TABLE OF CONTENTS

2
CHAPTER 1

Number

3
CHAPTER 2

Algebra & Graphs

4
CHAPTER 3

Geometry

6
CHAPTER 4

Mensuration

7
CHAPTER 5

Coordinate Geometry

7
CHAPTER 6

Trigonometry

8 Matrices & Transformations

CHAPTER 7

9
CHAPTER 8

Probability

9
CHAPTER 9

Statistics
 CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
Set representations:
1. NUMBER
 Natural numbers:
o used for counting purposes
o made up off all possible rational & irrational numbers 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is shaded 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is shaded ⊂ ‘is a subset of’
 Integer: a whole number
 Prime numbers:
o divisible only by itself and one
o 1 is not a prime number
 Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction 𝑏∈𝑋 = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
 Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g.𝜋
1.3 Indices
1.1 HCF and LCM  𝑛(𝐴) = no. of elements in A  𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 = A is a subset of B
 Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple:  ∈ = …is an element of…  𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 = A is a proper
 ∉ = …is not an element of… subset of B
 𝐴′ = compliment of set A  𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 = A is not a subset
 Ø or { } = empty set of B
 = Universal set  𝐴 ⊄ 𝐵 = A is not a proper
 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = union of A and B subset of B
 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = intersection of A
and B
o HCF = product of common factors of x and y
o LCM = product of all items Standard form:
in Venn diagram o 104 = 10000 10−1 = 0.1
 Prime Factorization: finding o 103 = 1000 10−2 = 0.01
which prime numbers o 102 = 100 10−3 = 0.001
o multiply together to make o 101 = 10 10−4 = 0.0001
the original number o 100 = 1 10−5 = 0.00001

1.2 Sets Limits of accuracy:

 Definition of sets e.g.  The degree of rounding of a number
o 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 is a natural number} o E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p. 2.05 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.15
o 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐}
o 𝐶 = {𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏} 1.4 Ratio & Proportion
o 𝐷 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … }  Ratio: used to describe a fraction
Notation: o e.g. 3 : 1
 𝑛(𝐴) = no. of elements in A  𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 = A is a subset of B  Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to
 ∈ = …is an element of…  𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 = A is a proper another using proportion
 ∉ = …is not an element of… subset of B o E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars
 𝐴′ = compliment of set A  𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 = A is not a subset $1 : 0.30KD
 Ø or { } = empty set of B $22.50 : 6.75KD
 = Universal set  𝐴 ⊄ 𝐵 = A is not a proper  Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales
 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = union of A and B subset of B o 1km = 1000m
 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = intersection of A o 1m = 100cm
and B o 1cm = 10mm

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 Direct variation: 𝑦 is proportional to 𝑥  Trinomial:
𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24
 Inverse variation: 𝑦 is inversely proportional to 𝑥 2
𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 24
1 𝑘 𝑥(𝑥 + 12) + 2(𝑥 + 12)
𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 12)
1.5 Percentages
2.2 Quadratic Factorization
 Percentage:
 General equation:
o Convenient way of expressing fractions
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
o Percent means per 100
 Solve quadratics by:
 Percentage increase or decrease:
o Trinomial factorization
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 o Quadratic formula
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
 Simple interest: 𝑥=
2𝑎
𝑃𝑅𝑇  When question says “give your answer to two decimal
𝐼=
100 places”, use formula!
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Compound interest: 2.3 Simultaneous Equations
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )  Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by
100 substitution or elimination
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are
1.6 Speed, Distance & Time generally solved by substitution as follows:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 o Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and solve
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = this equation
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 o Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = linear equation to find the other unknown
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Units of speed: km/hr m/s  The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
 Units of distance: km m solution of their simultaneous equations
 Units of time: hr sec
5 2.4 Inequalities
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐  Solve like equations
18
18  Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 × = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝑦
5 ≥ −7
−3
2. ALGEBRA & GRAPHS 𝑦 ≤ −7 × −3
𝑦 ≤ 21
2.1 Factorisation  When two inequalities present, split into two
 Common factors: 𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
1
3𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 > −2 𝑥<8
 Difference of two squares:
25 − 𝑥 2 2.4 Linear Programming
(5 + 𝑥)(5 − 𝑥)  For strict inequalities (<, >) use broken line
 Group factorization:  For non-strict inequalities (≤, ≥) use solid line
4𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 4𝑐
4(𝑑 + 𝑐) + 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑)
(4 + 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑑)

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 Steps to solve:
o Interpret 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
o Draw straight line graphs
o Shade
o Solve
 Area under a graph = distance travelled.
2.5 Sequences  Gradient = acceleration.
 Linear sequences: Find common difference e.g. 3 then  If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or
multiply by 𝑛 and work out what needs to be added retardation. (moving body is slowing down.)
 Quadratic sequences:
o Format: 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐 2.8 Functions
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =  Function notation:
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = o 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 1
o Function 𝑓 such that 𝑥 maps onto 2𝑥 − 1
2𝑎 =
 Composite function: Given two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and
o Work out the values and then place into formula to
𝑔(𝑥), the composite function of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is the function
work out nth term formula
 Geometric progression: sequence where term has been which maps 𝑥 onto 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
multiplied by a constant to form next term  𝑓(2)
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺. 𝑃. = 𝑎𝑟 (𝑛−1) o Substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓(𝑥)
o a = 1st term r = common difference  𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
o Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
2.6 Distance-Time Graphs  𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
o Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject

3. GEOMETRY
3.1 Triangles

 From O to A : Uniform speed

 From B to C : Uniform speed (return journey)
 From A to B : Stationery (speed = 0)

 Gradient = speed

2.7 Speed-Time Graphs 3.2 Quadrilaterals

 Rectangle: Opposite sides
parallel and equal, all angles
90°, diagonals bisect each
other.
 Parallelogram : Opposite sides
 From O to A : Uniform speed parallel and equal, opposite
 From A to B : Constant speed (acceleration = 0) angles equal, diagonals bisect
 From B to C : Uniform deceleration / retardation each other
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 Rhombus: A parallelogram with  The number of times shape fits its outline during a
all sides equal, opposite angles complete revolution is called the order of rotational
equal, diagonals bisect each symmetry.
other
 Trapezium: One pair of sides
parallel
 Kite: Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal, diagonals meet at right Number of Lines Rotational
angles bisecting one of them Shape of Symmetry Symmetry Order
Square 4 4
3.3 Construction Rectangle 2 2
 Constructing triangles: Parallelogram 0 2
Rhombus 2 2
Trapezium 0 1
Kite 1 1
Equilateral triangle 3 3
Regular hexagon 6 6

 Properties of circles:
o Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
o The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
 Perpendicular bisector:
o Tangents from an external point are equal in length

3.5 Polygons
 Sum of angles at a point = 360
 Angles on a straight line = 180
 Sum of angles in a triangle =180
 For regular polygon
360
o External angles =
𝑛
360
o Internal angles = 180 − 𝑛
 Angle bisector:  For irregular polygon:
o Sum of exterior angles =360
o Sum of interior angles =180(n-2)
 Vertically opposite angles

 Corresponding angles

3.4 Symmetry
 A line of symmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into
two congruent (identical) shapes.
 A plane of symmetry divides a three-dimensional shape
into two congruent solid shapes.
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 Alternate angles 3.7 Loci
 The locus of points equidistant from a point is a circle

 Co-interior angles

 The locus of points equidistant between two point is a

 Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠ perpendicular bisector

3.6 Circle Theorem

 The locus of points equidistant between two lines is an

angle bisector

Angle subtended by same

Angle at centre = twice
arc at circumference are
angle on circumference
equal

 The locus of points equidistant (along) from a line is a

parallel line

Angles in semicircle are 90° Opposite angles in a cyclic

quadrilateral = 180°

4. MENSURATION
4.1 Area
 Parallelogram = 𝑏 × ℎ OR 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
Tangents from one point are 1
 Triangle= 2 𝑏 × ℎ
equal ∠ between tangent Alternate segment theorem 1
and radius is 90°  Trapezium= 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
 Circle= 𝜋𝑟2
𝜃
 Sector= 𝜋𝑟 2 × 360

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4.2 Volume and Surface Area  Equation of Line:
 Cylinder 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ o Find the gradient, 𝑚
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ o Find the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑐
 Cone
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
1
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3 (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
 Sphere
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
 Hemisphere
 Midpoint of Graph:
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2 ( , )
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 2 2
 Length between two points:
4.3 Units √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
 Volume:
5.2 Sketching Graphs

 Mass:
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

 Capacity:

1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥2
 Connecting volume and capacity:
o 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚3 6. TRIGONOMETRY
o 1𝑘𝑙 = 1𝑚3
 Density =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 6.1 Bearings
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 The bearing of a point B from another point A is:
5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY o An angle measured from the north at A.
o In a clockwise direction.
5.1 Graphs o Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000 ° to 360°)
 Gradient of a Straight Line:  e.g. The bearing of B from A is 050°
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

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6.2 Pythagoras Theorem  Multiplication by a scalar:
 To find hypotenuse o A scalar quantity has a magnitude but no direction
o 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 o The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
 To find one of the shorter sides  Column vector:
o 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 o Top number is the horizontal component and
o 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 bottom number is the vertical component
 Parallel vectors:
o Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
o In general the vector 𝑘(𝑎𝑏) is parallel to (𝑎𝑏)
 Angle of elevation:  Modulus of a vector:
o Angle above the horizontal o In general, if 𝑥 = (𝑚 ), |𝑥| = √(𝑚2 + 𝑛2
𝑛
line.
 Angle of depression: 7.2 Matrices
o Angle below the  Addition:
horizontal line. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 𝑎+𝑝 𝑏+𝑞
( )+( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 𝑐+𝑟 𝑑+𝑠
 Multiplication by scalar
1
 Area of a triangle: 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
𝑘( )=( )
2 𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑
 Multiplication by vector:
6.3 Ratios 𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠
 Right angled triangles: ( )×( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
o sin 𝑥 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 o You can only multiply if no. of columns in left equals to
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 no. of rows in right
o cos 𝑥 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
 Determinant:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
o tan 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 o Determinant = leading diagonal – secondary diagonal
𝑎 𝑏
A =( ) |𝐴| = (𝑎𝑑) − (𝑏𝑐)
6.4 Sine & Cosine Rules 𝑐 𝑑
 Inverse:
 Sine rule:
o To work out inverse, switch leading diagonal, negate
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1
= = secondary diagonal, multiply by |𝑎|
sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐
o One pair of information needed 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
A =( ) 𝐴−1 = (𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐) ( )
 Cosine rule 𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
o To find the angle given 3 sides
7.3 Transformation
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
cos 𝑎 =  Reflection (M):
2𝑏𝑐
o To find side given angle and two sides o When describing a reflection, the position of the
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝑎 mirror line is essential.
 Rotation (R):
7. MATRICES & TRANSFORMATION o To describe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the
angle of rotation and direction of rotation are required.
7.1 Vector o A clockwise rotation is negative and an anticlockwise
 A vector quantity has both magnitude rotation is positive.
and direction.  Translation (T):
o E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the line segments o When describing a translation it is necessary
can be added using the parallelogram rule or the nose- to give the translation vector
to-tail method.

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 Enlargement (E):
o To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K
and the centre of enlargement
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐾 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
o If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of the
Independent events:
centre of enlargement.
 Two events are independent if occurrence of one is
o If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the
unaffected by occurrence of other.
centre of enlargement.
 The AND Rule:
7.4 Transformation by Matrices o p(A and B) = p(A) × p(B)
 Reflection:
1 0 9. STATISTICS
o( ) Reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
0 −1
o(
−1 0
) Reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 9.1 Histograms
0 1
0 1
o( ) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
1 0
0 −1
o( ) Reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥
−1 0
 Enlargement:
𝑘 0
o( ) where k=scale factor and centre
0 𝑘
of enlargement = (0,0)
 Rotation:  A histogram displays the frequency of either continuous
0 −1 or grouped discrete data in the form of bars.
o( ) Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
1 0
0 1  The bars are joined together.
o( ) Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (0,0)
−1 0  The bars can be of varying width.
−1 0  The frequency of the data is represented by the area of
o( ) Rotation 180° clockwise/
0 −1 the bar and not the height.
anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
 When class intervals are different it is the area of the bar
8. PROBABILITY which represents the frequency not the
 Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an  height
event happening.  Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertical axis,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 frequency density is plotted.
Probability of an event = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠  Class width = Interval
 If probability = 0, the event is impossible and if  Frequency density = Height
probability =1, the event is certain to happen 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
 All probabilities lie between 0 and 1.
9.2 Averages
8.1 Events  Mean:
Exclusive events: 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
 Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
same time.
 Median:
 The OR Rule:
o The middle value when the data has been written in
o For exclusive events A and B
ascending or descending order
o p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)

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5+1
o Odd no. of values 2 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
6+1
o Even no. of values 2 = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
(add two values divide by 2)
 Mode:
o Most frequently occurring value
 Range:
o Difference between highest and lowest values
 Estimated mean of grouped data:
o Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by
frequency
o Divide by number of values

9.3 Cumulative Frequency

 Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a
given point.
 Inter-quartile range = upper quartile − lower quartile

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