Hardware Observation

Department of CSE Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry
EX.NO:1
STUDY OF LOGICAL ANALYZER
DATE:
AIM :
To study the logical analyzer for timing analysis of 8085 microprocessor kit and to
study the menu’s and settings of logical analyzer.
REQUIREMENTS:
a) PC
b) Logical Analyzer
c) Power supply
d) 8085 kit (Target system)
e) Connecting wires and mini hook clips.
THEORY:
A logic analyzer displays signals in a digital circuit that are too fast to be observed by a
human being and presents it to a user so that the user can more easily check correct
operation of the digital system. Logic analyzers are typically used for capturing data in
systems that have too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Software running
on the logic analyzer can convert the captured data into timing diagrams, protocol decodes,
state machine traces, assembly, or correlate assembly with source-level software.
A logic analyzer can trigger on a complicated sequence of digital events, and then
capture a large amount of digital data from the system under test (SUT). The best logic
analyzers behave like software debuggers by showing the flow of the computer program and
decoding protocols to show messages and violations.
Once the probes are connected, the user programs the analyzer with the names of
each signal, and can group several signals into groups for easier manipulation. Next, a capture
mode is chosen, either timing mode, where the input signals are sampled at regular intervals
based on an internal or external clock source, or state mode, where one or more of the
signals are defined as "clocks," and data is taken on the rising or falling edges of these clocks,
optionally using other signals to qualify these clocks.
After the mode is chosen, a trigger condition must be set. A trigger condition can range
from simple (such as triggering on a rising or falling edge of a single signal), to the very
complex (such as configuring the analyzer to decode the higher levels of the TCP/IP stack and
triggering on a certain HTTP packet). At this point, the user sets the analyzer to "run" mode,
either triggering once, or repeatedly triggering.
Once the data is captured, it can be displayed several ways, from the simple (showing
waveforms or state listings) to the complex (showing decoded Ethernet protocol traffic).
The analyzer can also operate in a "compare" mode, where it compares each captured data
set to a previously recorded data set, and stopping triggering when this data set is either
matched or not. This is useful for long-term empirical testing. Recent analyzers can even be
set to email a copy of the test data to the engineer on a successful trigger.
Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 1

PROCEDURE:
1. First switch on the system There a menu will be displayed click on ‘others’.
2. Then we will have windowsXP professional and windows 2000 professional click on
windows XP professional.
3. We will get windows XP desktop. In that we have to click the start button.
4. Under start we have to click programs Under programs we have to click PG 3200
5. Now we have the screen of timing analysis.
6. there are 32 channels designated as 0-31 in that we are going to use 6 channels such
as
Channel 9 – write signal of 8085 microprocessor.
Channel 10- Read signal of 8085 microprocessor.
Channel 12- clk signal
Channel 13 – ALE
Channel 14 – IO/M
Channel 15 –Vcc
The above 6 Channels are connected to RD’, WR’, clk, ALE, IO/M’ and Vcc of 8085
microprocessor.
7. Thus the connections are given.
Now we adjust / set the values of
a) Threshold as 1.404v
b) I/O Type as LVC 3.3V
c) Acquire as Auto (by Trigger)
d) Rate as 100Msa/s
e) Zoom as X2
f) Depth as 64k
Now we are going to study the signals of 8085 or check the pins of 8085
microprocessor.



CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LOGICAL ANALYSER SETUP
GAUGE
TARGET WIRES LOGICAL USB
SYSTEM ANALYSER PC

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Diagram & Execution 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the logical analyzer for timing analysis of 8085 microprocessor kit and menu’s and
settings of logical analyzer are studied and verified.

EX.NO:2
STUDY OF IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR
DATE:
AIM:
To study the commands and the usage of In-circuit Emulator.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. In-Circuit Emulator
2. Power Supply
3. 8085 Microprocessor Kit (Target System)
4. PC ( Host System)
5. RS-232 Interface Cable
THEORY:
An in-circuit emulator (ICE) also called on-circuit debugger (OCD) or background debug
module (BDM) is a hardware device used to debug the software of an embedded system.
Embedded systems present special problems for a programmer, because they usually lack
keyboards, screens, disk-drives and other helpful user interfaces and storage devices that are
present on business computers.
In-circuit emulation can also refer to the use of hardware emulation, when the
emulator is plugged into a system (not always embedded) in place of a yet-to-be-built chip
(not always a processor). These in-circuit emulators provide a way to run the system with
"live" data while still allowing relatively good debugging capabilities.
Function:
The basic idea of an "in-circuit emulator" is that it provides a window into the
embedded system. The programmer uses the emulator to load programs into the embedded
system, run them, step through them slowly, and see and change the data used by the
system's software.
An "emulator" gets its name because it often "emulates" the central processing unit of
the embedded system's computer. Often, it literally has a plug that plugs into the same
socket as the CPU chip. Emulating the main computer lets it do anything that the main
computer can do, but under the control of a programmer.

ICEs are always tools that attach a terminal or PC to the embedded system. The
terminal or PC provides an interactive user interface for the programmer to investigate and
control the embedded system.
In usage, an ICE provides the programmer with execution breakpoints, memory display
& monitoring, and input/output control. Beyond this, the ICE can be programmed to look for
any range of matching criteria to pause at, hopefully catching the failure's origin.
COMMANDS:
1. Assemble command:
Syntax : A address
Summary: Assembles emulation processors instructions and places them at
designated address in memory.
Argument : <address>begin assembly at this address
2. Cycle step:
Syntax: C
Summary: The system stops the processor after executing one machine cycle.
3. Disable control signal command:
Syntax: D ctrl-signal
Summary: Disables the specific control signal
Argument :< ctrl-signal> a one letter specifics the type of control signal to be
disabled.
Letter Type
H Bus hold request
I Interrupt request
T Trap request
4. Enable control signal command:
Syntax: e ctrl-signal
Summary: Enables the specific control signal
Argument :< ctrl-signal>a one letter specified that indicates the type of control
signal to be enabled.
Letter Type
H Bus hold request
I Interrupt request
T Trap request
5. Go command:
Syntax: G [address]
Summary: Starts the real time emulation of the processor.
Argument :< address>address from which emulation Is to begin. if not given
emulation starts from current program counter.
6. Halt execution command:
Syntax: H [address, [count]]
Summary: Halt the processor execution
Argument: <address>address of processor’s memory where emulation is to be
stopped.
< count >is the hex value from 0 to 0fff specifying the no of times
indicated address is to be encountered before emulation is stopped.
If count=0 then emulation stops at 65536 occurrence.
7. Inport command:
Syntax: I portaddr [, count [, interval]]
Summary: Read a byte from a port and display it.
Argument : <port addr>address of processor’s input port whose contents is to be
read and displayed.<count>value from 0 to 0fff specifics the no of
times the port to be read with 00 indicating that the port is to be read
256 times.<interval>specifics the interval between each read in
Msec, ranging from 0 to 0fff=0 indicating 256 msec.
8. Jump command:
Syntax: j address
Summary: sets the program counter to the address.
Argument :< address>sets the program counter to the address.
9. Memory command:
Syntax: m address
M range
M range data
Summary: m addr enters data into memory.
M range displays the data in range.
M range data fill the memory range with data.
Argument :< address>specifies the address of memory location to be optionally
modified.
<range>specifies the range of memory to be displayed/filled.
<range data>specifies the range of memory filled with same data.
10. Output command:
Syntax: o portaddr data1 [.. ….]
Summary: write the data to specified port.
Argument :< portaddr>address of the port to which data is to be written.
<data1……4> Hex data value to be written to the specified port.
11. Register command:
Syntax: r [register]
Summary: shows or always change the content of cpu register
Argument: change the content of the given register if omitted, display the value of
all register and flags.
12. Single step command:
Syntax: s [count]
Summary: execute the program from current program counter, tracing the CALL
instruction.
Arguments :< count> is a hex value from 0 to 0FFFH.specifying the step interval
between the status at every 65536 steps.
13. Transfer/test command:
Syntax: T range(s)
T range m
T range dstadd
Summary: T range s-Sum of the content in the specified range is to be displayed.
T range m-Memory test to be performed for the specified range
T range add-Copies all the value in one, block of memory directly to
another block of memory of the same size.
Argument: <range>specifies the range of memory to be summed/tested/moved.
<destadd> staring address of destination block
14. Backward trace:
Syntax: B Trigadd, startadd [, endadd [, qualifier]]
Summary: Backward tracing start the emulation of the target and immediately
begins the recoding of target status information until the trigadd is
reached.
Argument: <trig add> address of processor where the emulation is to be stopped.
< start add> address of processor indicating that only trace information
indicating that only true information whose address is letter than equal
to it are recorded.
<qualifier> A one letter specified that indicates the type of cycle .A-Int
ack W-memory write s-opcode fetch.
15. Upload command:
Syntax: Transfers the processors memory content to host in intel/tlktronix format
Argument: <range> range of the memory block to be transferred
<format> A one - letter specifies the format in which the data is to be
uploaded
Letter Type
I Intel Hex format
T teptronix format
16. Reset Command(x):
Syntax: X
Summary: Reset the target processor.
17. Disassemble Command (z):
Syntax:
Z address
Z range
Summary: Shows unassembled instructions
Argument:
< address>shows unassembled instructions starting from <address>
< range>shows unassembled instructions within the <range>
18. Download Command (: or /):
Summary:
Receives and stores the Processors memory Content from host in
Intel/Tektronix format
19. Help command (H):
Syntax: H
Summary: Displays a summary of available commands.
20. Attention Command (!):

Syntax:
!
Summary:
To display the target processor type currently being emulated.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IC 7408:
B 1 14 VC
C
B 0 2 13 B
4A 3 12 7B
0B 4 11 3A
1B 5 10 3B
5A 6 9 6B
GN 1 7 8 2A
D 2
CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR:
POWER
SUPPLY
HOST
SYSTEM
ESA ICE-1 MICRO
INCIRCUIT PROCESSOR
EMULATOR KIT (8085)
RS 232C SERIAL
COMMUNICATION

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) was studied.

EX.NO:3
PC INTEGRATION
DATE:
AIM:
To integrate the different computer peripherals and components that is given to make
a PC.
COMPONENTS REQURIED:
THEORY:
USER GUIDE:
THE SYSTEM CASE AND THE POWER SUPPLY:
A good power supply means that the components receive steady, even power and a
good cooling system means that the components do not overheat. The power supply must be
compatible with the motherboard. The power supply motherboard and power supply will
conform to the ATX standard. A prime consideration for power supply is the wattage output.
Power supply must have a connector for each device that to be connected, including the
motherboard.

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

Most of the new computer comes with a Intel Pentium 4 processor or an Intel Celeron
processor or an AMD athlon XP processor. 64-bit processor is also now available. Essentially it
will do double the work that a 32-bit processor can do in a single clock cycle.
MOTHERBOARD:
Most motherboard today is high power and tends to be bundled with the entire new
classic. The real important thing is that everything must be compatible with the motherboard.
The compatibility of the expansion slot and the number of expansion card slots should be
checked.
RAM (Random Access Memory):
Generally the saving is incredible and large amount of fast memory will improve the
performances. When RAM is unreliable it can contribute to crashes. The processor can
calculate all it wants but how quickly it is given information and how quickly it is retrained will
be controlled by the memory. If the motherboard supports dual channel, the RAM in a pair of
two can be used. The voltage of the memory is checked and matched to what the
motherboard supports.
GRAPHICS CARD:
The motherboard is checked for the expansion slots for graphics card. The video
include on the motherboard is usually sufficient for most tasks expect gaming a video related
work. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port runs at 1x, 2x, 4x and 8x is the speed of PCI slot, which
is usually most of the expansion slots will be PCI express run at 1).
HARD DRIVE:
There are two basic types of hard drive, IDE hard drive, and the faster and never SATA
drive. Most hard drives now are 40GB and up to about 500GB.
CD/DVD DRIVE:
There two drives are called optical drives. As for as speed goes 1x is the speed of the
first generation CD devices. It’s generally agreed upon as around 150kbps. A 48x CD-ROM
drive would then be 7200kbps. DVD-ROM drive uses the same measure except that a 1x DVD-
1 can read around 1,250kbps.
FLOPPY DRIVES:
Usually the 3-½ inch floppy drive with built in memory card, USB 2.0 and firmware. The
5-¼ drives can be used to access old floppies. These days a floppy drive is not entire

necessary. However being able to boot off of a floppy drive for diagnostically purpose can be
convenient in some ways than booting off a CD.
SOUND CARD AND SPEAKERS:
The sound card brands like creative offer the best high quality pieces of sound. The
sound card with a plug and play plug can support joystick. The speaker can have a subwoofer
sometimes sound capabilities include on the motherboard are more than adequate.
MONITOR:
A good LCD screen will be crisp and clear and may be easier on our eyes. Many people
recommend CRT screens, which are sold lower costs for the equivalent size and resolution flat
panel display are not always visible for certain angles or look odd from others resolution that
flat panel screen are different from flat screen flat screen only means the surface of the
viewing surface is flat as opposed to flat panel screens which are only an inch or so thick.
KEYBOARD AND MOUSE:
The Logitech and Microsoft brands don’t break down as easily and Logitech has the
finger printer and I/O pen device, for writing hand written notes optical mice, don’t need to
be cleaned out. For an ordinary computer a generic mouse and keyboard may be fine.
DAIL-UP MODEMS:
Most modems now are stick speed modem it is advisable to get a 56k card to expiree
the faster connection speeds the ISP (Internet Service Provider) can provide. Two predefine
standard exist V.90 and V.92. The different is that V.92 has some extra features that allow to
stop the internet connection temporary and receive a call Mac also has a new USB
connectable modem with polycarbonate plastic, so it won’t break.
STEPS INVOLVED IN ASSEMBLING A PC:
OPENING THE EMPTY CASE:
Two side panels can be individually removed after undoing the screws. Some cases
have a one-piece outer corner in shape of an upside of an upside down’U’.
FITTING THE MOTHERBOARD:
The case with a slide-out tray, process a very elegant way to install the motherboard
and all of its components. Some cases have a mounting plate fixed permanently to the plate.
In the type, case should be first laid on its side.
Next, screw in the spacer mounts fixing the motherboard cases is normal designed to
accept any motherboard. The available holes are compared with the ones the motherboard
to determine where to fit threaded spaces.
INSTALLING THE CPU AND COOLER:

First the CPU is inserted in its socket do this, the small lever at the side of the is raised.
If the CPU is examined from under these is a pin missing at one corner. This corner is matched
with the corner on the socket where is a hole missing. The processor is knifed in this way to
make sure, it is inserted correctly once the process is installed the leaner is locked back down.
Then the thermal pate or a thermal pad is applied to the top of the CPU. This will help
to transfer heat from the processor to the cooler.
MOUNTING THE COOLER:
A cooler made of copper is recommended, since this material is a very efficient heat
conductor. There are two type of cooler one suitable for both socket A1456 and socket 370,or
one first for socket 423 (Pentium 4).
FAN POWER CONNECTION:
The connector lead for the fan has three wires. Two of these easy the power, the third
is used for monitoring the speed of the fan. Therefore, the BIOS is always aware of the speed
at which the fan is running.
INSTALLING THE RAM:
The RAM must be suitable for the motherboard these are currently three types of RAM
available. SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM and RDRAM. The RAM is line up with its slot before installing
it. Then, the module is carefully pressed into the slot. The notch will snap into its key as soon
as one side is seated correctly.
GRAPHICS SOUND AND NETWORK CARDS:
Graphics cards are usually fitted in the AGP slot provided specifically for this purpose.
These are brown in color in contract to the PCI slots and are generally located in the center of
the motherboard. Select a PCI slots for each of other plug-in cards including the sound card.
Before fitting an expansion card, remove the appropriate slot insert from the back panel of
the case.
INSTALLING THE HARD DISK AND FLOPPY DISK:
Two screws per side on each drive are used. Hard disk running at 7,200 rpm can
quickly reach temperature in excess of 50 c. therefore there should be some space above
them to prevent heat buildup. The power supply fan is normally powerful enough to provide
adequate air circulation inside the case.

INSTALLING THE CD-ROM DRIVE:

Installing a CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk. If the metal panels of the
case are pre-stamped it should be either taken out using metal cutter or knocked out using
force. When we have opened it, we can feed the CD-ROM drive in and screw it into place.
CONNECTING THE CABLES:
There are two main cable type 34-pin cable for the floppy drive and the 40-pin IDE
cable (with 80 wires) for the hard disk and CD cable are always color-coded to show
pin1.mast drive also provide some kind of identification for pin1. if this is not the case, then
pin is the one next to the power plug.
DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS:
Power supplies are fitted with at least five plugs for delivering power to the drive a
splitter cable provides two connectors from a single one. The corners of the plug and sockets
are keyed to ensure correct polarity floppy drives have smaller plugs, which are easily
recognized among the cables coming from the power supply recognized among the cables
coming from the power supply. Finally there is the large ATX plug that plugs into the power
socket on the motherboard. ATX12 or P6 should be connected where required.
FRONT PANEL CONNECTORS:
All motherboard group the pins that provide front panel functions at bottom right of
the board. The reset and ON/OFF switch will works no matter how they are connected but
the LEDs will not light up if they are connected in reverse polarity. If the disk active is heard
but the LED does not light, they simply reverse the plug.

Mother Board Diagram:
Mother board architecture diagram
Components
1. System Case ( with SMPS)

2. Motherboard
3. RAM
4. Processor
5. Processor Fan
6. Hard Disk Drive
7. Floppy Disk Drive
8. CD-ROM Drive
9. Power Cord
10. Mouse
11. Keyboard
12. Monitor
13. IDE and Floppy Data Cables
14. Power Cords

Backside Connector:

FINAL CHECK:
Now all the components are fitted and connected. Before booting the system we have
to recheck everything
Consider the following:
 Motherboard jumper configuration
 Drive jumper settings
 Processor, RAM modules and plug-in cards are firmly seated in their sockets.
 All the cables are plugged properly
 The power cable have been connected to all drives
After checking all of the above, the pc can be started and operating system can be
installed. Before calling technical service, a little common sense may help to solve simple
hardware and software problems.
STEPS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING AFTER ASSEMBLING:
STEP 1: Restart the computer; many software problems will correct themselves when the
computer is restarted.
STEP 2: Check the cables. If keyboard is not working make sure its plugged in. if mouse is not
responding make sure it’s plugged in.
STEP 3: Check the electric power. Plug a loop into the same power outlet that’s connected to
your computer to make sure the outlet is working.
SYEP 4: Make sure the computer and monitor are plugged in.
STEP 5: Disconnect peripherals device such as a printer or external zip disk and restart the
computer.
STEP 6: Listen for unusual sounds. Check whether the cooling fan is running. Check whether
the hard drive is making noises.
STEP 7: Look inside the computer for wires that aren’t plugged in all the way or other fault
connection.
STEP 8: Start the computer from an external start-up disk, such as the system software CD
that can with your system.

TIPS AND WARNINGS:

 Note down the exact problem, what you were doing when it occurred and error
message before calling tectonically support.
 Computer tends to crash or hang when their hard disks become too full. Free up space
by deleting in necessary files and emptying the trash or recycle bin.
 When working inside the computer, turn the power off but leave the electrical card
plugged into the surge suppressor. Ground yourself by touching the casing of the
power supply before touching any of the computer circuit.
TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
The different components of the PC are integrated.

EX.NO: 4
HARD DISK PARTITIONING
DATE:
AIM:
To partition the given hard disk into multiple drives.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC with CD-ROM
2. Bootable CD with fdisk utility
3. Hard disk of capacity 20GB
THEORY:
Disk partition is creation of logical drive upon a hard disk operating system allow users
to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions. Partitioning a hard disk drive defines specific
areas within the disk. A partition may constitute an entire logical drive are it may form a part
of large virtual drive which could span over several partition and hard disk.
Partitioning makes it possible to create several file system (either of same type or of
different) on single hard disk. Some of the commonly used file systems are
1. FAT (File Allocation Table)
2. VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)
3. NTFS (new Technology File System)
4. FAT 32 (32 bit File Allocation Table)
A hard disk would contain either as many as four primary partitions or one to three
partitions along with a single extended partition. Each of these partitions are described
by a 16-byte entry in the partition table which is loaded in the partition table which is
loaded in the master boot record the type ‘A’ partition is identified by a byte code
found in partition table entry. Most of the operating system use “fdisk” command to
create hard disk partitions.

PRIMARY PARTITION:
A primary (or logical) partition contains one file system, it may be NTFS or FAT file
system. The first partition (c :) must be a primary partition.

EXTENDED PARTITION:
An extended partition is secondary to the primary partition. A hard disk may contain
only one extended partition, which can then be sub-divided into logical drives each of which
(under dos and windows) assigned additional drive letters. Extended partition is useful if you
want more than four partitions on a single physical drive.

MICROSOFT WINDOWS PARTITION SCHEME:

With Microsoft windows, the standard partitioning scheme is to create a single active
primary partition, the c: drive, where the operation system user data, applications and page
fill all reside. Some users how’re, prefer to create multiple partition so that the operating
system can be stored separately from other kind of data.
UNIX PARTITION:
For Unix-based and Unix-like operating system such as Linux and Mac os x, the
creation of separate partition for lboot,lhome,ltmp,luser,lvar,swap and all remaining file
under the “/” (root directory) is possible.
HARD DISK PARTITIONS:
This procedure explains how to setup a new hard disk. Before a new hard disk can be used it
needs to be setup. This involves partitioning and formatting the hard disk. Windows 98 or ME
boot disk contains the required software to perform this procedure. FDISK.EXE and
FORMAT.COM are the files required in your bootable floppy disk.
Start the partition and format procedure by booting your PC using a Windows boot disk.
Make sure you set the BIOS so that the boot sequence is set to detect the floppy disk first. If
your system has no problems booting you will be presented with a Windows boot disk menu.
This gives you the option to start the system with or without CD-ROM support. At this stage
you do not need the CD-ROM support, so choose the option to boot without CD-ROM
support. You should end up in the MS DOS prompt A: (A drive). From A: command prompt
type fdisk. You will be presented with following message:
Choose “Y” to enable large disk support. You will now be presented with the FDISK main menu
as shown below:
From the menu, choose option 1 - Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive. Another menu will
present the following options.
Choose option 1 - Create primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your drive and
will ask you if want to use the maximum available size of your hard disk to create the primary
partition and set it active. To keep things simple we will create one large partition. Choose “Y”
to use maximum available space.
When the partition has been created successfully you will be notified by the system. Your drive
is now known as C: (C drive). Press “Esc” to return to the menu. Press “Esc” again to exit FDISK.
You need to restart your system for the changes to take effect. Leave boot disk in the drive.
When the system reboots, choose start without CD-ROM from the boot disk menu. While
booting from floppy disk you might get error message like “Invalid media type reading drive C”
this is OK for this stage as the hard disk is not formatted. If you want to create extended DOS
partitions, specify the size of the partitions in the bytes for primary partition. And remaining
space can be utilized to create logical drives in the extended partition.
SCREEN SHOOTS:

SCREEN SHOOTS:

SCREEN SHOOTS:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
The given hard disk was partitioned according to the requirements.

EX.NO: 5
INSTALLATION OF OS [XP]
DATE:
AIM:
To install Windows XP Professional in a system.
INSTALLATION STEPS:
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to
install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition. Since Windows
XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to demonstrate the installation
procedure.
The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a clean
installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check Windows XP
Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your hardware is not on
the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures website to download the
drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto floppy disks or CD before you
start the installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD are bootable. In order to boot from CD/DVD-ROM you need
to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS setup and make sure
that the first boot device is set to CD/DVD-ROM. You can then perform the following steps to
install Windows XP:
Step 1: Insert your Windows XP bootable disk
Step 2: How to boot from a CD
On most home computers, you will want to shut down your station. After the station is off, you can
restart it. While the station is restarting, begin pressing the F12 key over and over again. This will
take you to the boot options menu.
Now that you are in the boot options menu, you will need to use the arrow keys on your keyboard to
move over the choice for an Onboard or USB CD-ROM Drive. Press Enter.
After you have pressed Enter, most Windows XP disks will prompt you to press any key to boot from
the CD. When this appears, you will have only a few seconds to press any key on the keyboard.
Step 3: Beginning the Process
After you have chosen to boot from the CD, you will have to wait a few minutes. The disk will check
your hard drive to see if windows XP is currently installed on it. After the disk has made its check you
should see a screen like the one in the first picture on this page.
You will want to press Enter because you are planning on installing Windows XP on your system. If

you realize that you have data on your hard drive and need to back it up, now would be the time to
press F3 and exit the installation program to back it up.
Step 4: Licensing Agreement and Begin Setup
The next page that you will see is the Windows XP Licensing Agreement. On this page, you can take
the time to read through the agreement, but it is just saying that you will not be breaking any laws
using this product. Just hit F8 (to agree) and move on to the next step in the installation.
After pressing F8, you will come to the beginning of the Windows XP setup. On this page, press the
Esc key on the keyboard. This will tell the program not to try and repair the current installation.
Step 5: Deleting the current Partition
The next step in installing Windows XP is to delete the old partition on the hard drive. scroll over the
C: partition that is current on the hard drive. The next thing need to do is click the D key. This will
tell the program that you want to delete the current partition.
After click the D key, press the L key to confirm the deletion of the partition of the hard drive.
Step 6: Beginning the Install
Now deleted the old partition, need to be sure that partition is selected and press the Enter key. This
will tell the program to install Windows XP on that partition.
Step 7: Choosing the Type of Installation
In this step, choose whether want to have system do a quick installation or a standard installation. For
the purposes of this set of instructions, choose to do a standard installation.
After choosing method of installation, to press the Enter key to continue to the installation.
Step 8: Allowing Windows XP to Install
This step will probably be the longest step. After pressed the Enter key in the last step, that the
program is running the installation.
Over time, the progress bar will move across the screen, as shown where the progress bar is at twenty-
five percent. After the Installation has finished placing the file system on the hard drive, see the
program restart your computer. Do not be alarmed at this. It will boot back up
Step 9: Choosing your Keyboard Layout, organization, and Computer Name
The first screen that will come up will be a screen for select the language and keyboard style that you
wish to use for your new installation of Windows XP. Choose to use the English Language and the US
keyboard layout. Select any configuration that are comfortable with and then press the Next button.
The next thing the program will ask for is the name and organization that this installs is affiliated with.
fill this in with information. After filling in the information, press the Next button.
When the next screen comes up, want to choose the name you want to give to your computer and the
password the Administrator of the computer will have. Press the Next button.
Step 10: Choosing your Time Zone

Now see the area for to choose the time and date to be set on the computer. This will correspond to the
Time Zone in which you live. Pick which ever you would like from this menu.
After choosing the Time Zone, need to make sure the time is correct. This can be done by checking
the time.
Step 11: Waiting for Installation to continue
Now need to wait for the installation to continue before do anything more.
Step 12: Display Settings
The installation will prompt to improve the display settings. Need to press the OK button for this to
continue.
After pressing the OK button, see another box appear. This box will want you to press the OK button
also.
Step 13: Protecting your Computer and giving it a User
After pressing OK in the last step, you will see the Microsoft Windows welcome screen appear. On
this page, you will want to press the next button at the bottom right.
Now you will see a screen prompting you to protect your PC. You will want to decide if you want
Windows XP to have automatic updates on or not. choose to have the system do automatic updating to
save from the hassle of having to be sure the computer's user remembers to update the computer. After
making your choice, you will need to press the next button in the bottom right.
Now you will be prompted to give the computer a user.
Step 14: Finishing the Installation
After pressing the next button, see a Thank you screen. On this screen you will need to press Finish.
Now see that the computer has logged you in for the first time.

Steps to install Windows XP:



TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Operating System (XP) was installed in the system.

EX.NO: 6
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
DATE:
AIM:
To perform Communication through Serial port of two PC’s using RS-232 pin and
establish connection in between them.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
o Pentium based workstations(2 PC)
o RS – 232 pin
SERIAL COMMUNICATION:
The main feature indicated here is that to make the computer to chat with the modem
rather than another computer. The guest & host computer connected through the TD, RD, and
SG pins. Any data that is transmitted through TD line from the Host to Guest is received on
RD line. The Guest computer must have the same setup as the Host. The signal ground (SG)
line of the both must be shorted so that grounds are common to each computer.
Connection Diagram :
The Data Terminal Ready (DTR) is looped back to Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect
on both computers. When the Data Terminal Ready is asserted active, then the Data Set Ready
and Carrier Detect immediately become active. At this point, the computer thinks the Virtual
Modem to which it is connected is ready and has detected the carrier of the other modem.
All left to worry about now is the Request to Send and Clear To Send. As both
computers communicate together at the same speed, flow control is not needed thus these two
lines are also linked together on each computer. When the computer wishes to send data, it
asserts the Request to Send high and as it is hooked together with the Clear to Send, It
immediately gets a reply that it is ok to send and does so. The Ring indicator line is only used
to tell the computer that there is a ringing signal on the phone line. As we do not have, a
modem connected to the phone line this is left disconnected.
RS 232:
To know about the RS232 ports available in your computer, Right click on "My
Computer", Goto 'Properties', Select tab 'Device Manager', go to Ports( COM & LPT ), In that
you will find 'Communication Port(Com1)' etc. If you right click on that and go to properties,
you will get device status. Make sure that you have enabled the port (Use this port is selected).
How to program the Serial Port using C/C++?
There are two popular methods of sending data to or from the serial port in Turbo C.
One is using outportb (PORT_ID, DATA) or outport (PORT_ID, DATA) defined in “dos.h”.
Another method is using bioscom () function defined in “bios.h”.
Using outportb ():
The function outportb () sends a data byte to the port ‘PORT_ID’. The function
outport() sends a data word. These functions can be used for any port including serial port,
parallel ports. Similarly to receive data these are used.
 inport reads a word from a hardware port
 inportb reads a byte from a hardware port
 outport outputs a word to a hardware port
 outportb outputs a byte to a hardware port
Declaration:
 int inport(int portid);
 unsigned char inportb(int portid);
 void outport(int portid, int value);
 void outportb(int portid, unsigned char value);
Remarks:
 inport works just like the 80x86 instruction IN. It reads the low byte of a
word from portid, the high byte from portid + 2.
 inportb is a macro that reads a byte
 Outport works just like the 80x 86 instructions OUT. It writes the low
byte of value to portid, the high byte to portid + 1.
 outportb is a macro that writes value Argument
Portid:
 Inport- port that inport and inportb read from;

 Outport- port that outport and outportb write to
Value:
 Word that outport writes to portid;
 Byte- that outportb writes to portid.
If you call inportb or outportb when dos.h has been included, they are treated as macros
that expand to inline code.
If you don't include dos.h, or if you do include dos.h and #undef the macro(s), you get
the function(s) of the same name.
Return Value:
# inport and inportb return the value read
# outport and outportb do not return
For more details of these functions read article from beondlogic.com
Using bioscom:
The macro bioscom () and function _bios_serialcom() are used in this method in the
serial communication using RS-232 connecter. In this method, same function is used to make
the settings using control word, to send data to the port and check the status of the port. These
actions are distinguished using the first parameter of the function. Along with that we are
sending data and the port to be used to communicate.
Declaration:
bioscom(int cmd, char abyte, int port)
_bios_serialcom(int cmd ,int port, char abyte)
bioscom() and _bios_serialcom() uses the bios interrupt 0x14 to perform various
communicate the serial communication over the I/O ports given in port.
cmd: The I/O operation to be performed.
cmd (boiscom) cmd(_bios_serialcom) Action

0 _COM_INIT Initialise the parameters to the port
1 _COM_SEND Send the character to the port
2 _COM_RECEIVE Receive character from the port
3 _COM_STATUS Returns the current status of the
communication port

PROGRAM :
#include <bios.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define COM1 0
#define DATA_READY 0x100
#define SETTINGS ( 0x80 | 0x02 | 0x00 | 0x00)
int main(void)
{
int in, out, status;
bioscom(0, SETTINGS, COM1); /*initialize the port*/
cprintf("Data sent to you: ");
while (1)
{
status = bioscom(3, 0, COM1); /*wait until get a data*/
if (status & DATA_READY)
if ((out = bioscom(2, 0, COM1) & 0x7F) != 0) /*input a
data*/
putch(out);
if (kbhit())
{
if ((in = getch()) == 27) /* ASCII of Esc*/
break;
bioscom(1, in, COM1); /*output a data*/
}
}
return 0;
}

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the communication between two systems was established through the serial port
using RS-232 pin.

EX.NO: 7
BASIC LAN SETUP (PC to PC)
DATE:
AIM:
To connect two PCs to create a simple Peer-to-Peer LAN or workgroup. To share a
folder on one workstation and connect to that folder from the other workstation.
REQUIREMENTS:
i) Pentium-based workstations (PCs) with a NIC in each
ii) One CAT 5 Crossover cable to connect two workstations without a hub.
iii) An Ethernet Hub (12 or 24 port) and a CAT 5 straight through cable for each
work station.
THEORY:
Local Area Network (LAN) is a high-speed communications system designed to link
computers and other data processing devices together within a small geographic area, such
as a workgroup, department, or building. Several LANs can also be interconnected within a
campus of buildings to extend connectivity (also called a Wide Area Network or WAN). This
allows users to electronically share vital computing resources, such as expensive hardware
(e.g. printers and CD-ROM drives), application programs, and information.
PROCEDURE:
Two PCs (or workstations) will be connected directly to each other from one Network
Interface card (NIC) to the other NIC using a crossover cable.
Step 1 - Check Local Area Network (LAN) Connections
Verify that you are using the right type of cable. A twisted pair crossover cable is used to
connect two workstations together by RJ45pin.
Step 2 – Identifying NICs and Windows Networking Options
Check to be sure that you have the following networking Components installed:
 Client for Microsoft Networks.
 The NIC adapter (small NIC icon).
 The TCP/IP Protocol (small network cable connection icon).
 File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Step 3 - TCP/IP Protocol Settings
Use the Class C network address of 200.150.100.0 and set the value of the last octet to equal
that of the PC #. Set the default subnet mask on each workstation to 255.255.255.0. Make
sure that you are configuring the lowest-numbered NIC
Click on the Start button, then follow the menu to Settings > Network and Dial-up
Connections Right-click on the Local Connection icon and go to properties.
If the Local Area Connection Properties does have Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) go to
Configuring TCP/IP. If the Local Area Connection Properties does not have Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), you will need to install it using the Install button.
The "Select Network Component Type" dialog box will appear.
 Select "Protocol" and click on Add. The enumeration of the protocols will take a
minute or so.
 Select "Microsoft" from the left panel and select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) from the
right panel.
 Click the OK button.
Configuring TCP/IP:
You can configure the TCP/IP properties by clicking on the properties button in the
Local Area Connection dialog box.
Select "Obtain and IP address automatically" and Clark Connect Office will automatically
assign an IP address for you.
Alternatively, you can choose "Use the following IP address:" and enter the IP address,
subnet mask, default gateway and DNS server addresses. If you have more than three DNS
servers, use the advanced button at the bottom of the dialog box to specify the addresses
and the order in which they are used.
Step 4 - Check the TCP/IP Settings with the Ipconfig /all Utility
Click on Start, Programs and then select the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the ipconfig /all
command to see all TCP/IP related settings for the workstation.
Check the results of the IPCONFIG command from your workstation:
1. Host name
2. MAC Address
3. IP address
4. Subnet Mask
Step 5 - Check the network connection with the Ping Utility
Click on Start, Programs and then the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the Ping command followed by
the IP address of the other workstation. (Example - ping 200.150.100.1).
Explanation: This will verify that you have a good OSI Layers 1 through 3 connections.
Was the Ping successful?

Step 6 - Creating and Sharing File Folders

Right-click on my computer icon and choose explore from the short-cut menu.
 Select local disk (C :)
 From the file menu select new then folder. When the new folder Is created, name it
using your first initial and your last name.
 Right-click on the folder and select share
 Select the share this folder option button
 Click on the Permissions button and change Everyone’s permission to read only.
 Open notepad and create a new file. Name the file using your NetBIOS name Test.
Save the file in the shared folder.
Crossover Cable
PIN Wire Colour
1 White with Green Stripe
2 Green with White Stripe
3 White with Orange Stripe
4 Blue with White Stripe
5 White with Blue Stripe
6 Orange with White Stripe
7 White with Brown Stripe
8 Brown with White Stripe
Crossover cable diagram:

IP Address:
Ping Diagram for reply and request time out:
File Sharing diagram:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus LAN connection was established to two system using RJ45 pin and Twisted Pair
Cable.

EX.NO: 8
BASIC LAN SETUP (Using HUB or SWITCH)
DATE:
AIM:
To connect two PCs to create a simple Peer-to-Peer LAN or workgroup. To share a
folder on one workstation and connect to that folder from the other workstation.
REQUIREMENTS:
i) Pentium-based workstations (PCs) with a NIC in each
ii) One CAT 5 Crossover cable to connect two workstations without a hub.
iv) An Ethernet Hub (12 or 24 port) and a CAT 5 straight through cable for each
work station.
THEORY:
Local Area Network (LAN) is a high-speed communications system designed to link
computers and other data processing devices together within a small geographic area, such
as a workgroup, department, or building. Several LANs can also be interconnected within a
campus of buildings to extend connectivity (also called a Wide Area Network or WAN). This
allows users to electronically share vital computing resources, such as expensive hardware
(e.g. printers and CD-ROM drives), application programs, and information.
Local Area Networks implement shared access technology. This means that all of the
devices attached to the LAN share a single communications medium, usually a coaxial,
twisted-pair, or fiber-optic cable.
A physical connection to the network is made by putting a network interface card (NIC)
inside the computer and connecting it to the network cable. Once the physical connection is
in place, the network software manages communications between stations on the network.
Each LAN has its own unique topology, or geometric arrangement. There are three
basic topologies: bus, ring, and star. Most LANs are a combination of these arrangements.
In a bus topology all of the devices are connected to a central cable or backbone.
In a ring topology the devices are connected in a closed loop so that each device is
connected to two others, one on either side. This kind of topology is robust; that is, one

device's failure will probably not cause total network failure.
In a star topology the devices are all connected to a central hub, which forwards data towards
its final destination
Depending on the topology and media that are used, as well as the protocols (formats for
transmitting data) that are implemented, a LAN can permit data transfer rates of up to 100
Million bps.
PROCEDURE:
All PCs on the same row will be connected with a switch. Using a switch allows for
more than just two workstations to be connected. Switches can have anywhere from four to
twenty four ports.
Step 1 - Check Local Area Network (LAN) Connections
Verify that you are using the right type of cable. Each work station will connect to the switch
using a straight through cable.
Step 2 – Identifying NICs and Windows Networking Options
Go to Control Panel, Network and dialup connections. You should be able to see three icons:
1. Highest-Numbered NIC which is used to connect your PC to the college network.
This NIC is enabled by default; however, you have to disable it before you do any
labs. Right-click on it and choose disable from the short cut menu. Now you are
disconnected from the college network (you can’t browse the web and you can’t
print)
2. The Lowest-Numbered NIC which is used to connect you to the Cisco lab. This NIC
is disabled by default and has to be enabled when you do the labs. Right-click on it

and enable it. Notice that you might get the IP address conflict message. If so, just
click OK out of it as this problem will be fixed in Step 4.
3. The third NIC will not be used.
Right click on the lowest-numbered NIC and choose properties from the shortcut menu.
Check to be sure that you have the following networking Components installed:
 Client for Microsoft Networks.
 The NIC adapter (small NIC icon).
 The TCP/IP Protocol (small network cable connection icon).
 File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Step 3 - Change the NetBIOS Name
Right-click my computer icon and choose properties. Select the network identification tab.
Click the properties button. In the computer name textbox, change the name to Station#
(where # could be anything from 1-24 depending on the location of the PC).Leave the default
workgroup name as WORKGROUP.
Step 4 - TCP/IP Protocol Settings
Use the Class C network address of 200.150.100.0 and set the value of the last octet to equal
that of the PC #. Set the default subnet mask on each workstation to 255.255.255.0. Make
sure that you are configuring the lowest-numbered NIC
Click on the Start button, then follow the menu to Settings > Network and Dial-up
Connections Right-click on the Local Connection icon and go to properties.
If the Local Area Connection Properties does have Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) go to
Configuring TCP/IP. If the Local Area Connection Properties does not have Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), you will need to install it using the Install button.
The "Select Network Component Type" dialog box will appear.
 Select "Protocol" and click on Add. The enumeration of the protocols will take a
minute or so.
 Select "Microsoft" from the left panel and select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) from the
right panel.
 Click the OK button.
Configuring TCP/IP
You can configure the TCP/IP properties by clicking on the properties button in the
Local Area Connection dialog box.

Select "Obtain and IP address automatically" and Clark Connect Office will automatically
assign an IP address for you.
Alternatively, you can choose "Use the following IP address:" and enter the IP address,
subnet mask, default gateway and DNS server addresses. If you have more than three DNS
servers, use the advanced button at the bottom of the dialog box to specify the addresses
and the order in which they are used.
Step 5 - Check the TCP/IP Settings with the Ipconfig /all Utility
Click on Start, Programs and then select the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the ipconfig /all
command to see all TCP/IP related settings for your workstation.
Check the results of the IPCONFIG command from your workstation:
5. Host name
6. MAC Address
7. IP address
8. Subnet Mask
Step 6 - Check the network connection with the Ping Utility
Click on Start, Programs and then the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the Ping command followed by
the IP address of the other workstation.(Example - ping 200.150.100.1).
Explanation: This will verify that you have a good OSI Layers 1 through 3 connections.
Was the Ping successful?
Step 7 - Creating and Sharing File Folders
 Right-click on my computer icon and choose explore from the short-cut menu.
 Select local disk (C :)
 From the file menu select new then folder. When the new folder Is created, name it
using your first initial and your last name.
 Right-click on the folder and select share
 Select the share this folder option button
 Click on the Permissions button and change Everyone’s permission to read only.
 Open notepad and create a new file. Name the file using your NetBIOS name Test.
Save the file in the shared folder.

Patch Cable
PIN Wire Colour
1 White with Orange Stripe
2 Orange with White Stripe
3 White with Green Stripe
4 Blue with White Stripe
5 White with Blue Stripe
6 Green with White Stripe
7 White with Brown Stripe
8 Brown with White Stripe
Patch cable diagram:
IP Address:

Ping Diagram for reply and request time out:
File Sharing diagram:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus LAN connection was established to two or more systems using RJ45 pin and
Twisted Pair Cable.

EX.NO: 9
INTERFACE TWO PCS USING ECP
DATE:
AIM:
To interface two PC using ECP and perform file transfer using direct cable connection
feature of Windows OS.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PCs
2. ECP cable
3. connecting wires
THEORY:
EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced Capability Port) is a standard signaling

method for bi-directional parallel communication between a computer and peripheral
devices that offers the potential for much higher rates of data transfer than the original
parallel signaling methods. EPP is for non-printer peripherals. ECP is for printers and scanners.
EPP/ECP are part of IEEE Standard 1284 , which also specifies support for current signaling
methods (including Centronics, the de facto standard for printer communication) so that both
old and new peripherals can be accommodated.
The new standard specifies five modes of data transfer. Three of them support the older
mono-directional modes (a forward direction method from PC to Centronics printer and two
reverse direction methods from peripheral to the PC). The fourth and fifth modes, EPP and
ECP, are bi-directional signaling methods, meaning that they are designed for back-and-forth
communication. Partly because these are being implemented in hardware, EPP and ECP will
provide much faster data transfer. The first three methods offer an effective data transfer
rate of 50 to 100 kilobytes per second. EPP and ECP offer the possibility of rates "in excess of
1 megabyte per second," according to Warp Nine, a chip manufacturer.
In order to get the maximum advantage of EPP/ECP, both operating system (or an I/O port
controller, or both) and peripheral device must support the standard. Initially, you may get
the best effect from EPP and a Zip drive . Even printers that support ECP are limited by the
mechanical aspects of printing. Nevertheless, even users of the compatibility modes of
Standard 1284 are also expected to see some benefit in data transfer to and from
peripherals.
Windows operating systems have built-in support for IEEE 1284 in their parallel plug and play
feature. Windows also supports ECP in forward direction, assuming you have a printer and a
parallel port with ECP. It is likely that other vendors will provide ECP or EPP software for other
operating systems.

PROCEDURE:
To Make a Direct Cable Connection
1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network Connections.
2. Under Network Tasks, click Create a new connection, and then click Next.
3. Click Set up an advanced connection, and then click Next.
4. Click Connect directly to another computer, and click Next.
5. Choose the role this machine will play in the communication. If this computer has the
information to which you need to gain access, click Host. If this computer will access
information from the other computer, click Guest.
To Set Up the Host Computer
1. Click the connection device that you want to use for this connection (a parallel or serial
port, or an infrared port), and then click Next.
2. Grant access to the users who are allowed to connect by selecting the appropriate
check boxes, and then click Next.
3. Click Finish to end the configuration process.
BIOS Setup:
ECP DMA Select: If you select ECP or EPP plus ECP as your parallel port mode above,
then this option is made available to you. With it, you can select which DMA (Direct
Memory Access) channel you want it to use. Recommend the default setting of 3.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus interface two PC using ECP and perform file transfer using direct cable connection
was performed and the output was verified.

EX.NO: 10
CIRCUIT TRACING USING MULTIMETER
DATE:
AIM:
To trace a given circuit board and draw the schematic using Multimeter and continuity
test mode.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Circuit board
2. Multimeter
3. connecting probes.
THEORY:
One of the main uses for multimeters whether they are analogue multimeters or
digital multimeters, DMMs is to test and fault find circuits. Multimeters are ideal items of test
equipment for finding many faults in a circuit. However to use a multimeter to test a circuit
and find faults it is necessary to have a little knowledge about the circuit, and also to adopt a
logical approach in tracking down any faults that may exist.
The first step when looking at tracing any faults and testing a circuit of any sort is to look for
the obvious or major faults. Fortunately most faults with electronics equipment are relatively
major and therefore easy to find. Accordingly the first step in any fault finding is to look for
the major problems.
1. Check the supply to the circuit: The first steps in checking the circuit are to ensure
that it has power being supplied to it. This is easily done using a multimeter set to a
voltage range. Measure the voltage using a multimter at the points where the supply
enters the circuit board. If the multimeter indicates that there is no supply voltage
then there can be a number of possibilities to investigate:
o Battery could be flat if the equipment is battery powered

o On-off switch faulty. This can be checked by disconnecting any power source
and checking for continuity across the switch
o Corroded connector. One common problem is that connectors become
corroded with time and connections can become very poor, especially of the
equipment has not been used for some time. To overcome this it can help to
unplug and then re-mate the connector.
o Check for any broken wiring that would prevent the power reaching the circuit
board.
2. Check the outputs from the board: In the same way that broken connections may
exist for the power line, the same may be true of the outputs from the board. Again it
is worth checking any connectors that may have corroded or oxidised with time, and
check for any broken connections.
3. Check the inputs to the circuit: Likewise, if the signal inputs are not reaching the
board then it will not be able to perform. Again any switches, and connectors along
with any broken wires should be checked. Often a multimeter can be used to check the
continuity of the wires, but first ensure there is no power applied to the circuit.

By using a multimeter for the fault finding, it is possible to find many of the obvious faults
that can occur. If the problem cannot be found, and it appears that the correct power is
reaching the transistor circuit, and the inputs are all connected and present as well as the
output lines being intact, then further fault finding on the transistor circuit board itself may
be needed. Again a multimeter can assist in this.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take the circuit board of which you want to test the continuity.
2. Map the traced tracks and corresponding electronic components soldered on them.
3. Turn the knob on the multimeter towards the continuity section.
4. Testing leads should be connected to the multimeter in the same manner as shown in
the image below.
5. Select the metallic path of which you want to check the continuity and place one
testing lead at the starting terminal and another at the other.
6. After placing the leads on their position the multimeter will produce a continuous
beep sound indicating that track is continuous and there is no breakage in the track.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus trace of a given circuit board using Multimeter and continuity test mode was
performed and the output was verified.

EX.NO: 11
FORMATING AND PARTITIONING OF SATA HDD
DATE:
AIM:
To format and partition the given SATA hard disk into multiple drives.
REQUIREMENTS:
4. PC with CD-ROM
5. Bootable CD
6. SATA Hard disk
THEORY:
Disk partition is creation of logical drive upon a hard disk operating system allow users
to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions. Partitioning a hard disk drive defines specific
areas within the disk. A partition may constitute an entire logical drive are it may form a part
of large virtual drive which could span over several partition and hard disk.
Partitioning makes it possible to create several file system (either of same type or of
different) on single hard disk. Some of the commonly used file systems are
5. FAT (File Allocation Table)
6. VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)
7. NTFS (new Technology File System)
8. FAT 32 (32 bit File Allocation Table)
A hard disk would contain either as many as four primary partitions or one to three
partitions along with a single extended partition. Each of these partitions are described
by a 16-byte entry in the partition table which is loaded in the partition table which is
loaded in the master boot record the type ‘A’ partition is identified by a byte code
found in partition table entry. Most of the operating system use “fdisk” command to
create hard disk partitions.

PRIMARY PARTITION:
A primary (or logical) partition contains one file system, it may be NTFS or FAT file
system. The first partition (c :) must be a primary partition.
EXTENDED PARTITION:
An extended partition is secondary to the primary partition. A hard disk may contain
only one extended partition, which can then be sub-divided into logical drives each of which
(under dos and windows) assigned additional drive letters. Extended partition is useful if you
want more than four partitions on a single physical drive.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS PARTITION SCHEME:
With Microsoft windows, the standard partitioning scheme is to create a single active
primary partition, the c: drive, where the operation system user data, applications and page
fill all reside. Some users how’re, prefer to create multiple partition so that the operating
system can be stored separately from other kind of data.
UNIX PARTITION:
For Unix-based and Unix-like operating system such as Linux and Mac os x, the
creation of separate partition for lboot,lhome,ltmp,luser,lvar,swap and all remaining file
under the “/” (root directory) is possible.
HARD DISK PARTITIONS:
This procedure explains how to setup a new hard disk. Before a new hard disk can be used it
needs to be setup. This involves partitioning and formatting the hard disk. Windows 98 or ME
boot disk contains the required software to perform this procedure. FDISK.EXE and
FORMAT.COM are the files required in your bootable floppy disk.
Start the partition and format procedure by booting your PC using a Windows boot disk.
Make sure you set the BIOS so that the boot sequence is set to detect the floppy disk first. If
your system has no problems booting you will be presented with a Windows boot disk menu.
This gives you the option to start the system with or without CD-ROM support. At this stage
you do not need the CD-ROM support, so choose the option to boot without CD-ROM
support. You should end up in the MS DOS prompt A: (A drive). From A: command prompt
type fdisk. You will be presented with following message:
Choose “Y” to enable large disk support. You will now be presented with the FDISK main menu
as shown below:
From the menu, choose option 1 - Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive. Another menu will
present the following options.
Choose option 1 - Create primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your drive and
will ask you if want to use the maximum available size of your hard disk to create the primary
partition and set it active. To keep things simple we will create one large partition. Choose “Y”
to use maximum available space.
When the partition has been created successfully you will be notified by the system. Your drive
is now known as C: (C drive). Press “Esc” to return to the menu. Press “Esc” again to exit FDISK.
You need to restart your system for the changes to take effect. Leave boot disk in the drive.
When the system reboots, choose start without CD-ROM from the boot disk menu. While
booting from floppy disk you might get error message like “Invalid media type reading drive C”
this is OK for this stage as the hard disk is not formatted. If you want to create extended DOS
partitions, specify the size of the partitions in the bytes for primary partition. And remaining
space can be utilized to create logical drives in the extended partition.

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
The given hard disk was partitioned according to the requirements.

EX.NO: 12
SIMULATION OF A GIVEN CIRCUIT USING SIMULATOR
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate a given circuit using circuit simulator.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. Simulator software
THEORY:
Electronic circuit simulation uses mathematical models to replicate the behavior of an

actual electronic device or circuit. Simulation software allows for modeling of circuit
operation and is an invaluable analysis tool. Due to its highly accurate modeling capability,
many Colleges and Universities use this type of software for the teaching of electronics
technician and electronics engineering programs. Electronics simulation software engages the
user by integrating them into the learning experience. These kinds of interactions actively
engage learners to analyze, synthesize, organize, and evaluate content and result in learners
constructing their own knowledge.
Simulating a circuit’s behavior before actually building it can greatly improve design efficiency
by making faulty designs known as such, and providing insight into the behavior of electronics
circuit designs. In particular, for integrated circuits, the tooling (photomasks) is expensive,
breadboards are impractical, and probing the behavior of internal signals is extremely
difficult. Therefore, almost all IC design relies heavily on simulation. The most well known
analog simulator is SPICE. Probably the best known digital simulators are those based on
Verilog and VHDL.
Some electronics simulators integrate a schematic editor, a simulation engine, and on-screen
waveforms, and make “what-if” scenarios easy and instant. They also typically contain
extensive model and device libraries. These models typically include IC specific transistor
models such as BSIM, generic components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and
transformers, user defined models (such as controlled current and voltage sources, or models
in Verilog-A or VHDL-AMS). Printed circuit board (PCB) design requires specific models as
well, such as transmission lines for the traces and IBIS models for driving and receiving
electronics.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the simulator software.
2. Drag and place the components in the workspace.
3. Save the file.
4. Run the circuit and get the output value.
5. Check the obtained output with the designed part.
6. Stop the execution of the file.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus simulation of a given circuit using circuit simulator was performed and the output
was verified.

EX.NO:13
NETWORKING OF BLUETOOTH DEVICES
DATE:
AIM :
To network the Bluetooth devices using Bluetooth interface.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Laptop
2. Bluetooth devices
THEORY:
The Bluetooth wireless networking standard has been around since the 1990s. It’s not
as popular on the PC as it is on the Mac, considering that a lot of PC laptops don’t bother
coming with Bluetooth hardware. Even so, Bluetooth exists as a wireless standard for
connecting peripherals and for wireless networking.
Bluetooth networks often operate as a single connection, or a Bluetooth network may involve
many devices. Bluetooth also allows for a scheme known as Bluetooth pairing where devices
can quickly associate.
The Bluetooth specification defines a variety of forms of Bluetooth network
connection that may be set up. In this way Bluetooth networking is a particularly flexible form
of wireless system for use in a variety of short range applications.
Bluetooth network connection basics
There are a variety of ways in which Bluetooth networks can be set up. In essence
Bluetooth networks adopt what is termed a piconet topology. In this form of network, one
device acts as the master and it is able to talk to a maximum of seven slave nodes or devices.
The limit of seven slave nodes in a Bluetooth network arises from the three bit address that is
used. This number relates to the number of active nodes in the Bluetooth network at any
given time.
Bluetooth scatternets
Bluetooth network connections are also able to support scatternets, although because
of timing and memory constraints this form of Bluetooth network has rarely been
implemented. For a Bluetooth scatternet, a slave node or slave device is able to share its time
between two different piconets. This enables large star networks to be built up.
Bluetooth connection basics
The way in which Bluetooth devices make connections is more complicated than that
associated with many other types of wireless device. The reason for this is the frequency
hopping nature of the devices. While the frequency hopping reduces the effects of
interference, it makes connecting devices a little more complicated.
Bluetooth is a system in which connections are made between a master and a slave.
These connections are maintained until they are broken, either by deliberately disconnecting
the two, or by the link radio link becoming so poor that communications cannot be
maintained - typically this occurs as the devices go out of range of each other.
Within the connection process, there are four types of Bluetooth connection channel:
 Basic piconet channel: This Bluetooth connection channel is used only when all 79
channels are used within the hop-set - it is now rarely used as the Adaptive piconet
channel is more often used as it provides greater flexibility.

 Adapted piconet channel: This Bluetooth connection channel is used more widely
and allows the system to use a reduced hop-set, i.e. between 20 and 79 channels.
Piconet channels are the only channels that can be used to transfer user data.
 Inquiry channel: Theis Bluetooth connection channel is sued when a master device
finds a slave device or devices within range.
 Paging channel: This Bluetooth connection channel is sued where a master and a
slave device make a physical connection.
Bluetooth pairing
In order that devices can connect easily and quickly, a scheme known as Bluetooth
pairing may be used. Once Bluetooth pairing has occurred two devices may communicate
with each other.
Bluetooth pairing is generally initiated manually by a device user. The Bluetooth link
for the device is made visible to other devices. They may then be paired.
The Bluetooth pairing process is typically triggered automatically the first time a device
receives a connection request from a device with which it is not yet paired. In order that
Bluetooth pairing may occur, a password has to be exchanged between the two devices. This
password or "Passkey" as it is more correctly termed is a code shared by both Bluetooth
devices. It is used to ensure that both users have agreed to pair with each other.
The process of Bluetooth pairing is summarized below:
 Bluetooth device looks for other Bluetooth devices in range: To be found by other
Bluetooth devices, the first device, Device 1 must be set to discoverable mode - this
will allow other Bluetooth devices in the vicinity to detect its presence and attempt to
establish a connection.
 Two Bluetooth devices find each other: When the two devices: Device 1 and device 2
find each other it is possible to detect what they are. Normally the discoverable device
will indicate what type of device it is - cellphone, headset, etc., along with its Bluetooth
device name. The Bluetooth device name is the can be allocated by the user, or it will
be the one allocated during manufacture.
 Prompt for Passkey: Often the default passkey is set to "0000", but it is advisable to
use something else as hackers will assume most people will not change this.
However many more sophisticated devices - smartphones and computers - both users
must agree on a code which must obviously be the same for both.
 Device 1 sends passkey: The initiating device, Device 1 sends the passkey that has
been entered to Device 2.
 Device 2 sends passkey: The passkeys are compared and if they are both the same, a
trusted pair is formed, Bluetooth pairing is established.
 Communication is established: Once the Bluetooth pairing has occurred, data can be
exchanged between the devices.
Once the Bluetooth pairing has been established it is remembered by the devices, which can
then connect to each without user intervention.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the device is powered on, has its Bluetooth radio on, and is
discoverable.
For the simplest Bluetooth devices, you merely turn on the gizmo and push a
button (often the Power button) to ensure that the device is active. Being
discoverable means that the device is broadcasting itself as available.
2. On your computer, click the Bluetooth icon in the notification area.
3. Ensure that the Bluetooth adapter is turned on.

In Windows 7, choose the menu item Turn Adapter On; in Windows Vista, the item
is named Turn Bluetooth Adapter On. If you don’t see that command on the menu,
the adapter is on and you’re ready to go.
4. Add the Bluetooth device.
In Windows 7, choose the command Add a Device.
In Windows Vista, choose the command Add a Bluetooth Device.
The window that appears is named Add a Device in Windows 7, or Pair with a
Wireless Device in Windows Vista.
If you don’t see the device you want to pair with, wait a few seconds. If necessary,
touch the Power button or Bluetooth button, or somehow reactivate the device as
discoverable.
5. Choose the device from those listed in the window.
6. Click the Next button.
7. If prompted, obey the directions on the screen to enter the passkey to ensure that the
devices are paired securely.
For example, you may be asked to type a number on the screen by using the Bluetooth
keyboard and then press the Enter key (on the Bluetooth keyboard). For a smart
phone, you may be asked to confirm that a PIN is the same on both your computer and
the phone.
Some devices, such as a wireless mouse, don’t require a passkey; they simply connect
and are ready to use (though the device may not be usable until you complete the
next, final step).
8. Click the Close button after the devices are paired.
You can now use your Bluetooth device with your computer.
After the device is paired, it effectively becomes a peripheral to your computer, just like any
other peripheral ― but it’s wireless!
 Bluetooth peripherals paired with your PC can be turned on or off at any time. Turning
on a paired device again instantly reestablishes the wireless connection.
 To use a Bluetooth gizmo with another computer, you must unpair it.
 An extra screen appears in the pairing process when pairing your computer with
another Bluetooth computer. Use that screen to choose which of the other computer’s
hardware you want your computer to use, such as its microphone, speakers, Internet
connection, or whatever is available.

 On a smartphone, you need to turn on the Bluetooth radio as well as set the phone to
be discoverable. The steps for accomplishing this feat are unique and confusing for all
cellphones.
 Pairing with a smartphone allows you to use that phone’s Internet connection, to use
the phone itself to make phone calls, to listen to music on the phone, or to make use
of any of a bunch of interesting features, depending on the phone.
TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the networking of Bluetooth devices using Bluetooth interface was performed.

EX.NO:14
TROUBLESHOOTING PRINTER PORT
DATE:
AIM:
To troubleshoot printer port problem using logical analyzer and multimeter.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Printer Port
2. Multimeter
3. Logical analyzer
4. Bread board
5. Connecting wires
THEORY:
One of the most common sources of printing problems is the printer cable. Cable
problems are also the easiest to diagnose and correct.
If you examine the cable connecting the printer to the computer, chances are find a
36-pin Centronics connector on the end attached to the printer and a 25-pin D-type
connector attached to the parallel port of your computer, which is called the printer port or
LPT port.
The default printer port for most software is usually LPT1. If there are multiple parallel
ports in your machine, they will be designated LPT1, LPT2, and so on.
There have been several enhancements to the capabilities of the parallel port since the
days of the IBM XT machines. The original ports were unidirectional, which meant that they
could send data but couldn’t receive it. They could, however, receive status information from
the printer. These signals—such as paper out, busy, or error—control the flow of data to the
printer.
The printer has a data buffer that receives the data from the computer and supplies it to the
printer at a rate that the printer can accept. The signals from the printer to the parallel port
turn on and off this flow of data.
Each of the 25 conductors on your printer cable is important to the proper operation
of your printer. A bad cable can produce all sorts of strange printing problems.

Consider several issues when examining a printer cable. Normal wear and tear can damage
one or more of the wires or pins in the connectors. (The Centronics connector seems to be
more vulnerable to damage than the D-type connector.) Look for obvious damage to the
cable and its connectors, although a bad cable will often show no signs of damage. Make sure
that the cable isn’t passing near a source of electrical interference. The longer the cable, the
more susceptible it will be to electrical interference.
A late-model computer with a parallel port that supports ECP/EPP modes and use a
modern, fast printer that can take advantage of it, be sure to connect them with a high-
quality IEEE 1284 compliant cable. The price will seem high for a printer cable, particularly
when compare it with the lowest priced cables, but it’s worth the money.
The fastest way to troubleshoot a cable with no obvious defects is to substitute a known good
cable and see if the problem goes away.
Procedure:
1. Connect the printer port cable with logical analyzer.
2. Check the signals.
3. Trace the port with multimeter and diagnosis the problem.
4. Identify and troubleshoot the problem.

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the printer port problem has troubleshooted using logical analyzer and
multimeter.

EX.NO: 15
ADDING AN OUTPUT PORT
DATE:
AIM:
To add an output port by using 8255 ports as address and data lines and displaying the
output in seven segment LED
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8085 microprocessor kit with 8255
2. Bread board
3. IC 74ls138 (Decoder)
4. IC 74ls373 (Latch)
5. IC 74ls04 (Not gate)
6. 7-segment led (Common anode)
7. Connecting wires
8. 26-pin ribbon cable with insulated displacement connector (IDC)
THEORY:
Input/output ports are an interfacing circuit and they are used to do connect
input/output devices to the microprocessor. Input devices convert the input signals into
corresponding digital signal (binary form) for the microprocessor. Examples for just few
devices are keyboard, toggle switches, converters, etc,, output devices convert the binary
form from the microprocessor into useful form.
Example for such output devices are printers, CRT displays, D/A converters, seven
segment displays, etc., as been, I/O ports are interfacing circuits. The basic requirements of
an interfacing network are address allocations; timing and control .The basic steps to be
followed in adding on I/O ports to the microprocessor are as follows. Choose an appropriate
I/O port address. It should not interface with the port address of the other resources address
that is already present in the board. For example 8255 has a port address of F0 to F3 (U3) and
D8 to DB (U4).
 8279 has port address of D0 and D7
 8251 has port address of Ca and C7

PIN DESCRIPTION OF DECODER (IC 74138):
PIN DESCRIPTION OF LATCH (IC 74373):
PIN DESCRIPTION OF NOT (IC 7404):

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit consists of output port and output port unit. The output port contains the
decoder, NOT gate and the latch. The output unit contains the 7-segment LED.
2. The output port is selected using 8-bit address.
3. The address lines A0, A1 and A2 are given to the decoder in pins and A0, A1 and A2 to
select the appropriate output pins.
4. The address lines A3, A4 and A5 are used for enabling decoder through the pins E3, E2
and E1 respectively.
5. The address lines A6 and A7 are not used and hence grounded.
6. Since the decoder output is low and the latch enable signal (OE) is high, not gate is
used to convert the low signal into high signal to enable the latch.
7. The port is designed to enable the latch when the output pin(O2) of the decoder is
selected. Thus the address for the designed port is set (OAH).
8. The latch is enabled when the latch enable pin (OE) is activated (high) and the data in
the data bus is transferred to the latch.
9. The output control signal (OC) is grounded so that the latch is enabled; the data is
available in the output unit.
10. The port A of 8255 is used as address lines and ports is used as data lines.
11. Thus the port A is connected to the decoder through which address is sent to select
the appropriate output pin (O2) of the decoder.
12. Port B is connected to the input side of the latch through which the data to be
displayed is sent to the latch.
13. The 7-segment LED is connected to the other side of the latch to display the data.

SEVEN SEGMENT LED DISPLAY (COMMON ANODE):
ADDRESS MAPPING:
ADDRESS LINES HEXA DECIMAL

A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 VALUE
CONTROL WORD FORMAT FOR 8255:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Value
LED DISPLAY DETAILS:
SEVEN-SEGMENT PINS HEXA DECIMAL

DATA DISPLAY
h g f e d c b a VALUE

EXECUTION PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The 8255 IC is initialized by configuring the port-A and port-B.
3. Port-A and port-B is configured as output ports and thus the value 80H is loaded in the
control word registers.
4. The hexadecimal value of the data to be displayed in the 7-segment LED is sent to the
port-B.
5. The address for the designed port (27H) is sent to the port-A.
6. As soon as the address reaches the decoder, the output pin (O2) gets selected.
7. The low signal (O2) is converted into the high signal by the NOT gate and the latch
Enable signal (OE) gets activated (high).
8. Now the data in the data bus (Port-B) gets into the latch.
9. Since the output pin (OC) is generated, the data in the latch is displayed on the 7-
Segment LED.
KIT CONNECTOR DETAILS OF 8255:
PIN DESCRIPTION PIN DESCRIPTION

1 14
2 15
3 16
4 17
5 18
6 19
7 20
8 21
9 22
10 23
11 24
12 25
13 26

PROGRAM:
TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
The output port was designed using 8255 ports as address lines and data lines with
output unit as seven-segment LED display.

EX.NO: 16
INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8
DATE:
AIM:
To install Windows 8 on a new partition in a PC.
Things Needed Before Starting Installation

 Windows 8 Installation Media.
 Windows Product key (Optional as you can install without Product key and activate windows
later).
 Hardware Drivers those are compatible with windows vista. If not download drivers from
manufacturer's website.
 If you are reinstalling, backup your personal data.
INSTALLATION STEPS:
1. Boot your computer from the DVD. How to boot from DVD helps you to change the boot priority to
DVD. Most of the Windows 8 Installation Media are bootable and hence it can use for booting from
DVD.
2. Steps to install Windows 8:

Steps to install Windows 8:




TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Windows 8 on a New Partition was successfully installed.

EX.NO: 17
HOT AND COLD TEST
DATE:
AIM:
To perform hot and cold tests for the given components
REQUIREMENTS:
(i) Analog multimeter
(ii) CRO with component testing facility
COMPONENTS GIVEN FOR TETSING:
Resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors
HOT TEST:
It is one in which we test the components with power
COLD TEST:
It is one in which we test the components without power
TEST PROCEDURE:
RESISTOR:
Resistors are inactive or passive components and it poses no polarity. The value of a
resistor can be found out by the different color coatings on the resistors. There are 4 color
coatings in a resistor. Three on one side indicates the value of the resistor and it is
determined by the following code.
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
The color coating on the other side gives the % of tolerance.
Silver 5% tolerance
Gold 10% tolerance

The size of the resistor varies according to the power ratings. When a faulty
component is identified it has to be replaced with another proper resistor whose power
rating is greater than or equal to that of the present one.
In order to test the resistor with a multimeter, we have to make initial adjustments.
The faults that can occur in a resistor are
1. Permanent short
2. Open circuit
A very low zero resistance is observed if it short circuited and infinite resistance when
open circuit. If it is a good one then there should no be any change in the resistor value.
CAPACITORS:
Capacitors are passive components. There are 3 different types of Capacitors:
monolithic, disc and electrolytic. Electrolytic capacitors have polarity.
The value of the capacitors is found out by the number 10 x 104 pF. The electrolytic
capacitance value of 1 F and it can be up to any farads.
The size of the capacitor differs with voltage rating. When greater voltage rating than
the specified one is applied to the capacitor, then it will be burst out. When a faulty
component is identified, it has to be replaced with another proper capacitor whose voltage
rating is greater than or equal to that of the present one.
DIODES AND TRANSISTORS:
In case of an analog multimeter we assume that the polarity in the leads is reversed
with that consideration if anode is given –ve and cathode is given +ve and if the multimeter
shows a high resistance, then it is a good diode.
For a transistor when emitter is given –ve and base +ve and the multimeter shows a
low resistance then it is NPN type transistor.
Then two types of faults that can occur in a diode are short circuit and open circuit.
When it is open circuited, we get high resistance in both bias condition. Similar types of faults
occur in transmitter also.
COMPONENT TESTER MODE OF CRO:
The CRO gives linear characteristics curve for a good resistor.

Then tested with a CRO, a good electrolytic capacitor shows an elliptical curve.
A good monolithic or disc capacitor shows horizontal line.

A good diode shows the forward and reverse characteristics in the respective bias
condition.
Similarly we can obtain the characteristic curve for a transistor.
Symbolic Representation:
Resistor Value Calculation:

CRO Output diagrams:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
The hot and cold tests of the given components were done.

EX.NO: 18
SMPS LOAD TESTING
DATE:
AIM:
To test the Power Supply Unit using Multimeter for checking the voltage.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. A Multimeter
2. A Power Supply Unit
3. A Screw Driver
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the computer case. This involves turning off the computer and removing the side panel
of the computer case. Take your computer to a free place where you have ample space to work
with your computer.
Note: Do not unplug all the peripherals that have been connected from PSU. This will be also
useful to check the voltage under the CPU load.
2. Check the voltage setting of the computer.
3. Turn ON your multimeter and set the dial to Volts setting. Keep turning the dial until reach
the range to 10.00V.
Note: The multimeter should be set properly so that it can display the correct voltage that is
flowing through the wires.
4. Now we will test the 24 pin connector that supplies the current to the entire mother board.
Connect the negative probe(Black) of the multimeter to any ground wired pin i.e. connect it to
the point where the black color wire from the PSU connects and connect the red wire to the
wire terminal which is tested as shown.
The black probe is inserted into the black wire terminal and the red wire is inserted into the
wire terminal which has to be tested.
9. Switch ON the computer. Now the multimeter will start to show some values. Take note of
the values. The different color wires carry different voltages. Mostly 4% limit within the
prescribed voltage is acceptable.

PSU voltage tabulation
Wire Normal Voltage under

color voltage load
Orange +3.3V +3.17 to 3.43V
Black Ground
Red +5V +4.8 to 5.2V
Purple +5V Standby
Yellow +12V +11.52 to 12.48V
Now run any program or game which will make the system to run at full load. Now take down
the readings. The readings should fall between the ranges that are specified in the table.
6. Testing is done. Based on the results you can either buy a new PSU or confirm that your
PSU is doing well.
SMPS Diagram:

Multimeter Reading Values:

TOTAL MARKS
CRITERIA
MARKS OBTAINED
Aim & Procedure 5
Output & Result 5
Viva 5
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Power Supply Unit was checked and the voltage was measured using
Multimeter.

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Department of CSE Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 1

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 2

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 3

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 4

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LOGICAL ANALYSER SETUP

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 5

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 6

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 7

20. Attention Command (!):

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 12

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 13

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 14

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 15

INSTALLING THE CPU AND COOLER:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 17

INSTALLING THE CD-ROM DRIVE:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 18

Mother Board Diagram:

Mother board architecture diagram

1. System Case ( with SMPS)

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 19

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 20

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 21

TIPS AND WARNINGS:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 22

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 23

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 24

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 25

MICROSOFT WINDOWS PARTITION SCHEME:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 27

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 28

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 29

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 30

Step 1: Insert your Windows XP bootable disk

Step 2: How to boot from a CD

Step 3: Beginning the Process

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 31

Step 4: Licensing Agreement and Begin Setup

Step 5: Deleting the current Partition

Step 6: Beginning the Install

Step 7: Choosing the Type of Installation

Step 8: Allowing Windows XP to Install

Step 9: Choosing your Keyboard Layout, organization, and Computer Name

Step 10: Choosing your Time Zone

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 32

Step 11: Waiting for Installation to continue

Step 12: Display Settings

Step 13: Protecting your Computer and giving it a User

Now you will be prompted to give the computer a user.

Step 14: Finishing the Installation

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 33

Steps to install Windows XP:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 34

Steps to install Windows XP:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 35

Steps to install Windows XP:

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 36

Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting Laboratory – Observation 37

 Inport- port that inport and inportb read from;

cmd (boiscom) cmd(_bios_serialcom) Action