Dimple Alvarado

“Metals”
7- Mendeleev
Gold(Au)

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of
the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish
yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11
element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold
often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial
deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also
naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold
tellurides).Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which
forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has
long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also
dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam
alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction.

Copper(Cu)

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft,
malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface
of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a
building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry,
cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and
thermocouples for temperature measurement.Copper is one of the few metals that occur in nature in
directly usable metallic form (native metals) as opposed to needing extraction from an ore. This led to
very early human use, from c. 8000 BC. It was the first metal to be smelted from its ore, c. 5000 BC, the first metal to be cast into a
shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.

Aluminum(Al)

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-
white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about
8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most
abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of
aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and
limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different
minerals. Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the
phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and important in transportation and
building industries, such as building facades and window frames.[7] The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of
aluminium.

Silver(Ag)

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-
Indo-European h₂erǵ: "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any
metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as
an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most
silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.Silver has long been
valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold, while it is more abundant than
gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal.[5] Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described
as "0.940 fine". As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures.

Nickel(Ni)

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with
a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered
to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to
react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further
corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in
ultramafic rocks and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when
outside Earth's atmosphere.
Dimple Alvarado
“Non Metals”
7- Mendeleev
Nitrogen(N)

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by
Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had
independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his
work was published first. The name nitrogène was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude
Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier
suggested instead the name azote, from the Greek άζωτικός "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name
is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, and Turkish, and appears in the English names
of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds. Nitrogen is the lightest
member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. The name comes from the Greek πνίγειν "to choke", directly
referencing nitrogen's asphyxiating properties. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total
abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.

Carbon(C)

Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is
nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It
belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable,
while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.Carbon is one of the few
elements known since antiquity.Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the
fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's
abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the
temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second
most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.

Oxygen(O)

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen
group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms
oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most
abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and
pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas
with the formula O2 Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element
makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.

Phosphorus(P)

Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an

element, phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red
phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free
element on Earth. With a concentration of 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant
pnictogen in the Earth's crust. Other than a few exceptions, minerals containing
phosphorus are in the maximally oxidized state as inorganic phosphate rocks.

Selenium(Se)

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with
properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table,
sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. It rarely occurs in its elemental state or
as pure ore compounds in the Earth's crust. Selenium (from Ancient Greek σελήνη (selḗnē)
"Moon") was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who noted the similarity of the new
element to the previously discovered tellurium (named for the Earth). Selenium is found in metal
sulfide ores, where it partially replaces the sulfur. Commercially, selenium is produced as a
byproduct in the refining of these ores, most often during production. Minerals that are pure
selenide or selenate compounds are known but rare. The chief commercial uses for selenium
today are glassmaking and pigments. Selenium is a semiconductor and is used in photocells.
Applications in electronics, once important, have been mostly replaced with silicon semiconductor devices. Selenium is still used in a
few types of DC power surge protectors and one type of fluorescent quantum dot.
Dimple Alvarado “Metalloids”
7- Mendeleev
Boron(B)

Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray
spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in the
Solar system and in the Earth's crust.[11] Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of
its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially
as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known boron deposits are in Turkey, the
largest producer of boron minerals. Elemental boron is a metalloid that is found in small amounts in
meteoroids but chemically uncombined boron is not otherwise found naturally on Earth.
Industrially, very pure boron is produced with difficulty because of refractory contamination by
carbon or other elements.

Silicon(Si)

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard and brittle
crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre; and it is a tetravalent metalloid and
semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium,
tin, and lead are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its large chemical affinity for
oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize
it in pure form. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C respectively are the second-
highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being only surpassed by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the
universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands,
planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate
minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.

Germanium(Ge)

Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard,
grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and
silicon. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Like
silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom
appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of
chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust.
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on
his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens
Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element
somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions
for a relative of silicon.

Arsenic(As)

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in
many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure
elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. It has various allotropes, but only the gray
form is important to industry. The primary use of metallic arsenic is in alloys of lead
(for example, in car batteries and ammunition). Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in
semiconductor electronic devices, and the optoelectronic compound gallium arsenide
is the second most commonly used semiconductor after doped silicon.

Polonium(Po)

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly
radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and
tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the
periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its
natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of
138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though
slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce. Today,
polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth.
Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and
radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only.