SAFE USE, ERECTION,

ALTERATION,
DISMANTLING,
MAINTENANCE AND
INSPECTION OF
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDING
 What Is A Scaffold?
An elevated, temporary work platform

Three basic types:

 Supported scaffolds -- platforms
supported by rigid, load bearing
members, such as poles, legs, frames,
& outriggers
 Suspended scaffolds -- platforms
suspended by ropes or other non-
rigid, overhead support
 Aerial Lifts -- such as “cherry
pickers” or “boom trucks”
Scaffold Hazards
 Hazards
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:

• Falls from elevation – caused

by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way
 Types of Scaffolds - Load
• light duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a working load not to
exceed 25 pounds per square foot.
• Medium duty scaffold: A scaffold designed
and constructed to carry a working load not to
exceed 50 pounds per square foot.
• Heavy duty scaffold: A scaffold designed
and constructed to carry a working load not to
exceed 75 pounds per square foot.
 Types of Scaffoldings
A- Frame Scaffolding
• The primary steel
scaffolding system.
• It is primarily for
rectangular jobs.
• It is relatively simple
and fast to erect,
provided the surface is
level, and the access is
not restricted.
Frame Scaffold
• OSHA refers to
frame scaffolds as
sectional steel
scaffold.
• There are two basic
parts to a frame
scaffolds – The frame
and the cross brace.
 Frame Selection
• Scaffold frames are available in two basic
configurations – the end frame and the
walk-through frame.
• The height selected will depend on trade or
union preferences and the nature of the
work.
• The 6’6” high frames are practical for
higher scaffolds because fewer units need to
be assembled or dismantled and their higher
overhead clearance makes them easy to walk
through.
• On exterior walls, the walk through frame is
frequently used.
 Access Onto Scaffold
• OSHA requires that adequate means of
access is given to the scaffold platform.
• Stairways or demountable ladders.
• In addition Waco has a walk-through and an
end frame with built-in ladders.
 Scaffold Access

• No access by
crossbraces
• When using ladders,
bottom rung no more
than 24 inches high
• Can use some end
frames
• Can access from
another scaffold, Do not access
structure or hoist End Frame by crossbraces
No Access – No PPE
 B- Tube and Clamp
• To accommodate jobs too
difficult for frame
scaffolding, because of
the obstruction, limited
access.
• Tube and clamp requires
much greater expertise to
erect.
• Oil Refineries
 C- Modular System Scaffolds
• The advantage that
modular systems have
over tube and clamp is
that they do not require
the high degree of
expertise .
• Once the base is set, the
erector does not have to
worry about the location
of connections
 D- Rolling Scaffolds
• When height to
minimum base width
ratio of the scaffold
exceeds 4:1,
stabilizers are
required.
• Casters (brakes)
• Adjustable screws
with base plates.
E- Suspended Scaffolds ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
 Competent Persons

• All scaffolds must be

erected, moved,
dismantled or altered
only under the
supervision of a
competent person
Safety Comes First
 General Requirements
• Scaffolds and their components shall be
capable of supporting without failure at least
four times the maximum intended load.
• Nails or bolts used in the construction of
scaffolds shall be of adequate size and in
sufficient numbers at each connection to
develop the designed strength of the
scaffolds. Nails shall not be subjected to a
straight pull and shall be driven full length.
• All planking or platforms shall be
overlapped (minimum 12 inches) or secured
from movement.
 Continued
• An access ladder or equivalent safe access
shall be provided.
• Scaffold planks shall extend over their end
supports not less than 6 inches nor more
than 18 inches.
• Employees shall not work on scaffolds
during storms or high winds.
• Tools, materials, and debris shall not be
allowed to accumulate in quantities to cause
hazard.
 General Requirements
• Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold suspension
shall be capable of supporting at least six times
the intended load.
• OSHA has determined a 10 - foot fall protection
for scaffolding.
• Scaffolds cannot be erected, used, closer than 10
feet (3.1m) near energized power lines. (from
300 v to 50 kv).
• OSHA requires that scaffolding must always be
secure when height of the scaffold exceeds four
(4) times the minimum base width.
 Foundations/Sills
• Base plates must be
placed under the legs.
• Use mudsill continuous
under both legs of the
scaffold. The sill
extends at least 9 inches
past the center line of
the leg and be of 2inch
x 10 inches lumber.
Scaffold Foundations

• Scaffolds must have

base plates, even
when setting on a
concrete floor.
• Also, the lack of a
base plate could
damage the scaffold
leg.
When a scaffold is being erected on uneven grade, adjusting screws
should be used in all legs.
 Scaffold Support Examples

Base plate

Mud sills

Good support Inadequate support –

in danger of collapse?
 Bracing
• The position and number of braces used on a
scaffold not only restricts the amount of side
movement, but also determines the strength of the
scaffold.
• Bracing at right angles to the building is achieved
by the ties to the building and the inherent
rigidity of the frame.
• Special care should be taken with tube and
coupler or systems scaffolds which need
transverse bracing as well as ties.
 Ties
• It is essential that every scaffold be
adequately tied to the building structure
throughout its entire length and height. If
not, collapse of the scaffold will occur.
• The bottom tie must be placed no higher
than four (4) times the minimum base width
and every 26 feet vertically thereafter.
• Horizontal ties will be at intervals not to
exceed 30 feet.
• At least 50% of ties should be positive.
 Scaffold Height

20’
The height of the
scaffold should not
be more than four
times its minimum
base dimension
unless guys, ties, or
braces are used
5’
Types of Ties ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
Through Ties (+ ve) •
Reveal Ties (- ve) •
Box Ties (+ ve) •
Anchor Bolt (+ ve) •
 Through Ties (+ve type)
A tube is taken through any convenient opening, such
as a window, and coupled to a vertical or horizontal
tubes
 B- Reveal Ties (Not Positive)
A tube is wedged into an opening in the wall by
means of reveal pin. A second tube is then fixed
between this tube and the scaffold to form the tie.
 C- Box Ties (Positive Ties)
If there are columns close to the scaffold. Tie
tubes run both sides of the column, with cross
tubes tied back and front to both tie tubes.
D- Anchor Bolt (Positive Type)
• They leave a hole
behind which has to
be repaired.
Planking
• Wood scaffold planks
should be nominal
2inches x 10 inches.
• Planking should extend
a minimum of 6 inches
over the center of each
support (unless cleated
to prevent the plank
from sliding) and a
maximum of 12 inches
 Planks
• Wood scaffold planks should be nominal 2 inches x 10
inches. (actual 1.5” x 9¼”)
• Planks should bear the stamp of a grading agency
approved by the American Lumber Standards
Committee)
• Span of 8 feet for 25 pounds per square foot
• Span of 6 feet rated for 50 pounds per square foot
maximum.
• Gaps between adjacent planks or toe boards should not
exceed one (1) inch. (minimum width 18 inches)
Planks – Toe boards
Each scaffold walkway shall be at
least 18 inches (45 cm) wide.
Planks
3- It has had oil,
corrosive liquid or
acid split on it.
4- It has any part
painted (which may
cover up a weakness)
5- It is excessively
warped, or if any
part is decayed.
 Scaffold Platform Construction
• No large gaps in front
edge of platforms
• Each abutted end of
plank must rest on a
separate support surface
• Overlap platforms at
least 12 inches over
supports, unless
restrained to prevent Planks not properly
movement overlapped
 Platform Ends

Each end of a
platform, unless
cleated or otherwise
restrained by hooks,
must extend over its
support by at least 6
inches

No Cleats
The front edge of all platforms shall not be more than 14
inches (35 cm) from the face of the work, unless
guardrail systems are erected along the front edge
and/or personnel fall arrest systems are used.
 Loads
• OSHA requires that a scaffold be designed
with a 4:1 safety factor.
• Light duty: 25 pounds per square foot
• Medium duty: 50 pounds per square foot
• Heavy Duty: 75 pounds per square foot.
• Material loads should be evenly distributed
on platform and not concentrated in one
small area.
Scaffolds Near Power Lines
Scaffolds
Scaffolds
Scaffolds
 Using Scaffolds

• Don’t work on snow or ice

covered platforms or during
storms or high winds
• Use tag lines on swinging
loads
• Protect suspension ropes
from heat & acid

A covered scaffold has special

wind load considerations
Fatal Fact – Ice & No Guardrails
Laborer was working on the
third level of a tubular welded
frame scaffold which was
covered with ice and snow

The scaffold was not fully

decked, there was no
guardrail and no access
ladder

The worker slipped and fell

head first 20 feet to the
pavement below
 Scaffold Inspection
Competent person
inspects scaffolds for
visible defects before
each shift and after any
alterations

Defective parts must be

immediately repaired
Deformed bearer
Scaffold Labeling
Unsafe act – Unsafe condition
Unsafe condition
Unsafe Scaffolding – No Access
No Fall Protection
Unsafe Scaffolding – No Fall Protection
No Fall Protection – No PPE
 violations

No Fall Protection
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬
violations

No Safe Access No
Platform
‫ﻻ ﺑﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﻣﻦ و ﻻ دﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻣﻨﺔ‬
 violations

Stupidity Behavior
Unbelievable
 Safety Violations

There is no fall protection or safe access

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اى وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط او ﻣﺪﺧﻞ آﻣﻦ‬
 Safety Violations

No Fall Protection – No PPE

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط – ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺰام آﻣﺎن‬
 Safety Violations
There is no barricade or cover protection
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﺳﻮار أو ﻏﻄﺎء ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬
Manhole without
Cover
 Safety Violations

No Fall Protection – No Access

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط – ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻜﺔ آﻣﻨﺔ‬
Unsafe conditions
 Safety Violations

No Fall Protection
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬
 Safety Violations

No Fall Protection – No PPE

No Fall Protection
No Fall Protection
No Fall Protection
Unsafe Conditions “unsafe scaffolding”
No Fall Protection – Unsafe Access
Unsafe Access
No Fall Protection – No PPE