CIVIL SERVICE REVIEW

LOGICAL REASONING
Logical Reasoning Test
Directions: Analyze the given statement carefully, and supply the missing conclusion.

1. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

Harry does not have magical powers.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry does not know how to cast a spell.
b. Harry does not have a flying broom.
c. Harry is not a wizard.
d. Harry may or may not be a wizard.
e. Harry is a wizard.
*Modus Tollens:
If P then Q
Not Q
Therefore, not P

2. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

Harry has magical powers.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry has a flying broom.
b. Harry is a wizard.
c. Harry has a magic wand.
d. Harry may or may not be a wizard.
e. Harry is not a wizard.
*We cannot conclude that Harry is a wizard. Therefore, Harry may or may not be a wizard.

3. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

Harry is not a wizard.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry does not have a flying broom.
b. Harry has a magic wand but not a flying broom.
c. Harry may or may not have magical powers.
d. Harry does not have magical powers.
e. Harry does not have a magical wand.
*We cannot conclude that Harry does not have magical powers.
Therefore, Harry may or may not have magical powers.
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LOGICAL REASONING

4. Harry is a wizard or a superhero.

If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.
If Harry is a superhero, then he has magical powers.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry has a magic wand
b. Harry can cast a spell.
c. Harry can fly.
d. Harry has magical powers.
e. Harry is not an ordinary boy.
*Disjunctive Elimination:
P or Q
If P then R
If Q then R
Therefore, R

5. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

What can be concluded?
a. If Harry is not a wizard then, he cannot cast a spell.
b. If Harry is not a wizard, then he does not magical powers.
c. If Harry does not have magical powers, then he is not a special boy.
d. If Harry is a wizard, then he is a wizard, and he has magical powers.
e. If Harry has magical powers, then he is a wizard.
*Absorption:
If P then Q
Therefore, if P, then P and Q

6. Harry is a wizard.
Harry has magical powers.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry is a wizard, and he is not an ordinary boy.
b. Harry has magical powers, and he can cast a spell.
c. Harry is a wizard, and he has magical powers.
d. Harry is a wizard, and he is a superhero.
e. Harry has magical powers, and he can fly.
*Conjunction:
P
Q
Therefore, P and Q
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LOGICAL REASONING

7. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

Harry is a wizard.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry does not have magical powers.
b. Harry can fly on a broom.
c. Harry knows how to cast spells
d. Harry has magical powers.
e. Harry has a magic wand.

8. Harry is a wizard, or Harry is a superhero.

Harry is not a wizard.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry does not have a broom.
b. Harry is a superhero.
c. Harry cannot cast a spell.
d. Harry does not have magical powers.
e. Harry is an ordinary boy.
*Disjunctive Syllogism:
P or Q
Not P
Therefore, Q

9. If Harry is a wizard, then he can cast a spell;

And if Harry is a superhero, then he can fly.
Harry is a wizard or a superhero.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry has a flying broom.
b. Harry can cast a spell, or he can fly.
c. Harry can cast a spell.
d. Harry can fly.
e. Harry has magical powers.
*Constructive Dilemma:
If P then Q, and if R then S
Therefore, Q or S
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LOGICAL REASONING

10. Harry is a wizard, and Harry has magical powers.

What can be concluded?
a. Harry is not an ordinary boy.
b. Harry can fly.
c. Harry can cast a spell.
d. Harry is a wizard.
e. Harry has a flying broom.
*Simplification:
P and Q
Therefore, P

11. If Harry is a wizard, then he has magical powers.

If he has magical powers, then he can cast a spell.
Harry is a wizard.
What can be concluded?
a. Harry can cast a spell.
b. Harry has a broom.
c. Harry does not have magical powers.
d. Harry may or may not have a broom
e. Harry can fly.
*Hypothetical Syllogism:
If P then Q
If Q then R
Therefore, if P then R

12. Harry is a wizard.

What can be concluded?
a. Harry has magical powers.
b. Harry can fly.
c. Harry is a wizard, or he is a superhero.
d. Harry can cast a spell.
e. Wizards are not ordinary people.
*Addition:
P
Therefore, P or Q