raul Cagunava

daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebisa

da moRvaweobis bolo oTxwleulis
qronologiisaTvis

daviT IV aRmaSeneblis (1089-1124) saocrad energiulma saxelmwifo

da samxedro saqmianobam Tavis mwvervals misi cxovrebis bolo period-
Si miaRwia. am garemoebaze yuradReba gaamaxvila daviTis istorikosma,
romelmac istoriul TxzulebaSi `cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisi daviTisi~
sakmaoდ didi adgili dauTmo aRniSnuli periodis detalur aRweras
da teqstis Sesabamis monakveTs erTgvar Sesavlad Semdegi sityvebic ki
waumZRvara: `ganicadeniT-Ra oTxTa amaT welTa qmnilni misni, romelTa
mravlisagan mciredTa megulebis Tqumad~1.
qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT daviTis istorikosTan teqstis bolo
monakveTSi moyvanili TariRebi TiTqos srul ndobas imsaxureben, vinai-
dan mocemuli periodis ambebi faqtobrivad ori wesiT aris daTariRe-
buli. aqedan pirveli – wlebis rigobriv aTvlas iTvaliswinebs, xolo
meore – qoronikonuri wlebiT aRricxvas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc
qvemoT vaCvenebT, am daTariRebebSi SeimCneva garkveuli Seusabamobebi.
yovelive es teqstSi gaparuli garkveuli Secdomis Sedegi unda iyos,
romelic gamovlenasa da Sesworebas moiTxovs.
cxovrebis teqstSi qoronikonuri daTariReba ratomRac mxolod
pirveli sami wlis aRsaniSnavad aris moyvanili. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
vfiqrob, mizanSewonilia daviTis gardacvalebis TariRis ganxilvac,
romelic uSualod teqstis saanalizo monakveTSi ar aris moyvanili,

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-

1

viT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I, Tbilisi, 1955; cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa davi-

Tisi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi
daurTo mzeqala SaniZem, Tbilisi, 1992.

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raul Cagunava

magram faqtobrivad gansaxilveli periodis zeda qronologiur zRvars

warmoadgens.
qoronikonuri aRricxvis konkretuli magaliTis ganxilvisas wi-
naswar dazustebas moiTxovs teqstSi yoveli axali weliwadis dasawyisi.
amgvari dazustebis saWiroebas ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom aqamde, k.
kekeliZis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, aseT dasawyisad 1 marti iyo miRe-
buli. bolo drois gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, qoronikonuri wlis dasawyi-
si 1 martis nacvlad 1 ianvari iqna miCneuli2. es naTlad Cans Tundac
teqstis saanalizo monakveTidan, sadac yovelwliuri ambebis gadmocema
upiratesad zamTriT, e. i. ianvriT iwyeba. ase magaliTad, pirveli wlis
ambebis Txrobisas sawyis movlenaTa msvlelobas adgili aqvs zamTris,
konkretulad ki ianvarsa da Tebervlis pirvel naxevarSi, vinaidan mom-
devno movlenebis TariRad jer 14 Tebervali da mxolod amis Semdeg
marti aris dasaxelebuli. aseve gamokveTilad ianvris sawyisoba miTi-
Tebulia meore wlis ambebis gadmocemisasac. pirvel welTan dakavSire-
buli Semajamebeli winadadebis `ese erTisa wlisa¡s~ Semdeg, meore wlis
ambebis Txroba iwyeba sityvebiT `masve zamTarsa~, sadac sityva `masve~
ixmareba im garemoebis aRsaniSnavad, rom mimdinare wlis ianvari (Tu Te-
bervali) imave sezons ganekuTvneba, rasac wina wlis dekemberi. am wle-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, oTxwleulis bolo wels ambebis Txroba martidan
iwyeba dmanisis aRebiT, rac imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom im wels aqtiu-
ri moqmedebebi daviTma dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamozamTrebis Semdeg,
aRniSnul TveSi daiwyo.
wlis sawyis Tved ianvarze miuTiTebs agreTve daviTis gardacvale-
basTan dakavSirebuli qoronikonuri daTariRebac, romlis Tanaxmadac
es momxdara 1125 wlis (780+345) 24 ianvars, SabaT dRes. qronologiur-ma-
Tematikurma gamoTvlebma gviCvenes, rom dasaxelebuli kalendaruli da
kviris dReebis Tanaxvdenas marTlac aqvs adgili, mxolod ianvris sti-
lis qoronikur weliwadi (martis SemTxvevaSi imave angariSiT 1125 wels
24 ianvari kvira dRes Tanxvdeba).
daviTis gardacvalebasTan erTad aRniSnuli TariRi saSualebas
iZleva dazustdes gansaxilveli periodis zeda qronologiuri zRvari.
kerZod, vinaidan 1125 wlis ambebis Txroba 24 ianvarze wydeba, cxadia,
rom saTvalavSi is ver moxvdeba. aqedan Cans, rom Tu mematiane daviTis
cxovrebis oTxwliani periodis ambebs gadmoscems, maSin Txrobis am mo-
nakveTs Semadgenel 1121-1124 wlebis farglebSi igulisxmebda. teqstSi

2
Чагунава P., О начальном месяце летоисчисления по грузинскому короникону, Caucasica,
vol. 6., 2003, с. 44-49.

302
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

moyvanili qoronikonuri daTariRebiT ki teqstis mocemuli periodis

pirveli da meore weli Seesabameba 340 da 341 qoronikons, anu 1120
(=340+780) da 1121 (341+780) wels. am ukanaskneli wlis bolo movlenad 12
agvistos didgoris brZola aris dasaxelebuli, xolo momdevno wlebis
daTariReba mxolod ori monacemiT aris warmodgenili: `xolo meore-
sa welsa aRiRo mefeman qalaqi tfilisi, pirvelsave omsa, oTxas wel
qonebuli sparsTa da daumk¢dra SvilTa T¢isTa saWurWled da saxlad
T¢sad saukunod. qronikoni iyo samas ormocdaori da meoresa welsa mi-
vida sultani Sarvans, Seipyra SarvanSa, aiRo Samaxia...~  3. e. i. didgoris
brZolidan `meoresa welsa, 342 qoronikons anu 1122 wels daviTma aiRo
Tbilisi, xolo Semdgom `meoresa welsa~, romelic 342 qoronikonidan
aTvliT 1123 wels unda gulisxmobdes, SirvanSi Semovida sultani. Tum-
ca momdevno movlenebi aRar aris daTariRebuli, magram isedac cxadia,
rom teqstis Txroba exeba 1123 wlis danarCeni Tveebis da 1124 sruli
wlis Sesabamisi ambebis aRweras.
qoronikonuri daTariRebiT, rogorc vxedavT, daviTis moRvaweobis
bolo periodi 1120 – 1124 wlebs da, maSasadame, xuT wels moicavs. e. i.
konkretulad avtoris mier gancxadebuli oTxi wlisagan is erTi wliT
gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda, ris Taobazec zogadad ukve aRvniSneT. amgva-
ri Seusabamobis miuxedavad, teqstis Sesabamisi monakveTis qronologia
Tanamedrove istoriografiaSic gaziarebuli iqna – dReisaTvis saqarT-
velos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi daviTis cxovrebis bolo periodis
anaTvali Sesabamisad xuTi wliT aris warmodgenili4.
Txzulebis qronologiuri monacemebisadmi amgvar damokidebulebas,
rogorc etyoba, xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom ucxoenovan
istoriul wyaroebSi didgoris brZolis da Tbilisis aRebis TariRebi
upiratesad Tanxvdeba an didad ar scildeba qoronikonuri daTariRebis
monacemebs. magaliTad, XII saukunis arabi istorikosebi al-azimi da ibn-
kalanisi Tbilisis aRebas hijris 515 wliT aTariReben5. vinaidan Cveni
welTaRricxviT es TariRi 1121 wlis 22 marts iwyeba da 1122 wlis
11  marts mTavrdeba6, Tbilisis aRebas isini 1121 wlis bolos an 1122 wlis
dasawyisSi gulisxmoben. al-farikis (gard. 1181 wlis Semdgom) Tanaxmad,

3
qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 342-343; cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 193.
4
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 208-209;
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 237-244.
5
g. jafariZe, rodis gaanTavisufla daviT aRmaSenebelma Tbilisi. litera-
turuli saqarTvelo, 3 maisi 1991, gv. 5.
6
Цибульский В., Современные календари стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Москва,
1964, c. 54.

303
raul Cagunava

didgoris brZolas adgili hqonda hijris 515 wels, xolo Tbilisis

aRebas imave wlis miwuruls, rac niSnavs, rom Cveni welTaRricxviT
didgoris brZola 1121 wlis agvistoSi moxda, xolo Tbilisi daviTma
1122 wels 10 martamde aiRo.
aseve erTi wliT, mxolod somxuri welTaRricxviT, aTariRebs orive
movlenas XII saukunis I naxevris somexi istorikosi maTe urhaeli. vinaidan
mis mier dasaxelebuli 570 weli 1121 wlis 19 Tebervals iwyeboda da
1122 wlis 18 Tebervals mTavrdeboda, Cveni daTariRebiT, didgoris
brZolas 1121 wlis agvisto Seesabameba, xolo Tbilisis aRebas 1122 wlis
dasawyisSi, 18 Tebervlamde hqonda adgili7.
qoronikonuri daTariRebis saimedobis aRiarebis miuxedavad ar SeiZ-
leba uyuradRebod iqnes datovebuli istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli is
mosazrebebi, romlebic am saimedobas erTvgvari eWvis qveS ayeneben. am
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `daviTis cxovrebis~ CvenTvis saintereso monak-
veTis fragmentis TariRebi ekuTvnis ara Txzulebis avtors, aramed
adreul redaqtors, romelmac es Txzuleba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ kre-
bulSi Seitana8. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoricxuli ar aris rom daTari-
RebebSi garkveuli Secdomebic iyos daSvebuli.
saanalizo monakveTis TariRebis sandooba SeiZleba Semowmdes am
teqstSive moyvanili avtoriseuli wlebis rigobrivi anaTvaliT. Tumca
yvela weli iq ar aris konkretulad aRniSnuli, magram maTi warmoCe-
na advilad SeiZleba Sesabamisi TveebiT da sezonebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romlebic teqstSi TariRis nacvladaa moyvanili.
aRniSnuli anaTvalis pirveli ori wlis sawyisi movlenebi, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, zamTris sezons da, maSasadame, ianvars Seesabameba. Ca-
vlili pirveli wlis dasasrulic gamokveTilad SemosazRvrulia Sema-
jamebeli fraziT `ese erTisa wlisa¡.~ rac Seexeba meore wlis bolo mo-
vlenas, misi dakonkreteba, rogorc irkveva, `meore welsas~ wakiTxvebze
aris damokidebuli. Tu davuSvebT, rom TviToeuli maTgani wina wlidan
aTvlas da, maSasadame, TiTo-TiTo wlis damatebas gulisxmobs, maSin ga-
modis, rom teqstSi rigiT mesame weli Tbilisis aRebas, xolo meoTxe
weli SirvanSi sultnis SemoWras ukavSirdeba. vinaidan Sirvanis qalaq
SemaxiaSi daviTis mier garemocul sultans sakmaod didxans mouxda
yofna, xolo iqidan samarcxvinod gaqceva man mxolod ivnisis wina Tve-
Si, e. i. maisSi SeZlo, mis Semosvlas am qveyanaSi adgili unda hqonoda
gazafxulze (es iqidan Cans, rom mis mier SirvanSas Sepyrobas, Semaxiis

7
g. jafariZe, rodis gaanTavisufla daviT aRmaSebelma Tbilisi, gv. 5.
8
cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 141-143.

304
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

aRebas, laSqriT jer `velTa¡T~ dgomas da Semdeg SemaxiaSi gamagrebas

sakmaod didi dro dasWirdeboda, miTumetes, rom sultanma SemaxiaSi
`Seiwrebulman SimSiliTa da Sewuxebulman wyuriliTa mraval dRe~ dayo).
rac Seexeba meoTxe wlis miwuruls, misi bolo movlenebi emTxveva Se-
modgomas, rodesac daviTi `gardavida geguTs, inadira, ganisuena, ganago
mandauri yoveli~.
teqstSi saanalizo periodis bolo wlad gamodis mexuTe weli. am
wlis sawyisi periodi dmanisis aRebiT aRiniSna, romelic dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi gamozamTrebis Semdeg, martis TveSi ganaxorciela daviTma.
rac Seexeba am wlis bolo movlenas, romelic qarTlSi yivCaRebisaTvis
zamTris sadgomis gamonaxvas iTvaliswinebda, es saqme daviTs jer kidev
zamTris dawyebamde, e. i. Semodgomaze unda moegvarebina.
xuTi wlis saanalizo periodisaTvis wlebis sxva raodenoba miiReba,
Tu pirvel `meoresa welsas~ wina welTan mimarTebaSi ar vigulisxmebT.
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom periodis rigiT meore wels xunanze laSqro-
bis, bardavis darbevis da didgoris brZolis Semdgom, daviTs Tbilisic
aeRo, xolo mematianes Sesabamisad xazi gaesva im garemoebisaTvis, rom
am bolo movlenasac imave `meoresa welsa~ hqonda adgili. am SemTxvevaSi
meore `meoresa welsa~ ukve wina wlidan, anu teqstis meore wlidan unda
iqnes aTvlili da is periodis rigiT mesame wels unda gulisxmobdes,
romelic sultanis SirvanSi SemoWrisa da Semdgom ganviTarebul mo-
vlenebs moicavs. bolo weli, romelSic movlenebis aRwera martis TviT
iwyeba, meoTxe wels warmoadgens da aRniSnul periodSi ukve mematianis
mier Tavidanve gancxadebul oTxwleuls gulisxmobs.
mocemul monakveTSi wlebis rigobrivi aTvlis aq warmodgenili ori
variantidan meore varianti TiTqos ufro axlos unda iyos WeSmarite-
basTan Semdegi mizezebis gamo: a) pirveli variantiT saeWvod Cans, rom
mocemuli periodis rigiT mesame wlis ganmavlobaSi daviTis energiuli
saqmianoba mxolod erTi (Tundac Zalze mniSvnelovani) RonisZiebiT –
Tbilisis aRebiT Semofargluliyo, maSin, rodesac fragmentis Sesaval-
Sive mematiane aRniSnavs, rom `mravlisagan mciredTa megulebis Tqu-
mado~; b) meore variantiT wlebis rigobrivi aTvlis Sedegad miRebuli
oTxwliani periodi zustad Tanxvdeba avtoris winaswarve gancxadebul
welTa ricxvs, rac am aTvlis monacemebis sandoobas kidev ufro metad
zrdis.
yovelive amis miuxedavad, erTmniSvnelovnad meore variantisadmi
upiratesobis miniWeba mainc ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli. mxedveloba-
Si misaRebia is garemoeba, rom pirveli variantis monacemebi zustad

305
raul Cagunava

emTxveva qoronikonuri aRricxvis TariRebs, rac udaod angariSgasawe-

via, es TariRebi avtors kidevac rom ar ekuTvnodes.
aseT saorWofo viTarebaSi sakiTxis sabolood gadawyvetisaTvis upi-
ratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba Cvens mier saanalizo fragmentis teqstSive
gamovlenil cnobas, romelic aqamde mkvlevarTaTvis ratomRac SeumCne-
veli rCeboda. avtori teqstSi sakmaod xSirad kalendarul dReebs maTi
Sesabamisi saeklesio dResasawaulebis saxelwodebebiT moixseniebs: `dRe
ivanobisa~, `bzoba~, `aRvseba~ an `zatiki~ da sxv.9, rac, Cveni azriT, kidev
erTxel adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom დავითის ისტორიკოსი სasuliero
piri unda yofiliyo. swored erT-erTi aseTi dRis dasaxeleba qvemoT
moyvanil teqstSi, zogierT monacemTan erTad, saSualebas iZleva da-
vadginoT Sesabamisi wlis TariRi. kerZod, oTxwleulad gancxadebuli
periodis pirvel, xolo qoronikonuri aRricxviT 1120 wels, daviTis
dasavleT saqarTvelodan qarTlSi moulodnelad gadasvlas da Turqma-
nebze Tavdasxmas misi istorikosi ase aRwers: `gardamoifrinva Teber-
valsa aToTxmetsa da ucnaurad daesxa zeda...... aRiRes tyue da alafi
uricxv, da movida Ranu£s da masve S¢deulsa pirmarxvasa dResa aiRo
Sarvans qalaqi yabala~10.
aRniSnul dRes citirebul teqstSi `pirmarxvis dRe~ Seesabameba,
romelic `S¢deulTan~ erTad winaswar ganmartebas moiTxovs. `pirmarx-
va~ ZvelqarTul teqstebSi arc Tu ise xSirad ixmareba da is didmarx-
vis pirs anu didmarxvis dasawyiss aRniSnavs.11 rac Seexeba `Svideuls~ is
upiratesad Svideulis, Svidi dRis anu kviris cnebas gamoxatavs. amasTan
erTad is sruliad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobiT ixmareba qronologiur-
maTematikur ZeglebSi, romlebSic im kviris dRes aRniSnavs, romelic
mzis 28-wlian ciklSi nebismieri wlis dasawyisis winadReze modis12.
`S¢deulis~ pirveli mniSvnelobisaTvis, citirebuli teqsti ise unda
gavigoT, rom daviTs qalaqi yabala auRia imave kviraSi (`masve S¢deulsa~),
romelic 14 Tebervalsac Seicavda. vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi konkretuli
dRe `pirmarxvis dRe~ aRmoCnda, is 14 TebervalTan erTad erTi da imave
kviris farglebSi Semaval dReebad unda miviCnioT. Tu davuSvebT, rom
teqstSi `S¢deuli~ sityva `dResas~ gareSe aris warmodgenili, rogorc

9
cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 159, 164, 181.
10
qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 338-339.
11
iqve, gv. 449; abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades,
gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes n. goguaZem, m. qavTariam da
r. Cagunavam, Tbilisi, 1998. gv. 444.
12
abuserisZe tbeli, gv. 466.

306
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

amas adgili aqvs ana dedofliseul (A) nusxaSi, maSin fraza `masve
S¢deulsa pirmarxvasa~ 14 Tebervals pirmarxvis S¢deulis Semadgenlo-
baSi unda gulisxmobdes. 14 Tebervals marTlac SeiZleba raime kavSiri
hqondes pirmarxvasTan, vinaidan es ukanaskneli pirveli dRis garda Te-
bervlis nebismier dReze modis. magram sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi
gamoiRo 532 wliani pasqaluri cxriliT Semowmebam, romelic Cven kon-
kretuli TariRis, kerZod ki 1120 wlis Sesabamisi pirmarxvis dRis da-
sadgenad gamoviyeneT. aRmoCnda, rom am wels es dRe 1 martze modis,
romelic 14 TebervlTan arc Cveulebrivi kviris da arc pirmarxvis kvi-
ris farglebSi ar SeiZleba gavaerTianoT. igive Sedegebi miviReT 1121
wlis monacemis Semowmebisas. oTxwleulis pirvel wlad savaraudebeli
am wlis pirmarxva 532-wliani cxriliT 24 Tebervals daemTxva, rome-
lic aseve arcerTi kviris farglebSi 14 TebervlTan ar erTiandeba. ase
rom, citirebul teqstSi `S¢deulis~ Svidi dRis anu kviris mniSvnelobiT
xmareba qronologiuri–maTematikuri monacemebiT erTmniSvnelovnad ga-
moiricxa.
`S¢deulis~ kviris dRis cnebasTan gaigivebisas, fraza `masve S¢deulsa
pirmarxvasa dResa~ im azrs unda gamoxatavdes, rom yabala daviTs ima-
ve kviris dRes auRia, ra kviris dRec 14 Tebervalze modioda, vinai-
dan am SemTxvevaSi konkretuli kalendaruli dRe, romelsac pirmarxva
daemTxva, orSabaTis Sesatyvisi dRe unda yofiliyo. cxadia, rom 14 Te-
bervalic orSabaTi dRe iqneboda. rac Seexeba pirmarxvas, misi TariRi 14
Tebervlidan Svidi an Svidis jeradi dRis ricxviT dacilebul Teberva-
lis dRes unda Seadgendes. aseTi dRe ki Tebervlis TveSi erT-erTi unda
iyos, 21 an 28 Tebervlidan (14+7=21; 14+2×7=28).
1120 wlisaTvis am TariRebidan arcerTi ar Tanxvdeba 1 marts, ro-
melic, rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, am wlis pirmarxvis dRes Seesabameba.
samagierod sruli Tanxvedra miviReT 1121 wlisaTvis. mis Sesabamis pir-
marxvis dRes – 21 Tebervals, kviris dRiT (kerZod ki orSabaTis Sesa-
tyvisobiT) zustad daemTxva 14 Tebervali, rac mniSvnelovani daskvnebis
gamotanis uflebas gvaZlevs.
aRniSnuli Tanxvedra erTmniSvnelovnad mxolod im garemoebaze Sei-
Zleba miuTiTebdes, rom mematiane gancxadebuli oTxwleulis pirvel
wlad ara 1120 wels, aramed 1121 wels gulisxmobs. rac Seexeba am axali
TariRis sandoobas, am mxriv is araviTari daeWvebis sababs ar iZleva. jer
erTi, aseTi saxis TariRebi sam kalendarul-maTematikur maxasiaTebels
efuZneba da gamoricxulia, rom nebismieri wlis nebismieri dRisaTvis
mkacr kanonzomierebaze damyarebuli kalendaruli da kviris dReebis
monacemebis Tanxvdenis safuZvelze miRebuli TariRi SemTxveviTobis

307
raul Cagunava

Sedegi iyos. TariRis sandoobas is faqtic adasturebs, rom misi Sesa-

bamisi 1121 weli zustad Tanxvdeba oTxwleuli periodis rigiT pirvel
wels.
axali TariRis gamovlena saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom davazustoT mTe-
li rigi qronologiuri sakiTxebi. kerZod, sruli ufleba gveZleva, rom
dasaxlebul monakveTSi fragmentSi moxsenebul pirvel welTan erTad,
rogorc misi uSualo gagrZeleba, Semdegi welic 1122 wlis nacvlad 1123
wliT gadavaTariRoT. aqve isic unda avRniSnoT, rom, Tumca es gadaTa-
riReba mxolod 2 wliT ifargleba, magram misi saSualebiT zustdeba
teqstis mocemul qronologiur farglebSi moTxrobili gacilebiT mra-
valricxovani movlenebis mTeli speqtris qronologia. konkretulad,
oTxwleulis pirveli wliT, anu 1121 wliT unda daTariRdes: botoraSi
TurqmanTa ganadgureba, Sirvanis qalaq yabalas aReba, Sirvanis darbeva,
aSorniasa da sevgvmelejs Turqmanebze Tavdasxma. oTxwleulis meore
wliT, anu 1122 wliT unda daTariRdes: xunanze Tavdasxma da TurqmanTa
amowyveta `mTiT mtkuaramde da gagTa¡T berdujamde~, bardavis darbeva
da, rac mTavaria, didgoris didi brZola, romelic zemoTxsenebul mov-
lenebTan erTad aqamde 1121 wliT TariRdeboda. rac Seexeba Tbilisis
aRebas, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am movlenas sityvebis `meoresa welsas~
wakiTxvis mixedviT, adgili hqonda an didgoris brZolis Sesabamis wels,
e. i. 1122 wels, an momdevno, e. i. 1123 wels. zustad am sakiTxSi garkve-
vis saSualebas iZleva erTi saintereso istoriuli Canaweri, romelsac
aseve aqamde ratomRac yuradReba ar eqceoda. es Canaweri, m. TarxniS-
vilis cnobiT moyvanilia vatikanis biblioTekis borjas fondSi dacul
#  4 qarTul xelnawerSi –`mamaTa moZRvreba~. xelnaweris 59v-60r-ზე mo-
Tavsebuli `moTxroba¡ sulmcire vasiloRrafiisagan ricx¢saTvis dasaba-
miTgan gardasrulTa welTa¡sa~ iwyeba `adamisiTgan~ da Tavdeba aRniSnu-
li CanaweriT: `da odes ese daiwera, qronikoni iyo samas ormoc da sami.
mas Jamsa moiwua tfilisi qalaqi daviTis mier didisa mis xelmwifisa,
romlis saxsenebeli da kurTxeva¡ iyavn aw da ukunisamde~.13
Canaweris am qronologiuri monacemis gaTvaliswinebiT gasagebi
xdeba, Tu ras gulisxmobda teqstiseuli `meoresa welsa~ Tbilisis aRe-
basTan dakavSirebiT. irkveva, rom misi saSualebiT mematiane wina, e. i.
1122 wlis momdevno welze miuTiTebda da, maSasadame, isic Tbilisis aRe-
bas 1123 wliT aTariRebda. ori aRwerili movlenis faqtobrivad Tana-
drouli monacemebis Tanxvdena TavisTavad maT saimedobaze metyvelebs.

m. TarxniSvili, werilebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 291-292.

13

308
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

CanawerTan dakavSirebiT am saimedobas xazs usvams m. TarxniSvilic.

mkvlevris Tanaxmad, daviTs Tbilisi marTlac unda aeRo `1123w., vinai-
dan qalaqis aRebis welsvea Sewyobili Cveni xelnaweri da amisaTvis mis
cnobaSi eWvis Setana dauSvebelia, imis da miuxedavad, rom qalaqis mow-
vaze yvela sdums, rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli, Tvinier erTi arabi
istorikosisa – el-ainisa – me-14 saukuniTgan. amitomac aqac marTali
unda iyos Cveni xelnaweri~14.
m. TarxniSvilis am cnobas Cvenis mxriv unda davumatoT, rom el-aini
marto ar aris vinc Tbilisis dawva aRniSna. aRniSnul movlenas aseve
adasturebs iseTi sando istorikosi rogoric iyo al-fariki (gard.
1181w. Semdgom). am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, didgoris brZolis Semdgom
daviTi Tavis laSqriT `dabanakda TbilisTan da erTxans alyaSi hyavda,
Semdeg gaangria misi kedeli dasavleTis mxridan, Sevida qalaqSi max-
viliT, gadawva igi da gaZarcva~15. istorikosis mier iseTi specifikuri
detalis codna, rogoricaa qalaqis kedlis gangreva dasavleTis mxri-
dan, im garemoebaze miuTiTebs, rom Tbilisis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT
is raRac zust monacemebs flobda. meore arabulenovani Turqi istor-
ikosi sibt ibn al-jauzis (XIII s-is I nax.) Tanaxmadac didgoris brZolaSi
gamarjvebis Semdeg `daeSva daviTi Tbiliss da daipyro igi maxviliT. man
gadawva da gaZarcva igi.~16
al-jauzi yuradRebas iqcevs im mxrivac, rom misi da muhamed al-
hamavis (XIII s-is. I nax.) cnobebis saSualebiT SeiZleba Tbilisis aRebis
TariRi ufro viwrod, Tveebis intervaliT SemovsazRvroT. am avtorebis
mixedviT didgoris brZolas da Tbilisi aRebas hijris erTsadaimave
516 wels hqonia adgili.17 vinaidan hijris aRniSnuli weli Cveni wel-
TaRricxviT 1122 wlis 12 martidan iwyeba da 1123 wlis 28 Tebervals
mTavrdeba,18 am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT didgoris omis TariRi 1122
wlis 12 agvistos Seadgens, xolo Tbilisis aReba 1123 wlis ianvar-Te-
bervlis intervaliT unda daTariRdes.
Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom arabulenovani istorikosebi al-fa-
riki, al-azimi (XII s.), ibn al-kalanisi (XII s.), da somexi mematiane maTe
urhaeli (XII s-ის I nax.), didgoris brZolas da Tbilisis aRebas Sesaba-

14
m. TarxniSvili, werilebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 292.
15
e. sixaruliZe, al-fariki saqarTveloSi. semitologiuri Ziebani, t. II, 1976,
gv. 89.
16
o. cqitiSvili, sibt ibn al-jauzis cnoba daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb, Tsu
Sromebi, t. 118, 1967, gv. 205.
17
g. jafariZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 5; o. cqitiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 205.
18
Цибульский В., Современные календари стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, c. 54.

309
raul Cagunava

misad 1121 da 1122 wlebiT aTariReben. 1122-1123 wlebTan am TariRebis

SeuTanxmeblobasTan dakavSirebiT upiratesoba, Cveni azriT, istoriuli
movlenebis Tanadroul qarTul pirvelwyaroebs unda mieniWos. Tumca
aseve adreul pirvelwyaros ganekuTvneba maTe urhaelis Txzulebac, ma-
gram daviTTan dakavSirebiT zogierTi misi daTariReba mTlad sando ar
unda iyos. kerZod, didgoris brZolis TariRad is asaxelebs 13 agvistos
– `RvTismSoblis marxvis xuTSabaTs~, somxuri welTaRricxviT 570 wels
(e.i. 18/II. 1125.-17/II 1126 wlebs Soris SualedSi) hqonia adgili.19
pirvel SemTxvevaSi aSkarad mcdaria aq mocemuli kviris dRe, vinai-
dan 1121 wels xuTSabaTi ara 13 agvistoze, aramed 11 agvistoze modioda.
rac Seexeba meore daTariRebas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom daviTi 26 ian-
vars gardaicvala, maSin erTad es dRe da somxuri 574 weli Cveni wel-
TaRricxvis 1126 wlis 24 ianvars mogvcems, rac aseve aSkarad mcdaria. D
wlis dasawyisSive Tbilisis aReba erTgvarad TvalSi sacems xdis
SemdgomSi faqtobrivad erTwlian daviTiseul umoqmedobas. magram Tu
teqstiseul meore `meore welsas~ daaxloebiT `meoresave welsas~ mniS-
vnelobiT wavikiTxavT, maSin is, rogorc imave welze mimaniSnebeli ga-
moTqma, rigiT saTvalavSi wlis damatebas ar iTvaliswinebs. am SemTxve-
vaSi sultanis SirvanSi SemosvlasTan dakavSirebuli da misi momdevno
movlenebi 1123 wliT, Tbilisis aRebis Semdgom droiT unda daTariRdes.
aseT SesaZleblobas zogierTi istoriuli cnobac adasturebs. kerZod,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, daviTis istorikosis mixedviT sultanis Sir-
vanSi SemoWras da SemaxaSi gamagrebas gazafxulze (e.i. ianvar-Tebervlis
Semdgom) unda hqonoda adgili. daviTisgan `mraval dRe~ alyaSi moq-
ceuli sulTanis samarcxvino gaparvas istorikosi aSkarad maisis TveSi
gulisxmobs, vinaidan momdevno Tved is teqstSi pirdapir asaxelebs ivni-
sis Tves20. am monacemebs savsebiT eTanxmeba arabulenovani istorikosis
ibn al-asiris (1160-1234) cnobac, romlis Tanaxmadac Sirvanidan wamosul
sulTans hamadanSi hijris 517 wlis jumada II TveSi, anu Cveni welTaR-
ricxvis 1123 wlis 27 ivlisisa da 24 agvistos intervalSi mouRwevia21.
maisis TveSi daZruli sulTani ki hamadanSi marTlac jumada II-Si unda
Casuliyo. qarTuli wyaros monacemis damadasturebeli Tvis dasaxlebas-
Tan erTad ibn-alasiris cnoba imiTac aris saintereso, rom is zustad im
1123 wels asaxelebs, romelsac arapirdapiri monacemebiT `daviTis cxo-

19
l. davlianiZe, maTe urhaelis cnobebi daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb, kreb.:
saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 242-252.
20
qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 344; cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 195.
21
j. stefnaZe, demetre pirveli, Tbilisi, 1990.

310
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

vrebac~ gulisxmobs. ase, rom am 1123 wlis oTxwleulis mesame welTan

Sesabamisoba, iseve rogorc am wels jer Tbilisis aReba, Semdeg SirvanSi
sultanis damarcxeba da bolo Sirvanis `Tavadi saxlis~ – gulistanis
aReba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes.
bolo 1124 weli, iseve rogorc am dros ganviTarebuli movlenebi
(dmanisis aReba, darubandelis damarcxeba, Sirvanis da somxeTis cixeebis
aReba, tao-klarjeTSi Turqebis ganadgureba, anisis aReba da Sirvanis
mTlianad dapyroba), teqstSi sakmaod mkafiod aris warmoCenili da, ro-
gorc daviTis gardacvalebis wina weli, TariRis koreqtivs ar moiTxovs.
mxolod xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom aqamde Tu es weli daviTis
cxovrebis bolo periodis mexuTe wlad iTvleboda, sinamdvileSi is meo-
Txe wels warmoadgens.
qronologiuri monacemebis dazustebis Semdgom ar SeiZleba sagan-
gebod ar SevexoT teqstSi moyvanil qoronikonuri daTariRebis warmo-
mavlobis sakiTxs, romelsac Cven gakvriT ukve SevexeT. am warmomavlo-
bis sakiTxi qarTul samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev XIX saukunis
miwuruls daayena T. Jordaniam. mkvlevaris azriT, qronologiuri cno-
bebi `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ da mis Semadgenel `daviTis cxovrebaSi~ gvian
unda yofiliyo Setanili. es exeboda didi Turqobis (1080 w.), daviTis
gamefebis (1089 w.) da gardacvalebis (1125 w.) sam TariRs, romelic moyva-
nili iyo mariam dedofliseul (M) nusxaSi – im dros erTaderT cnobil
nusxaSi vaxtangis wina redaqciis anu `Zveli jgufis~ xelnawerebidan.
mogvianebiT aRmoCenil Zveli jgufis kidev erT xelnawerSi (ana dedo-
fliseul (A) nusxaSi) qronologiuri monacemebis dafiqsirebam, iv. ja-
vaxiSvili miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom `daviTis cxovrebaSi~ TariRebi vax-
tangis an misi mecnierebis mier ar unda yofiliyo Setanili. am savsebiT
swori daskvnis miuxedavad mainc upasuxod darCa kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu
vis ekuTvnoda `Zveli jgufis~ nusxebSi Setanili qronologiuri cnobebi
– avtors, Tu Semdgom redaqtorebs.
mz. SaniZem, romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna
`daviTis cxovrebis~ teqsti, dawvrilebiT ganixila TariRebis warmoma-
vlobis sakiTxi `Zveli jgufis~ ukve xuTi nusxis (A da M; maCabliseuli
(m), WalaSviliseuli (C) da 1697 wlis (Q) nusxebis) gaTvaliswinebiT. am
Seswavlis safuZvelze mkvlevari mivida im daskvnamde, rom `es sakiTxi
Semdgom Seswavlas moiTxovs da masze damarwmunebeli pasuxis gacema
amjerad Znelia~. miuxedavad amisa igi SesaZleblad Tvlis gamoTqvas
varaudi, romelic mTeli rigi monacemebis analizs efuZneba. kerZod,
TariRebis araavtoriseul warmomavlobaze, mz. SaniZis azriT, Semdegi
faqtebi unda miuTiTebdnen: a) `Zveli jgufis~ nusxebi ar Seicaven Tari-

311
raul Cagunava

Rebis erTnair raodenobas da Sesabamisad maTi ricxvi A-Si – 12-s, C-Si

– 8-s da Q, M, m-Si ki 3-3-s Seadgens; b) avtoris Txrobis manerasa da
aRzevebul stils Znelad exameba teqstSi mocemuli TariRebi, romlebic
xelovnurad Casmulis STabeWdilebas tovebs; g) TariRebi sakmaod usis-
temodaa moyvanili; mTel rig SemTxvevebSi daTariRebulia ara ufro
didi, aramed naklebi mniSvnelobis movlenebi. erTgvari gamonaklisia
didi mniSvnelobis mqone movlenebis – didgoris brZolis da Tbilisis
aRebis daTariRebebi, Tumca TariRis gareSe aRmoCnda maTTan SedarebiT
mokrZalebuli, magram mainc mniSvnelovani iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa
ruis-urbnisis kreba, baRvaSebis ganadgureba, gelaTis mSenebloba, yiv-
CaRTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi da sxv. yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTva-
liswinebiT mz. SaniZem daaskvna: `amitom SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Ta-
riRebis erTi nawili TxzulebaSi Setanilia adreuli redaqtoris mier,
romelmac nawarmoebs redaqcia gaukeTa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi
Sesatanad~22. `TariRebis erT nawilSi~ aq, rogorc etyoba, igulisxmeba is
konkretuli TariRebi, romlebic yvela nusxaSi ar aris warmodgenili.
Sesabamisad, gamocemaSi isini ZiriTadi teqstidan sqolioSi arian gada-
tanilni, ZiriTad teqstSi ki mxolod yvela nusxaSi Sesuli sami daTari-
Reba aris datovebuli. Tanac yoveli maTgani frCxilebSia Casmuli sqo-
lioSi darTuli SeniSvniT, romlis Tanaxmadac isini SesaZloa CanarTs
warmoadgendnen23.
zemoTganxiluli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, oTxwleulisaTvis
ga­
movlenili mcdari qoronikonuli daTariRebebi (1120-1124 ww.) ufle-
bas gvaZlevs ufro kategoriulad vimsjeloT maT warmomavlobaze. eWvs
gareSea, rom aseT Secdomebs daTariRebuli movlenebis Tanadrouli me-
matiane ar dauSvebda da amitomac SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom 340,
341 da 342 qoronikoniT daTariReba adreul redaqtors ekuTvnis. Sesa-
bamisad sawyis teqstSi iseTi mniSvnelovani movlenebi, rogoricaa boto-
raze Tavdasxma, q. yabalas aReba da Sirvanis darbeva, aSorniis da xunanis
brZolebi da a. S. TariRebis gareSe aris warmodgenili. kidev ufro meti,
ar aris daTariRebuli umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi – didgoris brZola
da Tbilisis aReba, rac garkveuli daskvnis gamotanis uflebs iZleva.
aseTi gansakuTrebuli movlenebis dauTariRebloba ukve TavisTavad
niSnavs, rom teqsti arc Txzulebis wina nawilSi moyvanil TariRebs
Seicavda. ase rom, darwmunebiT SeiZleba ganvacxadoT, rom zedaznis,
samSvildis da rusTavis aRebis, TurqTa tao-klarjeTSi damarcxebis da

cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 142-143

22

iqve, gv. 160, 166, 223.

23

312
 daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebis qronologiisaTvis

sultan maliqis gardacvalebis TariRebi24 daviTis cxovrebis teqstis

redaqtors ekuTvnis. rac Seexeba didi Turqobis, daviTis gamefebisa da
gardacvalebis TariRebs, maT Sesaxeb saboloo daskvnis gamotanis saSua-
lebas pirveli TariRisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi Tavisebureba iZleva.
kerZod, did TurqobasTan dakavSirebiT fragmenti iwyeba sityvebiT: `da
DdResa ivanobisasa asisfori da klarjeTi aRivso TurqiTa~ da mxolod
fragmentis SuaSi, did Turqobaze miTiTebis Semdeg, moyvanilia TariRi:
`da ese iyo pirveli da didi Turqoba, rameTu qoronikoni iyo samasi~25.
fragmentis dasawyisSive saeklesio dRis – `ivanobis~ dasaxeleba faqto-
brivad kalendaruli TariRis (e. i. dRis ricxvisa da Tvis, konkretulad
ki 24 ivnisis) dasaxelebis tolfasia da, rogorc wesiT sruli TariRi
moiTxovs, aqve qronografiuli TariRic (e. i. weliwadic) unda yofiliyo
moyvanili. am ukanasknelis gancalkevebiT warmodgena ki SeiZleba mxo-
lod imas niSnavdes rom is mogvianebiT redaqtoris mier aris CarTuli.
didi Turqobisagan gansxvavebiT, daviTis gardacvalebis TariRi
srulad aris moyvanili: `rameTu iyo maSin Tve ianvari ocdaoTxi da
DdRe SabaTi, odes qoronikoni iyo samas ormocdaxuTi, xolo weliwadni
misni SobiTganni ormocdacametni,~26 magram es sruli TariRi kalenda-
ruli da qronografiuli TariRebis Cveulebrivi erTobliobiT ar aris
warmodgenili. qoronikonTan dakavSirebuli monacemi aSkarad CarTuli
sityvebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. ase rom, is Txzulebis avtors ასევე ar
unda ekuTvnodes.
`Zveli jgufis~ nusxebSi moyvanili ori TariRis araavtoriseuli
warmomavlobis gamovlena ukve TavisTavad miuTiTebs im garemoebaze,
rom darCenili erTi qronologiuri monacemic aseve redaqtoris mier
unda iyos CarTuli teqstSi. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `da-
viTis cxovrebis~ teqstSi yvela TariRi ZiriTadad im redaqtoris mier
unda iyos CarTuli, romelmac es Txzuleba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ kre-
bulSi Seitana.
aRniSnuli TariRebis araavtoriseuli warmomavlobis dadgena, cxa-
dia, rom garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis, rogorc `daviTis cxovrebis~
Tavdapirvel teqstze, ise ucnobi redaqtoris mier Catarebul qrono-
logiuri saxis redaqciul samuSaoze. am mxriv redaqtors udaod Zalze
mniSvnelovani samuSao aqvs Sesrulebuli. Tumca, redaqtoris mxriv Sei-
niSneba TariRebis usistemo moyvana da OoTxwleulis daTariRebac erTi

24
cxovreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 169, 178-181.
25
qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 320.
26
iqve, gv. 362.

313
raul Cagunava

wliT gansxvavebulia WeSmaritebisagan, magram es naklovanebebi mainc ver

aknineben aRniSnuli samuSaos Rirebulebas. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos
misi mniSvneloba Zveli qarTuli qronologiis istoriis Tvalsazrisi-
Tac. vinaidan aq faqtobrivad saqme gvaqvs istoriuli Txzulebis qro-
nologiur ConCxSi Casmis metad saintereso redaqtorul ZalisxmevasTan.
cxadia, rom is didad scildeba Cveulebrivi redaqciisTvis Casatarebel
samuSaos farglebs, vinaidan saWiro TariRebis mosapoveblad da dasad-
genad sakmaod mravalricxovani qronologiuri wyaroebis gadaxedva-Se-
jerebas iTvaliswinebs. mis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro metad zrdis is
garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli samuSao Zalze adreul periods ganekuTvneba
da is sagrZnoblad win uswrebs vaxtangisa da misi komisiis mier am mi-
marTulebiT gatarebul RonisZiebebs.
amrigad, Catarebuli gamokvlevis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom mematianis mier oTxwleulad dasaxelebuli daviTis moRvaweobis
bolo periodi aqamde miRebuli 1120-1124 wlebis nacvlad sinamdvileSi
1121-1124 wlebs moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, didgoris brZolisa da Tbi-
lisis aRebis teqstiseuli 1121 da 1122 wlebi unda Seicvalos 1122 da
1123 wlebiT. amasTan – erTad, aRniSnuli periodis amsaxveli fragmenti-
dan da saerTod mTlianad Txzulebidan amoRebuli unda iqnes qoroniko-
nuri TariRebi, vinaidan, rogorc gairkva, isini ekuTvnian ara avtors,
aramed `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi `daviTis cxovrebis~ CamrTvel
adreul redaqtors.

Raul Chagunava

TOWARDS THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE LAST FOUR YEARS OF THE

LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF DAVID THE BUILDER

S U M M A RY

The dates of the last four years of the life and activity of David the Builder (IV,
1089-1125) are ascertained in the paper. These dates were adduced with some errors
in the Life of the King of Kings David. It is shown that these dates belonged not to
the author but to an early redactor who entered the work in the Collection Kartlis
Tskhovreba.

314