ ὠκύτητι, φάλαινα ἐπὶ μεγέθει πάντων διαφέρει.
78
172 Cancer et cammărus (astacus) cum suis chēlis antrorsum et From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
retrorsum reptant.
Καρκίνος καὶ κάμμαρος (ἄστακος) πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω ἐπὶ χηλῶν
ἕρπουσιν.
173 De mūricis (conchylii) ostro purpura conficitur, ipsi animalculo From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
cognōminis.
Ἐξ ὀστέου ὄστρειον ὁμώνυμον τῷ ζώῳ παρασκευάζεται.

OP Span
32 Pisces fluviales et lacustres (~ OP XXXVI) Ἰχθύες ποτάμιοι καὶ λιμναῖοι
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations. From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Piscis pinnas habet, quibus natat, et branchias quibus respirat spinas Ὁ ἰχθὺς πτέρυγας ἔχει, αἷς νήχεται, καὶ βράγχια, οἷς ἀναπνεῖ, καὶ
loco ostium; praetera mas lactes, femina ova. Quidam squammas ἀκάνθας ἀντὶ τῶν ὀστέων, πρὸς ταῦτα ὁ ἄρρην γαλακτίδας, τὸ θήλυ
habent, ut carpio et lucius, alii sunt glabri, ut anguilla mustela, sturio ᾠά.Τινὲς λεπίδας ἔχουσιν, ὡς ὁ κυπρῖνος καὶ λάβραξ, ἄλλοι εἰσὶ
mucronatus est et supra hominis longitudinem crescit. Bucculentus λεῖοι (μαλακόδερμοι) ὡς ἡ ἔγχελυς, ἡ γαλῆ, ὁ ὀξύρρυγχος
silurus est maior illo, maximus vero antacaeus apuae phalaricae, ὀξύτηκτος [??] ἐστί, καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μῆκος αὐξάνεται. Ὁ
quae regatim natant, minimi pisces sunt. Alii huius generis sunt στομώδης σίλουρος μείζων αὐτοῦ ἐστι, μέγιστος δὲ ὁ ἀντακαῖος. Αἱ
perca, aiburnus, mullus, thymallus, truta, gobius, tinca; cancer ἀφύαι φυλασικαί [??], οἵτινες ἀγεληδὸν νήχονται, ἐλάχιστοι ἰχθύες
crustra habet, et prorsum et retrorsum serpit. Hirundo sugit εἰσίν. Ἄλλοι τούτου γένους εἰσίν ἡ πέρκη, λευκίσκος, τρίγλα,
sanguinem. θύμαλλος, τρώκτης, κωβιός, ψύλων. Ὁ καρκίνος ὀστράκῳ
καλύπτεται, χηλὰς ἔχει, καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω ἕρπεται. Ἡ βδέλλα
μυζᾷ τὸ αἷμα.
ποτάμιος, α, ον - fluviatilis
λιμναῖος, α, ον - lacustris
ἡ πτέρυξ - pinna
νήχομαι - nato
τὰ βράγχια - branchiae
ἀναπνέω - respiro
ἡ ἄκανθα - spina
τὸ ὀστέον - os, ossis
ὁ ἄρρην - mas
ἡ γαλακτίς, ίδος - lactes piscium
τὸ θήλυ - femina
τὸ ᾠόν - ovum
ἡ λεπίς, ίδος - squamma
ὁ κυπρίνος - carpio

79
 ὁ λάβραξ - lucius
λεῖος, α, ον - glaber
ὁ, ἡ μαλακόδερμος - mollis (mollicute?)
ἡ ἔγχελυς, υος - anguilla
ἡ γαλῆ - mustela
ὁ ὀξύρρυγχος - sturio
ὀξύτηκτος - mucronatus
τὸ μῆκος, εος - longitudo
αὐξάνομαι - cresco
ὁ, ἡ στομώδης, ους - bucculentus
ὁ σίλουρος, ου - silurus
ὁ ἀντακαῖος - antacaeus
ἡ ἀφύη - apua
αγεληδόν - gregatim
νήχομαι - nato
ἐλάχιστος - minimus
τὸ γένος - genus
ἡ πέρκη - perca
ὁ λευκίσκος - alburnus
ἡ τρίγλα - mullus
ὁ θύμαλλος - thymallus
ὁ τρώκτης - truta
ὁ κωβιός - gobius
ὁ ψύλων - tinca
ὁ καπρίνος - cancer
τὸ ὄστρακον - crusta
ἡ χηλή - chela
πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω - prorsum et retrorsum
ἕρπω - serpo
ἡ βδέλλα - hirudo
μυζάω - sugo
τὸ αἷμα, ατος - sanguis

OP Span
33 Pisces marini et conchae (~ OP XXXVII) Ἰχθύες πελαγικοὶ καὶ αἱ κόγχαι
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations. From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.

80
Balaena marinorum piscium maximus est; delphinus celerrimus, Τὸ κῆτος τῶν πελαγικῶν ἰχθύων μέγιστος ἐστίν, ὁ δελφὶν τάχιστος,
raja monstrosissimus. Alii vocantur muraenula, salmo, dantur vero ὁ βάτος τερατωδέστατος. Οἱ ἄλλοι ὀνομάζονται μύραινα, ἅλμων,
et volatiles. Appone halices quae salsae [inferuntur], et passeres εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ πετεινοὶ. Προστιθητι τὰς μαινίδας, αἵτινες ταριχευμέναι
cum asellis, qui arefacti inferuntur, et marina monstra, phocam et [εἰσκομίζονται], καὶ ψήττας μετὰ τῶν ὀνίσκων, οἵ ξηρανθέντες
varias eius species. Concha testas, habet, ostrea dat sapidam carnem. εἰσκομίζονται, καὶ τὰ πελαγικά τεραστεῖα, φώκην καὶ τὰ ἐκείνης
Murex purpuram praebet. Concha margaritifera fert margaritas. εἴδη. Ἡ κόγχη ὄστρακα ἔχει, τὸ θῆτος (τὸ ὄστρεον) εὔχυμον σάρκα
παρέχει, ἡ πορφύρα ὄστρειον. Ἡ κόγχη μαργατιροφόρος
μαργαρίτας (μάργαρα) φέρει.
πελαγικός, ή, όν - marinus
ἡ κόγχη - concha
τὸ κῆτος
ἡ φάλλαινα - balaena
ὁ δελφίν - delphinus
ταχύς - velox
ὁ βατός [??] - raja
τερατώδης - monstrosus
ἡ μύραινα - muraenula
ὁ ἅλμων [??] - salmo
πετεινός, ή, όν - voltailis
προστίθημι - appono
ἡ μαινίς - halex
ταριχεύω - salio
ἡ ψήττα - passer
ὁ ὀνίσκος - asellus
ξηραίνω - arefacio
εἰσκομίζω - infero
τὸ τεραστεῖον - monstrum
ἡ φώκη - phoca
τὸ εἶδος - species
ἡ κόγχη - concha
τὸ θῆτος
τὸ ὄστρεον - ostrea
εὔχυμος - sapidus
παρέχω - praebeo
τὸ ὄστρεον
ἡ πορφύρα - murex

81

XVI De iūmentis.
174 Iūmenta sunt animalia domestica nōs iŭvantia.
175 Gibbosus ĕnim camēlus vehiculi vĭcem praebet rebus
praeponderosis ălio deportandis.
176 Equus iŭba insignis, indŏle atque ingenita nōbilitate ferox; dŏmatur
tamen et frēnatur, iniecto etiam lŭpato, quanquam interdum
poppysmis demulceatur, ut sessori obtemperet.
lŭpatus, a, um - provided with wolf’s teeth, i.e., iron spikes. lŭpata,
orum a bit
177 Sed nihilominus quandoque efferatur (praesertim effrēnis) eumque
deiicit (passumdat) aut calicatrando ferit.
178 Canthērius factus, hinnire et ferocire desinit.
179 Dum pullus est, ungulis eius sŏleae nōn applicantur.
180 Pandus ăsinus (ăsellus) plane nōn calceatur. Īdem ab agasone ob
tarditatem fuste dedŏlatus rŭdit.
181 Taurus, cum păleari pendulo boat [bo(v)o = βοάω] et mūgit:
ferocius tamen in admissura. Agnus bālat.
182 Vervex est ăries, cui vĭrīlitas adempta est: vexatus ăriĕtat.
τὸ ὄστρειον - purpura
μαργαριτοφόρος, η, ον - margaritifer
ὁ μαραγαρίτης, ου
τὸ μάργαρον - margarita
Περὶ τῶν κτηνῶν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὰ κτηνά, ζῶα οἰκουρὰ ἡμᾶς ὠφελοῦντα.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κάμηλος κυρτὸς ἑαυτὸν οἷον ὄχημα πρὸς τὰ βάρη ἄλλοσε οἰχεῖν,
παρέχει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἵππος χαίτῃ ἐπίσημος, καὶ τῇ γενναιότητι ἐμφύτῳ γοργούμενος
(σφριγῶν, κριθιῶν) ὅμως ἐχίνῳ δαμάζεται (χαλιναγωγεῖται),
πωλοδαμνεῖται)· ποππισμῳ ἐνίοτε (ἐς πότε) θέλγεται, ὥστε
ἱπποβάτῃ πείθεσθαι.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἀλλ’ οὐδέν γ’ ἧττον οὕτως ἀγριοῦται (μάλιστα ἀχάλινος), ὥστε
ἀναχαιτίζων, ἐκτραχηλιοθέντα τὸν ἱππέα ἀποβάλλειν τε καὶ
λακτίζειν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἵππος τομίας (ἐκτομίας) ὀρχοτομίᾳ μάλιστα πραΰνεται, τὸ
χρεμετισμοῦ λήγει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Πωλάριον ὁπλὰς οὐ σιδηροῦται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
ὁ δ’ ἐπικαμπὴς ὄνος, κοινῶς· ὃς ὑπ’ ὀνηλάτου ῥοπάλῳ ἐπὶ
βραδύτητι τυφθεὶς ὀγκᾶται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ταῦρος δι’ ἀνθερεῶνος κρεμαστοῦ μυκᾶται, ἐῤῥωμενέστερον
ὀχευτικὸς ὤν. ἀμνὸς βληχᾶται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
82

183 Căper est castratus hircus: haedo etsi petulanti et pĕtulco, nōndum
est āruncus.
Plin. Nat. dependet omnium (caprorum) mento villus quem āruncum
vocant.
184 Porcus grunnit, et nōn rūminat, ut ut bisulcus: lōtus ad volutabrum
recurrit: nōn castratus dīcitur verres: exsectus [ex(s)eco] sūs,
māiālis.
185 Porcelli (a lacte depulsi, nefrendes dicti) sūmen scrōfae; capellae
rūmas [rūmis, is; rūma, ae] distentas căprae altrīcis sūgunt.
186 Cănis sīve villaticus sit, sīve catēnārius, sīve pecuarius cum cătŭlis
adlātrat advĕnam, propinquantem mordet clanculum.
187 Sī irrītes, diducto rictu ringitur: sī percŭtias, quiritatur, ălioqui
baubatur.
188 Rabie correptus (rabiosus) discurrit passim, et in quod irruit, lăniat,
morsuque hydrophobum reddit.
OP Span
24 Quadrupeda et primum domestica (~ OP XXVIII)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Canis cum catello est custos domus. Felis purgat (liberat) domum a
muribus, quod et muscipula facit. Sciurus, simia et cercopithecus ad
voluptatem in domo servantur. Glis et ceteri majores mures, ut
mustela, martes, viverra, infestant domum.
Κτίλος, κριὸς ἐκτετμημένος· παιχθεὶς κορύπτει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἔριφος, τράγος ὀρχοτμηθείς ἐστι· ὁ δ’ ἔριφος ἀσελγόκερως
ἤρυγγον οὐκ ἔστιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Χοῖρος γρύζων τὴν τροφὴν οὐκ ἀναπολεῖ, καίπερ δίχηλος·
ἀπολουθεὶς πρὸς χυλινδήθραν ἐπανέρχεται· ἄτμητος, κάπρος, ὗς
ἐκτμηθεὶς (ἀπίκοπος) ῥωμαϊστὶ μαϊάλις.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὰ χοιρίδια ἀπογαλακτισθέντα νεβροί, ἦτρον τῆς συός· αἱ χίμαιραι
μένιστρον τῆς θηλαστρίας αἰγὸς θηλάζουσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ κύων, εἴτε οἰκουρός, εἴτε ἁλυσίδετος, εἴτε προβατευτικὸς σὺν
τοῖς σκύλαξι, τῶν ξένων τοὺς ἐγγίζοντας ὑλακτῶν λάθρα δάκνει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἐρεθιζόμενος, σεσηρὼς ἀραρίζει· τυπτόμενος κνυζᾷ, ἄλλως τε
βαΰζει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Λυσσώδης ἀστατῶς πλανώμενός τε καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας
εἰσορμῶν σπαράττει· οἱ δὲ λυσσόδηκτοι ὑδρόφοβοι ἀποβαίνουσιν.
Τετράποδα καὶ πρῶτον τὰ ἥμερα
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ κύων μετὰ τοῦ σκύλακος φύλαξ ἐστὶ τῆς οἰκίας. Ὁ [κύων;] καὶ ἡ
αἴλουρος καθαρίζουσι (ἐλευθερῶσι) τὴν οἰκίαν ἀπὸ τῶν μυῶν,
τοσοῦτο καὶ ἡ μυάγρα ποιεῖ. Ὁ σκίουρος, πίθηξ καὶ κερκοπίθηκος,
πρὸς τὴν ἡδονήν, ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τηροῦνται. Ὁ μυωξὸς καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ
μείζονες μύες, ὡς ἴκτις, γαλῆ (σκυθική), γαλῆ ἄγρια, ἐνοχλοῦσι τὴν
οἰκίαν.
τὸ τετράπουν, οδος - quadrupes
83
 ἥμερος, α, ον - domesticus
ὁ κύων, κυνός - canis
ὁ σκύλαξ - catellus
ὁ φύλαξ - custos
ἡ οἰκία - domus
ὁ, ἡ αἴλουρος - felis
καθαρίζω - purgo
ἐλευθερόω - libero
ὁ μῦς, υος - mus
ἡ μυάγρα - muscipula
ὁ σκίουρος - sciurus
ὁ πίθηξ - simia
ὁ κερκοπίθηκος - cercopithecus
ἡ ἡδονή - voluptas
τηρέω - servo
ὁ μυωξός - glis
ἴκτις, ίδος - mustela
ἡ γαλῆ - martes
ἡ σκυθική - martes
ἡ γαλῆ ἄγρια - viverra
ἐνοχλέω - infesto

OP Span
26 Iumenta (~ OP XXX) Τὰ κτήνη
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations. From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Asinus et mulus portant onera; equus, quem iubae ornant, portat nos Ὁ ὄνος καὶ ὁ ἡμίονος φορτία βαστάζουσιν, ὁ ἵππος, ὃν καὶ αἱ χαίται
ipsos. Camelus portat mercatorem cum mercibus eius. Elephas κοσμοῦσι, βαστάζει ἡμᾶς αὐτούς. Ὁ κάμηλος βαστάζει τὸν ἔμπορον
pabulum probiscide attrahit, duos habet prominentes dentes et potest μετὰ τῶν ἐμπορευμάτων αὐτοῦ. Ὁ ἐλέφας τὴν φορβὴν τῇ
usque triginta viros ferre. προσβοσκίδι προσέλκει, δύο ἔχει προέχοντας ὀδόντας καὶ δύναται
ἕως τριάκοντα ἄνδρας βαστάζειν.
τὸ κτῆνος - iumentum
ὁ ὄνος - asinus
ὁ ἡμίονος - mulus
τὸ φορτίον - onus
βαστάζει - gesto

84
 ὁ ἵππος - equus
ἡ χαίτη - iuba
κοσμέω - orno
ὁ κάμηλος - camelus
ὁ ἔμπορος - mercator
τὸ ἐμπορευμα - merx
ὁ ἐλάφας - elephas
ἡ φορβή - pabulum
ἡ προβοσκίς, ίδος - proboscis
προσέλκω - attraho
προέχω - promineo
ὁ ὀδούς, όντος - dens
δύναμαι - possum
ὁ ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός - vir

OP Span
25 Pecora (~ OP XXIX) Τὰ βοσκήματα
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations. From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Taurus, vacca et vitulus pilis teguntur. Aries, vervex, oviscum agno Ὁ ταῦρος, ἡ βοῦς, καὶ ὁ μόσχος τριχώμασι ἀμφιάζονται
lanam portant. Hircus cum capra et haedo villos habent et aruncos. [καλύπτονται;]. ὁ κριός, ὁ ἐκτομίας, ἡ ὄϊς (τὸ πρόβατον) μετὰ τοῦ
Porci, cum lactantibus subus, setas habent, sed non cornua, bisulci ἀρνίου ἔριον φέρουσι. Ὁ τράγος μετὰ τῆς αἰγὸς καὶ τοῦ ἐρίφου
vero sunt, ut illa. πόκους ἔχουσι καὶ ἠρύγγους, οἱ χοῖροι μετὰ τῶν τιτθευούσων ὑῶν
χαίτας ἔχουσιν, ἀλλ’ οὺ κέρατα, δίχηλοι δὲ εἰσί, ὡς καὶ ἐκεῖνα
(κᾳκεῖνα).
τὸ βόσκημα - pecus
τὸ κτῆνος - pecus
ὁ ταῦρος - taurus
ἡ βοῦς - vaca
ὁ μόσχος - citulus
τὸ τρίχωμα - pilus
καλύπτω - tego
ὁ κριός - aries
ὁ κριός ἐκτομίας - verex
τὸ πρόβατον - ovis
τὸ ἔριον - lana

85
 ὁ τράγος - hircus
ἡ αἴξ - capra
ὁ ἔριφος - haedus
ὁ πόκος - villus
ὁ ἤρυγγος - aruncus
ὁ χοῖρος - porcus
τιτθεύων - lactans
ὁ, ἡ ὗς - sus
ἡ χαίτη - seta
τὸ κέρας - cornu
ὁ δίχηλος - bisulcus

XVI De fĕris. Περὶ τῶν θηρῶν.

I
189 In amoenis nemŏribus, aut flōridis silvarum saltibus, aut
frondentibus virgultis pastae ferae ad sua lustra et latebras (spēlaea)
se recipiunt.
190 Elephas (elephantus) belluarum [bēluarum] maximus, barriens,
crūra quidem obscūrius flectit, procumbens tamen interquiescit, et
pābulum proboscide (promuscide) convolutum attrahit.
191 Monoceros (ūnicornu ūnicornis) abditissima deserta, inhospitaque
tesqua [tesca] incolit.
Hor. Ep. 1.14.19 deserta et inhospita tesqua
192 Rhinocerus (os) osseis squāmis indūtus est, et cum barris
validissimis proeliatur.
Hor. Epod. 12.1 mulier nigris dignissima barris
193 Alcis tergus sī caesim secare attentes, est impenetrabile.
194 Villosus ursus murmurat, et uncat, quodque ingenuit,
circumlambendo, sī credimus, effingit.
Suet. fr. 161 ursorum (est) uncare vel saevire
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἐν ἁβροῖς ἄσεσιν, ὕλαις φυλλώδεσι, τὸ ἀνθεμώδεσι τέμπεσι
βεβοσκημέναι αἱ θῆραι, πρὸς ἑαυτῶν σπήλαια ἐπανέρχονται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἐλέφας τῶν θηρίων μέγιστος, βρυχώμενος, τὰ σκέλη οὐ φανερῶς
κάμπτει, χαμαὶ δὲ κατακλινόμενος ἀναπαύεται, τὴν φορβὴν τῇ
προβοσκίδι συστραφεῖσαν προσέλκει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ μονόκερως ἐν πανερήμοις χηραμοῖς, καὶ ἀξένοις ἐσχατιαῖς
λανθάνει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ ῥινόκερως ἐστάδη τινὰ λεπίδα περικείμενος τοῖς τῶν ἐλεφάντων
ῥωμαλεωτάτοις πολεμεῖ.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὸ τῆς ἄλκης δέρμα στεγανόν, ἄτρητον, πειρώμενος αὐτὶ τμήδην
(ἐκ καταφορᾶς, τραυματίζειν, εὑρήσεις.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἄρκτος λάσιος βρυχώμενος, τὸ τεχθὲν περιλείχων (εἰ πιστεύομεν)
μεταμορφοῖ.

86
195 Pardus et pardalis (panther, panthera) quod terno saltu nōn
prehendunt, mittunt.
196 Tygris vēlōcitate et ferōcitate omnes superat.
197 Lynx măcŭlosa visu pollet: unde lyncēi appellationem traxere.
Lyncēus, a, um of, resembling Lyncēus the Argonaut, famed for his
keen sight
198 Cervum (qui rancet) cornua nōn grăvant, quamvis grandia: agilis
est, et longissimi aevi.
199 Nōn absimilis huic dāma [damma], sed minor: item caprea (dorcas),
masculus huius hinnulus est.
200 Capricornus et ĭbex praeruptas rūpes scandunt, indeque desiliunt
indemnes.
201 Būbalus et ūrus fĕri bŏves sunt.
202 Leo armis hirtis, formidolose rūgit.
Suet. fr. 161 leonum est frĕmere vel rūgire
203 Vulpes ineunte vēre glăbrescens fit dēpĭlis (alōpeciam patitur);
gannit, et difficile cĭcŭratur.
204 Lĕpŏre nĭhil timidius (meticulosius): quicquid strepit, territatus
aures arrigit, aut se proripit confŭgitque ad dūmēta: dum capitur,
vāgit.
205 Cŭnīcŭlus fŏdicando cŭnīcŭlos, talpa grūmos [grummus] facit.
206 Herinacio (echīno) et hispidae histrici aculei sunt pro pĭlis.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ πάρδος (πανθὴρ) καὶ ἡ πάρδαλις (πάνθηρα) τὸ τῷ τρίτῳ ἅλματι
οὐ δεδραχμένον, ἀπολείπουσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τίγρις τῇ ὠκύτητι καὶ ἀγριοσύνῃ ἁπασῶν θηρῶν διαφέρει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἡ λύγξ ποικιλοδέρμων τὴν ὄψιν κρατίστη· ἐντεῦθεν λύγκειοι
προσαγορεύονται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἔλαφον σαπρίζοντα τὰ κέρατα ὑπερμεγέθη οὐ βαρύνει. οὗτος
ὠκυτατός τε καὶ μακρόβιός ἐστιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Δορκὰς πλωτύκερως αὐτῷ ὁμοῖα· τῷ δὲ μεγέθει ὑστερεῖται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ αἰγόκερως καὶ αἲξ ἀγρία ἴξαλος εἰς κρημνωρείας ἀναπηδῶσι τε
καὶ καταΐσσουσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Βούβαλος (βίσων) καὶ οὖρος, ἄγριοι βόες.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Λέων λάσιος ὤμους, φοβερώτατα βρύχει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἀλώπηξ, ἔαρος ἀρχομένου ἄτριξ ἀλωπεκίᾳ, ὑλακτοῦσα, ἀργαλέως
τιτασεύεται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τοῦ λαγοῦ οὐδὲν δειλότερον· τὰ ὦτα ψοφοδεὴς ἀνίστησι, τὴν
ταχίστην πρὸς λασιῶνας ἢ φραγμῶνας ἀποπηδᾷ, ἁλισκόμενος
ὠρύεται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Λαγιδὴς σκάπτων σύριγγας, ἀσπάλαξ θρόμβους (γηλόφους) ἐγείρει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
87

207 Sīmia (us) perquam proterva est et operum nostrorum ĭmĭtātrix, ut et
cercopithicus.
208 Glīre et mēle (taxo) nĭhil somnolentius, et hinc pinguescere etiam
dīcuntur.
209 Vīverra, mustēla, martes, martes (mustēla) Scythica, mustēla Alpīna
(mūs Ponticus), mūs Alpīnus, mūs Nōricus, pelliceis conveniunt.
210 Sciūri, forices, criceti, etc. fŏrāmina sibi căvant, in quibus velut
hybernaculis quibusdam hybernant.
211 Sed mūrem (mūrem maiorem, mūrem ărāneum) pĕnŭaria
perreptasse argūmento sunt muscerdae et arrōsa cibaria: hi catis
(fēlibus) aut muscipulis subinde praeda fīunt.
OP Span
27 Ferae (~ OP XXXI Ferae Pecudes)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Urus et bubalus sunt feri boves. Alces equo maior, cuius tergus
impenetrabile est, cornua habet ramosa ut cervus sed caprea cum
hinnulo fere nulla. Capricornus vero praegrandia habet cornua;
dama exigua, quibus ad petram suspendit se ipsam. Monoceros
unum, sed pretiosissimum, ut veteres falso narrabant. Aper infestat
dentibus; lepus timidus est. Cuniculus suffodit terram, ut et talpa
quae grumos excitat.
Ἐχῖνος, χοιρόγρυλλος ἀντὶ τριχώματος ἀκανθίζει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Πίθηκος προπετής (μιμώ), μιμητικὸν γὰρ τῶν ἔργων ἀνθρωπίνων
τοῦτο τὸ θηρίον, ὡς καὶ κερκοπίζηκος.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἐλείου καὶ μέλιος, οὐδὲν ὑπνωδέστερον· ὕπνῳ γὰρ, ὡς φασίν,
πιμαίνονται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἄγρια γαλῆ, ἴκτις, γαλῆ σκυθική, ἀλπίνη, ποντική, νορική, πρὸς
διφθέρας τε καὶ μαλλωτὰς χρήσιμοι εἰσίν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Σκίουροι, μυγάλαι, ὕρακες ὑπὸ γῆς σπηλάδια ἑαυτοῖς τοῦ
χειμερίζειν ὑποσκάπτουσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Σημεῖον δὲ τὸν μῦν κατοικίδιον εἰς θοινητήριον ὑποδύναι,
μηόκοπρος, καὶ τὰ βρώματα περιβρωσκόμενα· ἐμπίπτουσι δ’ οὐ
σπανιάκις εἰς γαλεάγρας καὶ γαλᾶς.
Θῆρες
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ὁ βίσων καὶ ὁ βούβαλός εἰσιν ἀγριοι βόες. Ἡ ἄλκη ἵππου μείζων,
ἧς τὸ δέρμα ἄτρητόν ἐστι, κέρατα ἔχει κλαδώδη ὡς ὁ ἔλαφος, ἀλλὰ
ἡ αἴγαγρος (δὸρξ) μετὰ τοῦ νεβροῦ σχεδὸν οὐδένα. Ὁ δὲ αἰγόκερως
ὑπερμεγάλα ἔχει κέρατα, ἡ δορκὰς ἐλάχιστα, οἷς ἐαυτὴν εἰς τὴν
πετρὰν προσκρέμαται, ὁ δὲ μονόκερως ἑνικόν, ἀλλὰ τιμιώτατον, ὡς
οἱ παλαιοὶ ψευδῶς ἐλεξαν [ἔλεγον].Ὁ κάπρος τύπτει τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν, ὁ
λαγὼς δειλός ἐστιν. Ὁ δασύπους ὑποσκάπτει τὴν γῆν, ὡς καὶ ὁ
ἀσπάλαξ, ὃς θρόμβους (γηλόφους) ἐγείρει.
θῆρ, ος - fera
ὁ βίσων - urus
ὁ βούβαλος - bubalus
ἄγριος, α, ον - ferus
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 ἡ ἄλκη - alces
τὸ δέρμα - tergus
ἄτρητος, ου - impenetrabilis
τὸ κέρας, ατος - cornu
κλαδώης - ramosus
ὁ ἔλαφος - cervus
ἡ αἴγαγρος, ου - capra silvestris
δόρξ, κος - capra silvestris, rupicapra
ὁ νεβρός - hinnulus
ὁ αἰγόκερως, ωτος - capricornus
ὑπερμέγας, άλη, α - praegrandis
ἐλάχιστος, η, ον - minimus
προσκρέμαμαι - suspendo
ὁ μονόκερως, ωτος - monoceros
τίμιος, α, ον - pretiosus
ὁ κάπρος - aper
ἀφρίζω - spumo
ὁ ὀδούς, όντος - dens
ὁ λαγώς - lepus
δειλός, ή, όν - timidus
ὁ δασύπους, οδος - cuniculus
ὑποσκάπτω - suffodio
ὁ ἀσπάλαξ - talpa
ὁ θρόμβος - grumus
ὁ γήλοφος - grumus
ἐγείρω - excito

OP Span
28 Ferae rapaces (~ OP XXXII Ferae Bestiae)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Bestiae acutos habent ungues et dentes, suntque carnivorae ut leo,
rex quadrupedum iubatus, cum leaena; maculosus pardus et femella
pardalis, tigris immanissima omnium bestiarum. Ursus villosus,
lupus rapax, lynx visu praestantissima, caulata vulpes astutissima.
Erinaceus aculeatus est. Melis latebras amat.
Θηρία ἁρπατικά
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὰ θηρία ὀξεῖς ἔχει ὄνυχας καὶ ὀδόντας, καὶ σαρκοβόρα ἐστίν, ὡς ὁ
λέων, ἄναξ τῶν τετραπόδων, χαιτήεις, μετὰ τῆς λεαίνης,
ποικιλοδέρμων πάνθηρκαὶ πάρδαλις, ἡ τίγρις ἀγριωτάτη ἁπάντων
θηρίων. Ὁ ἄρκτος λάσιος, ὁ λύκος ἅρπαξ, ἡ λύγξ τὴν ὄψιν
κραρτίστη, ἡ κερκοφόρος ἀλώπηξ πανουργοτάτη. ὁ ἔρινος

89
 κεντρωτός ἐστιν. Ὁ μέλι τοὺς φωλέους στέργει.
τὸ θηρίον - bestia
ὀξύς, ὀξεῖα, ὀξύ - acutus
ὁ ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος - inguis
ὁ ὀδοῦς, ὀδόντος - dens
σαρκοβόρος - carnivorus
ὁ λέων, λέοντος - leo
τετράπους, τετράποδος (ὁ / ἡ) - quadrupes
χαιτήεις, εσσα, εν - iubatus
ἡ λέαινα - leaena
ὁ ποικιλοδέρμων - maculosus
ὁ πάνθηρ, πάνθηρος
ἡ πάρδαλις - pardus
ἡ τίγρις, ιδος - tygris
ἄγριος, α, ον - saevus
ὁ ἄρκτος - ursus
λάσιος - villosus
ὁ λύκος - lupus
ἅρπαξ - rapax
ἡ λύγξ, λυγκός - lynx
ὄψις, ὄψους - visus
κράτιστος - praestantissimus
ὁ κέρκος - cauda
ἡ ἀλώπηξ, κος - vulpes
ὁ, ἡ πανοῦργος - astutus
ὁ ἔρινος, ου - erinaceus
κεντρωτός - aculeatus
ὁ μέλις ?? - melis
φύγετον - latebra
ὁ φωλεός, έου - latebra
στέργω - amo

XVI De amphibiis, et reptilibus. Περὶ τῶν ἀμφιβίων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν.

II
212 Amphibia sunt, castor (fĭber), ex cuius folliculis nōn incelebre From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
mĕdĭcāmen castŏreum, excinditur; lŭtra, rāna coaxans, testūdo,

90
 būfo, rŭbēta, et crŏcŏdīlus: qui inter manducandum maxillam
(mandibulam) superiorem movet; etc.
213 Reptilia (serpentia) sunt, quae serpunt exŭviasque depōnunt, ut
sibilans anguis (cŏlŭber), hydra (nātrix), aspis, situla (dipsas,
praester) ptyas, vīpera (excĕtra), caecilia [anguis frăgilis], cerastes
iaculus, amphisbaena, etc.
situla? L&S: situla, ae & situlus, i is a bucket for drawing or holding
water, an urn, a basin
214 Drăco ipso habitu, basiliscus obtūtu nĕcat.
215 Lăcerta, seps, stellio, salamandra, scorpio (scorpius) pedibus
ambulant.
seps, sēpis c. (σήψ)
216 Līmăces sunt cochleae sine testis, quas hae vĕlŭtī domunculas
portatiles, quoque arrēpunt, circumferunt.
OP Span
31 Amphibia (~ OP XXXV)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Super terra et in aqua vivunt crocodilus, immensa et praedatrix
bestia Nili fluminis in Aegypto. Castor, qui anserinos pedes ad
natandum et squammeam caudam habet; lutra et rana coaxans cum
bufone. Testudo, quae supra et infra testis sicut scuto, tecta est.
Ἀμφίβια τάδε κάστωρ (ἐξ οὗ ὀρχῶν, τὸ καστόρειον ἐκκόπτεται),
λοῦτρα, βάτραχος βατραχίζων, χελιώνη, βάτραχος χερσαῖος καὶ
κροκόδειλος, ὃς τὴν ἄνω γνάθον μόνην μεταξὺ φαγὼν κινεῖ.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τὰ ἑρπετὰ τὴν λεβηρίδα (σῦφαρ), ἀποτίθεται, οἷον ὄφις συρίζων,
ὕδρος, ἀσπίς, δίψας, πτύας, ἔχιδνα, τύφλωψ, κεράστης, ἀκοντίας,
ἀμφίσβαινα.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Δράκων τῇ ἀναπνοῇ, βασιλίσκος τῇ ὄψει κτείνει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Σαῦρος (σαῦρα), σήψ, ἀσκάλαβος, σαλαμάνδρα, σκορπίων
ποδάρκεις.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κοχλίαι χερσαῖοι γυμνοὶ κογχῶν εἰσιν, ἓς κοχλίαι ποτάμιοι, ὥσπερ
οἰκίδια, ὅποι ἂν ἕρπωσι, περικομίζουσιν.
Τὰ ἀμφίβια
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι ζῶσιν ὁ κροκόδειλος, θαυμαστὸν καὶ
ἁρπαλεώτατον θηρίον τοῦ Νείλου ποταμοῦ ἐν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ, ὁ
κάστωρ, ὁς χηνείους πόδας πρὸς τὸ νήχεσθαι καὶ λεπιδωτὴν οὐρὰν
ἔχει, ἡ λοῦτρα καὶ βάτραχος βατραχίζων, μετὰ τοῦ χερσαίου. Ἡ
χελώνη ἄνω καὶ κάτω κεράμοις (ὀστράκοις) ὡς θυρῷ
κεκαλλυμμένη.
ζάω - vivo
ὁ κροκόδειλος - crocodilus
θαυμαστός, ή, όν - immensus, mirandus
ἁρπαλέος - rapax
Νεῖλος, ου - Nilus
ἡ Αἴγυπτος - Aegyptus
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 ὁ κάστωρ - castor
χηνεῖος - anserinus
νήχομαι - nato
λεπιδωτός - squammeus
ἡ οὐρά - cauda
ἡ λοῦτρα, ας (ἔνυδρις) - lutra
ὁ βάτραχος - rana
βατραχίζω - coaxo
χερσεῖος - bufo
ἡ χελώνη - testudo
ὁ κέραμος - testa
τὸ ὄστρακον - testa
θυρεός - scutum
καλύπτω - tego, occulto

OP Span
29 Serpentes et reptilia ( ~ OP XXXIII) Ὄφεις καὶ ἑρπετά
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations. From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Angues repunt se sinuantes, coluber in silva, natrix in aqua, vipera Οἱ ὄφεις ἕρπουσι κολποῦντες ἑαυτούς. Ὁ δράκων ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ, ὁ
in saxis, aspis in campis, boa in domibus. Caecilia caeca est. Pedes ὕδρος ἐν τῷ ὕδατι, ἡ ἔχιδνα ἐν ταῖς πετραῖς, ὁ ἀσπίς ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς,
habent, lacerta, et salamandra, quae in igne vivere in epte dicitur. ὁ κεράστης ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις. Ὁ τυφλῖνος τυφλός ἐστι. Πόδας ἔχουσι
Draco (serpens alatus) occidit halitu, basiliscus oculis, ut olim falso ὁ σαῦρος, καὶ σαλαμάνδρα, ἥν ἐν τῷ πυρὶ ζῶσαν ἀτόπως λέγουσι.
narrabatur, scorpius cauda venenata. Ὁ δράκων (ὄφις πτερυφωτὸς) κτείνει τῇ ἐκπνοῇ. Ὁ βασιλίσκος τοῖς
ὄμμασι (ὀφθαλμοῖς) ὡς οἱ παλαοὶ ψευδῶς διηγοῦντο. Ὁ σκορπίος
οὐρᾷ φαρμακωδεῖ.
ὁ ὄφις, εος - serpens
τὸ ἑρπετόν - reptile
ἕρπω - serpo
κολπόω - sinuo
ὁ δράκων, οντος - coluber
ὁ ὕδρος - natrix
ἡ ἔχιδνα - vipra
ὁ ἀσπίς, ίδος - aspis
ὁ κεράστης - boa
ἡ τυφλαίνα ?? - coecilia

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 τυφλός, ή, όν - coecus
ὁ σαῦρος - lacerta
ἡ σαλαμάνδρα - salamandra
ζάω - vivo
ὁ δράκων, ονος - Draco
πτερυγωτός, ου - alatus
κτείνω - occido
ἡ ἐκπνοή, ης - halitus
ὁ βασιλίσκος - basiliscus
τὀ ὄμμα - oculus
ὁ ὀφθαλμός - oculus
πάλαι - olim
ψευδῶς - false
διηγοῦμαι - narro
σκορπίος - scorpius
ἡ οὖρα - cauda
ὁ, ἡ φαρμακώδης - venenatus

XIX De insectis. Περὶ τῶν ἐντόμων.

217 Insecta sunt vărĭi vermes, ut asellus (millepeda), scŏlŏpendra, tipūla
[tippūla], etc., e quibus lumbrici fĭmēta, ērūcae (bruchi) plantas,
tĕrēdines, cossi (cosses) ligna; termites carnes; tĭneae vestes (etiam
bombycinas et holosēricas); blattae lĭbros; convolvuli (volvoces)
vītes; gurguliones (curculiones) frumenta, corrōdunt.
218 Lendes, pediculi, pūlĭces, cŭlĭces, cīmĭces, acari nōs ipsos infestant:
quin et rĭcĭni et hĭrūdines (sanguisūgae), praesertim sī quid
denūdemus.
219 Bombyces sēricum, ăpes bombĭlantes făvos mellis, quos fūci
depascunt, conficiunt; nōn sibi, sed nōbis mellificantes: et
quotannis exāmen, ut nŏvam cŏlōniam emittunt.
Suet. fr. 161 ăpum est bombire vel bombilare
220 Crabrones et vespae praeacuto sunt aculeo, quo etiam membranea
quaeque integumenta pertĕrebrant.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἔντομα τάδε, δηλαδὴ ποικίλοι σκώληκες, οἷον ἴουλος (πολύπους),
σκολόπενδρα, τίπουλα, οἱ σκώληκες κοπρῶνας, κάμπαι (βροῦχοι)
τὰ φυτά, τερεδόνες τὰ ξύλα, σῆπες κρέατα, σίλφαι ἐσθῆτας,
βυμβυκινάς, ἢ ὁλοσηρικάς, σῆτες τὰς βίβλους, ἶπες ἀμπέλους,
κανθαρίδες σίτον καταβρώσκουσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κόνεις, φθεῖρες, ψύλλοι, κόρεις ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐνοχλοῦσιν.
κυνομυῖα*, βδέλλα γψμνωθέντας πολὺ μᾶλλον.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Βόμβυκες σηρικόν, μέλιτται μέλι (ὃ κηφῆνες ἐπινέμουσι) οὐχ
ἑαυταῖς, ἀλλ’ ἡμῖν ἐκπονοῦσι, καθ’ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν σμῆνος
ἀφιᾶσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἀνθρῆναι, σφῆκες κέντρον ὀξύτατον, ᾧ περγαμηνὰς περικαλυφὰς

93

221 Oestro (tăbāno, ăsīlo) percitum pecus subsilit et velut răbĭdum
discursitat.
222 Scarabaeorum [Scarabēorum] et locustrarum genera complūra sunt,
quaedam ĕdūlia.
223 Canthări, canthăridesque, canthărides rŭbeae, scarabaei cornuti,
papiliones et cincindelae (lampyrides, nītēdulae) et hepioli
(pyraustae) mūliōnes, etc., vŏlātĭles sunt.
224 Cĭcāda fŏris, gryllus dŏmi cantillant.
225 Formīca pŭsilla est, sed actŭōsa; semper festūcas et mīcas fert.
226 Ărānea (ărāneus) ărāneum nexat idque etiam inauratis lăcūnaribus
innectat.
OP Span
23 Insecta volantia ( ~ OP XXVII)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Apis mel conficit, quod fucus depascit. Vespa et crabro laedunt
aculeo ; maxime autem infestat pecus oestrus, nos vero musca et
culex. Gryllus cantillat. Papilio alata est eruca. Scarabaeus tegit alas
vaginis. Cicindela noctu nitet.
τρήπτουσι (δεικνύουσι).
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κτῆνος οἴστρῳ κεντηθέν, ὑποπηδᾷ καὶ ὡς λυσσῶδες ἄνω καὶ κάτω
φέρεται.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κανθάρων καὶ ἀκρίδων γένη πλεῖστρα, ἔνια δ’ ἐδωδιμά ἐστιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Κάνθαροι, κανθαρίδες, καθαρίδες ἐρυθραῖαι, κάνθαροι κεράτινοι,
σητοδοκίδες, πυγολαμπίδες (λαμπυρίδες) πυραύσται, ἐμπίδες
(κώνωπες), πτηνοί εἰσιν.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Τέττιξ ἔξωθεν, γρύλλος οἴκοι ᾄδει.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Μύρμηξ σμικράμεν, φιλόπονος δέ, ἀεὶ ἢ κάρφος, ἢ ψίχιον, ἢ ἄλλό
τι βαστάζουσα διατελεῖ.
From FV. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἀράχνης ἀράχνιον νεῖ, καὶ τοῦτο ἐπιχρύσων σανιδωμάτων ἐξάπτει.
Τὰ ἔντομα πετεινά (πτηνά)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Ἡ μέλιττα μέλι ἐργάζεται, ὅπερ ὁ κηφὴν ἐπινέμει. Ἡ ἀνθρήνη καὶ
σφήξ βλάπτουσι τῷ κέντρῳ, μάλιστα δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ τὰ κτήνη ὁ οἶστρος,
ἡμᾶς δὲ μυῖα ἢ κώνωψ. Ὁ γρύλλος ᾄδει. Ἡ ψυχή ἐστι πτηνή κάμπη.
Ὁ κάνθαρος τοῖς κολεοῖς τὰς πτέρυγας καλύπτει (κολεόπτερός
ἐστιν). Ἡ πυγολαμπίς (λαμπυρίς) τῆς νυκτὸς λάμπει.
ἡ μέλιττα - apis
τὸ μέλι - mel
ἐργάζομαι - facio
ὁ κηφήν, ῆνος - fucus
ἐπινέμω - depasco
ἡ ἀνθρήνη - vespa
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 ὁ σφήξ - crabro
βλάπτω - laedo
μάλιστα - imprimis
ἐνοχλέω - infesto
τὸ κτῆνος - pecus
ὁ οἶστρος - oestrus
ἡ μυῖα - musca
ὁ κώνωψ - culex
ὁ χρύλλος / γρύλλος - gryllus
ᾄδω - cantillo
ἡ ψυχή - papilio
πτηνός, ή, όν - alatus
ἡ κάμπη - eruca
ὁ κάνθαρος - scarabaeus
ἡ πτέρυξ - ala
τὸ κολεόν - vagina
ἡ πυγολαμπίς, ίδος - cicindela
ἡ λαμπυρίς, ίδος - cicindela
λάμπω - niteo

OP Span
30 Insecta repentia ( ~ OP XXXIV)
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Vermes rodunt res. Lumbricus terram, eruca plantam, cicada fruges,
curculio frumentum, teredo ligna, tinea vestes; blatta librum,
termites carnem et caseum, acari capillum. Pulex saltans, pediculus,
foetens cimex nos ipsos mordent. Ricinus sanguinem sugit. Bombyx
sericum facit. Formica laboriosa est. Aranea araneum texit, retia
muscis. Cochlea domicilium suum circumfert.
Τὰ ἑρπετά
From SH. Needs proofreading, diacritics, notations.
Αἱ ἕλμινθες βρώσκουσι τὰ ἡμῶν πράγματα. Ὁ σκώληξ τὴν γῆν, ἡ
κάμπη τὸ φυτόν, τέττιξ τοὺς καρποὺς, κανθαρὶς τὸν σῖτον, τερηδὼν
τὰ ξύλα, ὁ σὴς ἐσθῆτας, ἡ σίλφη βίβλον, σῆπες κρέας καὶ τυρόν,
ἀκαρὶ τὴν τρίχα. ὁ ψύλλος σκιρτῶν, ὁ φθείρ, ὀζῶν κόρις, ἡμᾶς
αὐτοὺς δάκνουσιν. Ἡ κυνομυῖα βδελλεὶ τὸ αἷμα. βόμβυξ σερικὸν
ἐργάζεται. Ὁ μύρμηξ φιλόπονός ἐστιν. Ὁ ἀράχνης ἀράχνιον νήθει,
ἀμφίβληστρον ταῖς μυίαις. Ὁ κοχλίας τὸ οἰκίδιον αὑτοῦ
περικομίζει.
τὸ ἔντομον - insectum
ὁ ἕρπετός, ή, όν - reptilis
ὁ σκώληξ - vermis
βρώσκω - rodo

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τὸ πρᾶγμα - res
ἡ ἕλμινς / ἡ ἕλμις - lumbricus
ἡ κάμπη - eruca
τὸ φυτόν - planta
ἡ τέττιξ - cicada
ὁ καρπός - fruges
ἡ κανθαρίς - curculio
ὁ σῖτος - frumentum
ἡ τερηδών, όνος - teredo
τὸ ξύλον - lignum
ὁ σής, σοῦς - tinea
ἡ εσθής - vestis
ἡ σίλφη - blatta
ἡ βίβλος - liber
ἡ σήψ - termes
τὸ κρέας - caro, carnis
ὁ τυρός - caseus
ἀκαρί - acari
ἡ θρίξ - capillus
ὁ ψύλλος - pulex
σκιρτάω - salto
φθείρ - pediculus
ὄζω - foeteo
ὁ, ἡ κόρις - cimex
δάκνω - mordeo
ἡ κυνομυῖα - ricinus
βδέλλω - sungo, ere
τὸ αἷμα - sanguis
ὁ βόμβυξ - bombyx
τὸ σερικόν - sericum
ὁ μύρμηξ - formica
ὁ, ἡ φιλόπονος - laboriosus
ὁ ἀράχνης - aranea
τὸ ἀράχνιον - araneum
νέω - texo
τὸ ἀμφίβληστρον - rete

96
 ὁ κοχλίας - cochlea
τὸ οἰκίδιον - domicilium
περκομίζω - circumfero

XX De homine. Περὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.

227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
XXI De corpore, et primum de membris externis. Περὶ τοῦ σώματος, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν ἔξω μελῶν.
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

97
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
XXI De membris internis. Περὶ τῶν ἐντέρων.
I
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
XXI De accidentibus corporis. Περὶ τῶν ἀμφὶ τὸ σῶμα.
II
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286

98
287
288
289
290
291
XXI De morbis. Περὶ τῶν νόσων.
V
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
XX De ulceribus et vulneribus. Περὶ τῶν ἑλκῶν τε καὶ τραυμάτων.
V
315
316
317

99
318
319
320
XX De sensibus externis. Περὶ τῶν ἔξω αἰσθήσεων.
VI
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
XX De sensibus internis. Περὶ τῶν ἔσω αἰσθήσεων.
VII
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348

100
 349
350
351
352
XVI De mente. Περὶ τοῦ νοῦ.
II
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
XXI De voluntate et affectibus. Περὶ τῆς βουλήσεως καὶ τῶν παθῶν.
X
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
XX De mechanicis in genere. Περὶ τῶν μηχανικῶν.
X
377

101
378
XX De hortorum cultura. Περὶ τῆς κηπεῖας.
XI
379
380
381
382
383
384
XX De agricultura. Περὶ τῆς γεοργικῆς.
XII
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
XX De molitura et molibus. Περὶ τῆς μύλης, καὶ τῶν μυλωθρικῶν σκευῶν.
XIII
401
402
403
404
405
XX De paneficio, Περὶ τῆς σιτουργίας.

102
XIV
406
407
408
XX De pecuaria. Περὶ τῆς κτηνοτροφίας.
XV
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
XX De laniena. Περὶ τοῦ σφαγείου.
XVI
420
421
422
XX De venatione. Περὶ τῆς θήρας.
XVI
I
423
424
425
426
XX De piscatione. Περὶ τῆς ἁλιευτικῆς.
XVI
II
427
XX De aucupio, seu avium captura. Περὶ τῆς ὀρνιθοθήρας.

103
XIX
428
429
430
XL De coquinaria. Περὶ τῆς μαγειρικῆς.
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
XL1 De potulentorum paratu. Περὶ τῆς τῶν ποτίμων παρασκευῆς.
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
XLI De aurigatione. Περὶ τῆς ἡνιοχεῖας.
I
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457

104
458
459
460
461
XLI De navicularia. Περὶ τῆς ναυκλίας.
II
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
XLI De itineribus. Περὶ τῆς κατὰ γῆν πορεῖας.
V
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488

105
489
XL De mercatura. Περὶ τῆς ἐμπορίας.
V
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
XL De vestiariis opificiis. Περὶ τῆς ἱματ[ι]ουργικῆς.
VI
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
XL De vărĭis vestium generibus. Περὶ ποικίλων εἰδῶν τῶν ἐσθημάτων.
VII
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517

106
518
519
520
521
XL De architectura, et fabrilibus artificiis. Περὶ τῆς ἀρχιτεκτονικῆς.
VIII
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
XLI De domo, eiusque partibus. Περὶ οἴκου, καὶ αὐτοῦ μερῶν.
X
541 David
542
543
544
545
546
547
548

107
 L De hypocausto. Περὶ τοῦ ὑποκαύστου.
549
550
551
552
LI De coenaculo. Περὶ τοῦ δειπνωτειρίου.
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
LII De cubiculo. Περὶ τοῦ κοιτῶνος.
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
LIII De balneo et munditie. Περι τοῦ βαλανείου καὶ τῆς καθαρότητος.
578
579

108
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
LIV De coniugio et affinitate. Περὶ τοῦ γάμου καὶ τῆς ἐπιγαμίας.
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
LV De puerperio. Περὶ τῆς λοχείας.
595
596
597
598
599
600
LVI De cognatione. Περὶ τῆς συγγενείας.
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
LVI De oeconomia. Περὶ τῆς οἰκονομίας.
I
609

109
610
611
612
LVI De urbe. Περὶ τῆς πόλεως.
II
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
LIX De templo. Περὶ τοῦ ναοῦ.
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
LX De ecclesia. Περὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας.
637
638
639
640

110
LXI De ethnicorum iudaiorumque superstitionibus. Περὶ τῆς τῶν ἐθνικῶν τε καὶ ιὐδαίων ἐθελοθρησκείας.
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
LXI De curia. Περὶ τοῦ βουλευτηρίου.
I
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
LXI De iudiciis. Περὶ τῶν δικῶν.
II
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
LXI De maleficis et suppliciis. Περὶ τῶν κακούργων καὶ τῆς αὐτῶν τιμωρίας.
V
667
668

111
669
670
671
672
LX De statu regio. Περὶ τῆς μοναρχίας.
V
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
LX De regno et regione. Περὶ τῆς βασιλεῖας τε καὶ χώρας.
VI
685
686
687
688
689
LX De pace et bello. Περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης τε καὶ πολέμου.
VII
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697

112
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
LX De schola et institutione. Περὶ τῆς σχολῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν παίδων ἀγωγῆς.
VIII
724
725
726
727
728
729
730

113
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
LXI De museo. Περὶ τοῦ μουσείου.
X
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
LX De grammatica. Περὶ τῆς γραμματικῆς.
X
747
748
LX De dialectica (logica). Περὶ τῆς διαλεκτικῆς (λογικῆς).
XI
749
750
LX De rhetorica et poesi. Περὶ τῆς ῥητορικῆς τε καὶ ποιήσεως.
XII
751
752
753
754
LX De mathesi: et primum de arithmetica. Περὶ τῆς μαθηματικῆς, καὶ πρῶτον τῆς ἀριθμητικῆς.
XIII

114
755
756
LX De geometria. Περὶ τῆς γεομετρίας.
XIV
757
758
759
760
761
LX De mensuris et ponderibus. Περὶ τῶν μέτρων καὶ σταθμῶν.
XV
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
LX De optica et pictura. Περὶ τῆς ὀπτικῆς τε καὶ γραφῆς.
XVI
769
770
771
772
LX De musica. Περὶ τῆς μυσικῆς.
XVI
I
773
774
775
776
777
LX De Astronomia. Περὶ τῆς ἀστρονομίας.
XVI

115
 II
778
779
780
781
782
LX De geographia. Περὶ τῆς γεωγραφίας.
XIX
783
784
LX De historia. Περὶ τῆς ἱστορίας.
XX
785
786
787
LX De medicina. Περὶ τῆς ἰατρικῆς.
XXI
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
LX De ethica in genere. Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς.
XXI
I
796
797
798
799
800
LX De prudentia. Περὶ τῆς φρονήσεως.

116
XXI
II
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
LX De temperantia. Περὶ τῆς σωφροσύνης.
XXI
V
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
LX De castitate. Περὶ τῆς ἁγνείας.
XX
V
825
826
827

117
828
829
LX De modestia. Περὶ τῆς μετριότητος (ταπεινοφροσύνης).
XX
VI
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
LX De autarkeia. Περὶ τῆς αὐταρκείας.
XX
VII
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
LX De iustitia: et primo commutativa. Περὶ τῆς δικαιοσύνης συναλλακτικῆς.
XX

118
VIII
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
LX De iustitia distributiva. Περὶ τῆς δικαιοσύνης διανεμητικῆς.
XXI
X
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
XC De fortitudine. Περὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας.
882
883
884 καματηρῶς τε καὶ περισσῶς

119
885
886
887
888
XCI De patientia. Περὶ τῆς ὑπομονῆς.
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
XCI De constantia. Περὶ τῆς εὐσταθείας.
I
897
898
899
900
XCI De amicitia et humanitate. Περὶ τῆς φιλίας τε καὶ φιλανθρωπίας.
II
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914

120
915
916
917
XCI De candore. Περὶ τῆς ἀκεραιότητος.
V
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
XC De conversatione erudita. Περὶ τῆς πεπαιδευμένης ὁμιλίας.
V
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
XC De ludicris. Περὶ τῶν παιγνίων.
VI
939
940
941
942
943

121
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
XC De morte et sepultura. Περὶ τοῦ θανάτου τε καὶ ταφῆς.
VI
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
XC De providentia. Περὶ τῆς προνοίας.
VIII
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974

122
975
976
977
XCI De angelis. Περὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων.
X
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
C Clausula. Κολοφῶν (κορωνίς).
991 Cĕdŏ sōdēs [sī audes] (age sis) quid adhuc restat? Hactenus ĕnim Ἀγε δὴ ὦ ἑταῖρε τί λοιπόν; ἐξέστω μοι τοῦτο ἀνεπιφθόνως εἰπεῖν, ἂ
tradita (absit arrogantia dicto) utcumque sum adsecutus. προὐθέμην [προτίθεμαι] κατ’ ἀρχὴν ἅπαντα διεπέρηνα.
992 Siccine? Hem, macte esto sedulitate ista. Restabit igitur, ut per hanc Εἰ οὕτως ἔχει; καλῶς εὖγε τῆς ἀκριβείας καὶ φιλοπονίας. Διὰ ταύτης
januam gressus, scientiarum et latinitatis palatia vivide lustrare οὖν τῆς θύρας εἰσελθὼν τῶν ἐπιστημῶν καὶ τῆς γλώττας λατίνης τὸ
properes, et quae hic raptim aspexisti, uberius in autoribus bonis et παλάτιον/παλλάντιον (ἀνάκτορον) προσεχῶς (προσεκτικῶς) θεῶ,
probatis speculeris. προχείρως [this seems to be the accent in L&S, not προχειρῶς] τε
καὶ ἀμυχηδὸν ἐνθαδὶ τοῦτο θεωρήσας, περισσότερον ἐν
λογογράφοις αὐθεντικοῖς τε καὶ δεδοκισασμένοις ἐποφθάλμει, καὶ
σκέψιν πᾶσαν ποίει.
993 Habes hic synopsin summatim et succincte complectentem Ἔχεις ἐνθάδε συνοψίν τινα, συντόμως καὶ βραχέως ἐν περιόδοις
rudimenta qua Theologiae, qua Philosophiae, quae quasi per τισι συλλαμβάνουσαν τὰ προπαιδεύματα τῆς θεολογίας τε καὶ
periochas breves compendiario tibi definient ea quae commentatores φιλοσοφίας, ἅ ἐξηγηταὶ πλατέως καὶ διεξοδικῶς παραφράζοντες ἐν
fūse ac cōpiose per paraphrases in suis exegeticis enucleant; nĭhil ἐξηγήσεσι διασαφηνίζουσιν. οὐδὲν σπουδῆς ἄξιον ὑπολελείφθαι
tamen tantopere necessarium omissum reor. ἡγοῦμαι.
994 Auctarii loco admoneo ut ad pietatem convertas omnia, ut Τέλος ἐπίδομα ἐπιμετρῶν, παρακαλῶ σε, πάντα πρὸς εὐσέβειαν
Christicola orthodoxus cluas, et a fucatis fictisque Pseudochristianis, τρέπειν ὅπως χριστιανὸς ὀρθόδοξος πολὺ τῶν ψευδοχριστιανῶν

123
 qui nomine tenus tantum Christiani sunt, quam longissime absis;
sitque Christus actuum et cogitationum tuarum Cynosūra et Helicē.
995 Scito ĕnim fore propediem ut reddamus rationem omnium cum
venerit ut excitet nōs et iudicet, ŭbi manifesta et occulta patefient.
996 O beatos qui tunc eum propitium habebunt! Exultim una gaudebunt;
nōn ambrosia et nectare (ut impie poëtantur ludiones poëtici) sed
illius salutifera suavitate in sempiternum beandi.
997 Faxit miserator noster ut hic misericordia eius iustificati in charitate
(sincero illo credentium coagulo) coalescamus.
998 Tu ei confitere et vōta vŏve, religioseque et fervide precando
penetralia aeternae mansionis penetra, ut iam nunc coelitibus
annumereris.
999 Ave et vale.
1000 Jehovae Zebaoth, individuae ac sacrosanctae Trinitati, honor sit et
laus in saecula saeculorum, AMEN.
(ψευδωνύμως ὅυτω λεγομένων) διαφέρων γένοιο. Χριστὸς τῶν
πράξεών σου καὶ ἐνθυμήσεων γνώμων ἔστω.
τὸ ἐπίδομα, ατος
Γνῶθι τοῦτο, ἡμᾶς ἐν βραχεῖ λόγον τῷ δικαστῇ ἐλευσομένῳ καὶ
ἡμᾶς ἐγερόντι ἀποδώσειν. Τότε τὰ κρυπτὰ φανερωθήσεται.
Εὐδαίμονες οἱ ἱλαὸν αὐτὸν ἕξουσι, ἀγαλλομένως αὐτῷ
συγχαιρήσουσι. Οὐκ ἀμβροσίας οὐδὲ νέκταρος, ὡς ἀσεβῶς οἱ
ποιηταὶ μυθολογοῦσι, ἀλλὰ σωτηρίας αὐτοῦ χάριτος καὶ ἀïδίου
ἡδονῆς ἀξιομακάριστοι ἀπολαύσουσι.
Ὁ ἐλεήμων θεὸς ποιείτω, ἐλέου τυγχάνοντας ἡμᾶς δικαιωθῆναι, καὶ
ἐν ἀγάπῃ, τῷ ἀληθινῷ τῶν πιστευόντων δεσμῷ, ἑνωθῆναι.
Σὺ αὐτῷ ἐξομολόγησιν ποιῶν ἐκθύμως προσεύχου, ἕως εἰς τὸ τῆς
ἀïδίου μονῆς ἐνδόμυχον διαδύνωμεν καὶ ἤδη νῦν τοῖς ἄνωθεν
ἐναριθμηθῶμεν.
Εὐτύχει καὶ ἔρρωσο.
Τῇ ἁγιοτάτῃ καὶ ἀδιαιρέτῳ Τριάδι τιμὴ καὶ ἔπαινος εἰς αἰῶνας
ἅπαντας. Ἀμήν.
124