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class III drugs, amiodarone,ibutulide, dofetilide, sotalol, azimilide, and dronedarone, block the
potassium channels, theraby prolonging repolarizaion, the APD, and the refractory period
(Arnsdorf et al. 2009; Fig. 1.1.7). these changes are manifested on the surface ECG by prolongation
of the QT interval, providing the substrate for torsade de pointes, a polymorrhythmic activity.
Amiodarone has since been found to be a potent antiarrhythmic drug in the clinic, but althought
it does prolog the QTc (correccte QT) interval on the EGC in patients, ventricular arrhythmias
have not been encountered during prolonged periods of treatment in large numbers of patients
(Singh 1978; see table 1.1.5)
Amiodarone-Among available antiarrhythmics, amiodarone (Cordarone and others) is the
most effective for preventive of atrial fibrillation and of ventricular tachycardia of
fibrillation. The antiarrhytmic actions of aminodarone can be attributed to its property of
inhibiting andrenegic stimulation (alpha and beta blocking propertiesits effects on sodium,
potassium and calcium channels, its ability to prolog the action potential with consequent
lengthening of the effective refractory period in myocardial tissue and decreasing AV nodal
conduction and sinus node function. Multiple clinical trials have indicated that amiodarone
is the most potent antiarrhytmic agent for the control of refractory ventricular
tachyarrhythmias and for the prophylaxis of recurrent supraventricular tachyarrhytmias,
including atrialfibrillation or flutter complicating the wolff-parkinson –white syndrome.
Amiodarone is well tolerated by most patients, but there are several potential side effects
that need to be monitored for closely
Dronedarone-this is one of the newer class III antiarrhythmic drugs and is a “cousion” to
amiodarone; it is indicated for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. The primary differences
compored with amiodarone are attributable to the lack of iodine in the molecular structure,
long with a reduced half-life due to its less hydrophobic nature. As a result, it may be
associated with fewer long-term complications compared with amiodarone. Its afficacy an
be evaluated more quickly, as achieving therapeutic levels is not reliant on a “loading”
regimen; rather it is given twice daily, with steady state achieved usually within 3-7 days.
Sotalol-sotalol is a racemic mixture of d-satalol and i-satalol; both isomers have similar
class III antiarrythmc effect, while the i-isomer is responsible for virtually all of the beta
blocking activity. Sotalol contains both beta andrenoreceptore blocking (class III)
properties. The noncardioselective beta blocking effect of sotalol (increased sinus cycle
length, slowed heart rate, decreased AV nodal refractoriness) occurs at oral doses as low
as 25 mg/ day. The class III effects (pro-longation of the atrial and ventricular monophasic
action potentials, and effective refractory prolongation of atrial muscle, ventricular muscle,
and AV accessory pathways in both the ategrade and retrograde directions) are seen only
at oral doses >160 mg/ day. Sotalol should be initiated and doses in creased in a hospital
with facilities for cardiac rhythm monitoring and assessment, as proarryhythmic events can
occur after initiation of therapy and with each upward dosage adjustment.
Dofetilede-dofetilede has no effect on sodium channels, adregenic beta receptors. It
increases the monophasic APD and effective refractory period of the myocyte, theraby
terminating reentrant tachyarrhytmias and preventing their reinduction (Roukoz et al.
2007). The increase in the QT interval is a fuction of prolongation of both effective and
fuctional refractory periods in the HIS-Purkinje system and the ventricles. Changes in
cardiac conduction velocity and sinus node function have not been observed in patients
with or without structural heart disease. PR and QRS width remain the same in patients
with preexisting heart block and or sick sinus syndrome. Dofetilide is grenerally well
tolerated but like other antiarryhytmic agents in its class, torsades de pointes may be
induced as a consequence of therapy. Therefore, it should be initiated and doses titrated
while in a hospital with facilities for cardiac rhythm monitoring and assessment.
Indo version
Obat kelas III: blokade saluran kalium
Obat golongan III, amiodarone, ibutulide, dofetilide, sotalol, azimilide, dan dronedarone,
blok saluran potassium, theraby memperpanjang repolarizaion, APD, dan periode refraktori
(Arnsdorf et al. 2009; Gambar 1.1.7). perubahan ini dimanifestasikan pada ECG permukaan
dengan perpanjangan interval QT, menyediakan substrat untuk torsade de pointes, aktivitas
polymorrhythmic. Amiodarone sejak itu telah ditemukan menjadi obat antiaritmia yang kuat di
klinik, tetapi meskipun itu prolog QTc (Correccte QT) interval pada EGC pada pasien, aritmia
ventrikel belum ditemukan selama periode pengobatan yang lama pada sejumlah besar pasien (
Singh 1978; lihat tabel 1.1.5)