IIT - Integração - Parte 2 PDF

Definite Integrals
Indefinite & Definite Itegration 26 of 89

PART A :
A Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b],
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = F(x) + c. Then ∫ f (x) dx = F(b) – F(a) is called definite integral. This formula is known as Newton-
a
Leibnitz formula.
Note :
b
1. The indefinite integral ∫ f (x) dx is a function of x, where as definite integral ∫ f ( x) dx is a number..
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a
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b b
2. Given ∫ f ( x ) dx we can find

∫ f ( x ) dx , but given ∫ f (x) dx we cannot find ∫ f ( x) dx
a a
2
dx
Illustration. 1 Evaluate ∫
1
( x + 1)( x + 2)
1 1 1
Sol. ∵ = – (by partial fractions)
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: 0 903 903 7779,
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x+2
2
dx
∫
1
( x + 1)( x + 2) = [log e ( x + 1) − loge ( x + 2)]1
2
9
 
= loge3 – loge4 – loge2 + loge3 = loge  8 
Self Practice Problems

Evaluate the following
2
5x 2  5 3
1. ∫
1
2
x + 4x + 3
dx Ans. 5–
5
2
 9 log e 4 − log e 2 
 
π
2
π4 π
∫ (2 sec )
2
2. x + x 3 + 2 dx Ans. + +2
1024 2
0
π
3
x π2 π  2 
 
3. ∫
0
1 + sec x
dx Ans.
18
–
3 3
+ 2 loge  3
 
PART B :
Properties of definite integral
b b
P–1 ∫
a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (t) dt
a
i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

b a
P–2 ∫ f ( x ) dx = – ∫ f ( x ) dx
b
a
b c b
P–3 ∫
a
f ( x ) dx =
∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].
a c
5
 x+3 : x < 3
Illustration 2 If f(x) =  2
3 x + 1 : x ≥ 3
, then find ∫ f ( x) dx
2
5 3 5
Sol. ∫
2
f ( x ) dx =
∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
2 3
3 5
∫ ∫ (3 x
2
= ( x + 3) dx + + 1) dx
2 3
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9−4 211
= + 3 (3 – 2) + 53 – 33 + 5 – 3 =
2 2
Illustration 3 Evaluate | x − 5 | dx ∫ 2
8 5 8
Sol. ∫ | x − 5 | dx = ∫2
( − x + 5) dx + ∫ ( x + 5) dx
5
=9
2
2 5 2
Illustration 4 Show that ∫ (2 x + 1) dx = ∫

0
(2x + 1) + ∫ (2x + 1)
5
0
2 2
Sol. L.H.S. = x + x ] 0 = 4 + 2 = 6
R.H.S. = 25 + 5 – 0 + (4 + 2) – (25 + 5) = 6
∴ L.H.S. R.H.S

2
∫| x
2
1. + 2x − 3 | dx Ans. 4
0
2. ∫ [ x] dx , where [x] is integral part of x.

0
Ans. 3
3. ∫ [ t ] dt
0
Ans. 13
PART C :
a a
P–4 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ (f (x) + f (−x))

0
dx
−a
=2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0
if f(–x) = f(x) i.e. f(x) is even
=0 if f(–x) = –f (x) i.e. f(x) is odd

1
e x + e −x
Illustration 5 Evaluate ∫
−1
1+ ex
dx
1
1
e x + e −x  e x + e −x e − x + e x 
Sol. ∫ 1+ ex
dx = ∫ 
0
1+ e x
+
1 + e − x 
dx
−1
1
 e x + e −x e x ( e − x + e x )  1
(e −1 − 1) e2 − 1
= ∫ 
0
1+ e x
+
ex + 1  dx =
 ∫ (e x + e − x ) dx = e – 1 +
−1
=
e
0
π
2
Illustration 6 Evaluate ∫ cos x dx
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π
−
2
π π
2 2
Sol. ∫ cos x dx = 2 ∫ cos x
π
dx = 2 (∵ cos x is even function)
− 0
2
1
2−x
Illustration 7 Evaluate ∫ log
−1
e  dx
2+x
2−x
Sol. Let f(x) = loge  
2+ x
2+x 2−x
⇒ f(–x) = loge   = – log   = – f(x)
2−x e
2+x
i.e. f(x) is odd function
1
2−x
∴ ∫ log
−1
e  dx = 0
2+ x

1
1. ∫ | x | dx
−1
Ans. 1
π
2
∫ sin
7
2. x dx Ans. 0
π
−
2
π
2
cos x
3. ∫π
1+ ex
dx Ans. 1
−
2
PART D :
b b
P–5 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x )
a
dx
a
a a
Further ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a − x) dx
0
π π
2 2
g (sin x ) g (cos x ) π
Illustration 8 Prove that ∫
0
g (sin x ) + g (cos x )
dx = ∫
0
dx =
4
π
2
g (sin x )
Sol. Let Ι = ∫
0
dx
π  π  π
2 g  sin − x   2
 2  g (cos x )
⇒ Ι= ∫  π    π 
= ∫ g (cos x ) + g (sin x )
dx
0 g  sin − x   + g  cos − x   0
 2   2 
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on adding, we obtain
π π
2 2
 g (sin x ) g (cos x )  π
2Ι = ∫  g (sin x) + g (cos x) + g (cos x) + g (sin x)  dx
0
= ∫
0
dx ⇒Ι=
4
Note : 1. The above illustration can be remembered as a formula
2. Other similar formulae are

π π
2 2
g (tan x ) g (cot x ) π
∫
0
g (tan x ) + g (cot x )
dx = ∫0
g (tan x ) + g (cot x )
dx =
4
π π
2 2
g (cos ecx ) g (sec x ) π
∫
0
g (cos ecx ) + g (sec x )
dx = ∫
0
g (cos ecx ) + g (sec x )
dx =
4
a
g ( x)
∫
0
a
g ( x ) + g (a − x ) dx = 2

π
x
1. ∫ 1 + sin x
0
dx Ans. π
π
2
x π
2. ∫ sin x + cos x dx Ans.
2 2
(
loge 1+ 2 )
0
π
2
x sin x cos x π2
3. ∫ sin
0
4
x + cos 4 x
dx Ans.
16
π
3
dx
4. ∫ 1+
π tan x Ans.
π
12
6
PART E :
2a a
P–6 ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ (f (x) + f (2a − x)) dx
0
=2 ∫ f ( x) dx
0
if f (2a – x) = f(x)
=0 if f (2a – x) = –f(x)
π
∫ sin
3
Illustration 9 Evaluate x cos 3 x dx
0
Sol. Let f(x) = sin x cos3x3

⇒ f(π – x) = – f(x)
π
∫ sin
3
∴ x cos 3 x dx = 0
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0
π
dx
Illustration 10 Evaluate ∫ 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
dx
1
Sol. Let f(x) =
1 + 2 sin2 x
⇒ f(π – x) = f(x)
π π
π
2 2
dx sec 2 x dx
∫ 1 + 2 sin
dx
⇒
0
2
x
=2 ∫ 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
=2 ∫
0
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan 2 x
π
2 π
sec 2 x dx 2
=2 ∫ 1 + 3 tan
0
2
x
=
3 [tan ( 3 tan x) ]
−1 2
0
π
∵ tan is undefined, we take limit
2
 
=
2 
 Ltπ − tan
−1
3 tan x − tan(−1 
3 tan 0  ) ( )
3 x→ 
 2
2 π π
= =
3 2 3
Note : We can evaluate the integral without using this property
π π π
dx cos ec 2 x cos ec 2 x dx
Alternatively : ∫ 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
= ∫
0
cos ec x + 2 2 dx = ∫
0
cot 2 x + 3
Observe that we are not converting in terms of tan x as it is not continuous in (0, π)
π
1  −1 cot x  1  −1 cot x   cot x 
=– tan   = –
  Lt − tan   − Lt tan −1
 


3   3  0 3  x → π  3  x →0
+
 3 
1  π π π
=– − −  =
3  2 2 3
Note : If we convert in terms of tan x, then we have to break integral using property P – 3.
π π π
2 2 2
π
Illustration 11 Prove that ∫ log
0
e sin x dx = ∫ log
0
e cos x dx = ∫ log (sin 2x) dx = –
0
e
2
loge2 .
π
2
Sol. Let Ι = ∫ log
0
e sin x dx ..........(i)
π
2
 π 
⇒ Ι= ∫ log  sin  2 − x   dx
0
e (by property P – 5)
π
2
Ι= ∫ log (cos x) dx ..........(ii)
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e
0
Adding (i) and (ii)

π π
2 2
 sin 2x 
2Ι= ∫ log (sin x . cos x) dx = ∫ log
0
e
0
e
 2 
 dx
π π
2 2
∫ log (sin 2x) dx – ∫ log

2
2Ι= e e dx
0 0
π
2 Ι = Ι1 – log2e ..........(iii)
2
π
2
where Ι1 = ∫ log (sin 2x)
0
e dx
1
put 2x = t ⇒ dx = dt
2
L.L:x=0 ⇒ t=0
π
U.L:x= ⇒ t=π
2
π
1
⇒ Ι1 = ∫ log (sin t)
0
e
2
dt
π
2
1
=
2
×2 ∫ log (sin t) dt
0
e (by using property P – 6)
π
⇒ Ι1 = Ι ∴ (iii) gives Ι=– log2e
2
  1
∞  loge  x +  
  x
1. ∫  1+ x2  dx : Ans : π loge2
0
 
 
1
sin −1 x
2. ∫
0
x dx : Ans :
π
2
loge2
π
π2
3. ∫
0
x log e sin x dx Ans : –
2
loge2
PART F :
P–7 If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T
(i) ∫ f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ z
0
0
a +nT T
(ii) ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ z, a ∈ R
0
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nT T
(iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = (n – m) ∫ f ( x) dx, m, n ∈ z
mT 0
a +nT a
(iv) ∫
nT
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ z, a ∈ R
0
b + nT a
(v) ∫
a + nT
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ z, a, b ∈ R
a
2
∫e
{x}
Illustration 12 Evaluate dx
−1
2 −1+ 3 1 1
∫ e { x } dx = ∫ ∫
e { x } dx = 3 e { x } dx = 3 ∫e
{x}
Sol. dx = 3(e – 1)
−1 −1 0 0
nπ + v
π
Illustration 13 Evaluate ∫ | cos x | dx ,
0
2
< v < π and n ∈ z
nπ + v v nπ + v
Sol. ∫
0
| cos x | dx = ∫
0
| cos x | dx + ∫ | cos x | dx
v
π
2 v π
= ∫ cos x – ∫ cos x dx + n ∫ | cos x | dx

0
0 π
π
2
= (1 – 0) – (sin v – 1) + 2n ∫ cos x dx
0
= 2 – sin v + 2n (1 – 0) = 2n + 2 – sin v
Self Practice Problem

2
∫e
{3 x }
1. dx Ans. 3 (e – 1)
−1
2000 π
dx
2. ∫
0
1 + e sin x
dx Ans. 1000 π
5π
4
sin 2x π
3. ∫
π
sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx Ans.
4
PART G :
P–8 If ψ(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ φ (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

b b b
∫ ψ( x ) dx ≤ ∫
a
f ( x ) dx ≤
∫ φ( x) dx
a a
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b
P–9 If m ≤ f(x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then m (b – a) ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ M (b – a)
a
b
Further if f(x) is monotonically decreasing in (a, b) then f(b) (b – a) < ∫ f ( x) dx < f(a) (b – a) and if f(x)
a
b
is monotonically increasing in (a, b) then f(a) (b – a) < ∫ f ( x) dx < f(b) (b – a)
a
b b
P – 10 ∫ f ( x) dx
a
≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
P – 11 If f(x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] then ∫ f (x) dx ≥ 0

a
1 1 1
Illustration 14 For x ∈ (0, 1) arrange f 1(x) = , f 2(x) = and f 3(x) = in ascending
4−x 2
4 − 2x 2
4 − x2 − x3
1
π dx π
order and hence prove that
6
< ∫
0 4−x −x 2 3 <
4 2
Sol. ∵ 0<x <x 3
⇒ 2
x < x + x < 2x 2 2 3 2
⇒ –2x2 < – x2 – x3 < –x2
⇒ 4 – 2x2 < 4 –x2 – x3 < 4 – x2
⇒ 4 − 2x 2 < 4 − x 2 − x 3 < 4 − x 2
⇒ f 1(x) < f 3(x) < f 2(x) for x ∈ (0, 1)
1 1 1
⇒ ∫ f ( x) dx < ∫ f ( x) dx < ∫ f ( x)
0
1
0
3
0
2 dx
1 1 1
 x  dx 1 x 
sin –1  
 2  0
< ∫
0 4 − x2 − x3
<
2
sin –1 
2 0
1
π dx π
6
< ∫ 0 4−x −x 2 3 <
4 2
π
2
sin x
Illustration 15 Estimate the value of ∫
0
x
dx
sin x
Sol. Let f(x) =
x
x cos x − sin x (cos x )( x − tan x )
f′(x) = 2 = <0
x x2
⇒ f(x) is monotonically decreasing function.
f(0) is not defined, so we evaluate
Lt Lt + sin x = 1. Take f(0) = Lt + f(x) = 1

f(x) = x →0
x →0 + x x →0
π 2
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f   =
 
2 π
π
2
2 π  sin x π 
.  − 0 <
π 2  ∫
0
x
dx < 1 .  − 0 
2 
π
2
sin x π
1< ∫
0
x
dx <
2
Note : Here by making the use of graph we can make more appropriate approximation as in next illustration.
1
∫e
x2
Illustration 16 Estimate the value of dx using (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle
0
Sol. (i) By using rectangle

1
∫e
x2
Area OAED < dx < Area OABC
0
∫e
x2
1< dx < 1 . e
0
∫e
x2
1< dx < e
0
(ii) By using triangle

1
∫e
x2
Area OAED < dx < Area OAED + Area of triangle DEB
0
1 1
∫ ∫e dx < e + 1
2
x2
1< e x dx < 1 + 1 . 1. (e – 1) 1<
0 2 0 2
1 1
∫ ∫ e dx
2
Illustration 17 Estimate the value of e x dx by using x
0 0
2
Sol. For x ∈ (0, 1), e x < ex
1 1
∫ ∫ e dx
2
⇒ 1×1< e x dx < x
0 0
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∫e
x2
1< dx < e – 1
Exercise : Prove the following :

1 1
∫ ∫e
−x2
1. e − x cos 2 x dx < cos 2 x dx
0 0
π π
2 2
∫ sin ∫ sin
n +1 2
2. 0< x dx < x dx
0 0
1 1
−
∫e
4 x2 −x
3. e < dx < 1
0
1
x 3 cos x
4. –
1
2
≤ ∫
0
2 + x2
dx <
1
2
π
2
π
5. 1< ∫
0
sin x dx <
2
2
x dx
∫ 16 + x
1
6. 0< 3 <
0
6
PART - H
h( x )
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =
∫ f (t) dt , then
g( x )
dF( x )
= h′(x) f(h(x)) – g′(x) f(g(x))
dx
Proof : Let P(t) = ∫ f (t) dt
h( x )
⇒ F(x) = ∫ f (t) dt = P(h(x)) – P(g(x))

g( x )
dF( x )
⇒ = P′(h(x)) h′(x) – P′(g(x)) g′(x)
dx
= f(h(x)) h′(x) – f (g(x)) g′(x)
x2
Illustration 18 If F(x) = ∫
x
sin t dt , then find F′(x)
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Sol. F′(x) = 2x . sin x 2 – 1 . sin x
e3 x
t
Illustration 19 If F(x) = ∫ 2x log et
dt , then find first and second derivative of F(x) with respect to log xe
e
at x = log2e
dF( x ) dx  e3x 2x 
dF( x ) 2x e
3 . e 3 x . − 2 . e  x = e6x – e4x.
Sol.
( )
d logex
=
dx d (log x ) =
 log ee
3 x
log ee
2x

d2F( x ) d d 1
= (e6x – e4x) = (e6x – e4x) × = (6 e6x – 4 e4x) x
d ( )
log ex
2
d ( )
logex dx d log ex
dx
First derivative of F(x) at x = log2e (i.e. ex = 2) is 26 – 24 = 48
Second derivative of F(x) at x = log2e (i.e. ex = 2) is (6 . 26 – 4 . 24) . loge2 = 5 . 26 . log2e.
2
x 2 
 e t dt 

0
∫ 

Illustration 20 Evaluate xLt
→∞ x
∫e
2t 2
dt
0
2
x 2 
 e t dt 
 ∫  ∞ 
Sol. Lt  0   form 
x →∞ x ∞ 
∫e
2t 2
dt
0
Applying L′ Hospital rule

x
∫
2 2
2 . e t dt . e x
= Lt 0
x →∞ 2
1 . e2x
∫
2
2 . e t dt 2
2 . ex
= Lt 0 = Lt 2 =0
x →∞
ex
2 x →∞ 2x . e x
Modified Leibnitz Theorem :

h( x )
If F(x) = ∫ f ( x, t) dt, then
g( x )
h( x )
∂ f ( x, t )
F ′(x) = ∫
g( x )
∂x
dt + f(x, h(x))h′(x) – f(x, g(x)) . g′(x)
x
dt
Illustration 21 If f(x) = ∫ x + t , then find f′(x)
logex
x x
−1 1 1 1 1  1 1
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Sol. f′(x) = ∫ (x + t )2
dt + 1 .
2x
–
x (x + log ) x
= (x + t)  x +
 loge 2x
–
x x(+ log ex )
logex e
1 1 1 1 1 x +1 log ex − 1
=
2x
– x +
x + log e 2x
–
x x + log ex ( ) =
x
–
(
x x + log ex
=
) (
x x + log ex )
x
x 
dt
Alternatively : f(x) = ∫ = log e ( x + t ) (treating ‘t’ as constant)
x+t 
logex  log x
e
f(x) = loge2x – loge (x + log xe)

x
1 1  1 log e − 1
1 +  =
f′(x) =
x
–
x + log ex ( )  x  (
x x + log ex )
Definite Integrals dependent on parameters :
1
xb − 1
Illustration 23 Evaluate ∫ 0
log ex
, ‘b’ being parameter
1
xb − 1
Sol. Let Ι(b) = ∫
0
log ex
dx
1
dΙ (b) x b logex
db
= ∫
0
log ex
dx + 0 – 0
(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)

1
1
x b +1  1
∫ 
b
= x dx = =
b + 1 b +1
0 0
Ι(b) = loge (b + 1) + c
b=0 ⇒ Ι(0) = 0
∴ c=0 ∴ Ι(b) = loge (b+1)
1
tan −1(ax )
Illustration 24 Evaluate ∫
0 x 1− x2
dx , ‘a’ being parameter
1
tan −1(ax )
Sol. Let Ι(a) = ∫
0 x 1− x2
dx
1 1
dΙ ( a ) x 1 dx
da
= ∫
0
(1 + a 2 x 2 ) x 1 − x 2
dx = ∫
0 (1 + a x ) 1 − x 2
2 2
Put x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt

L.L. : x = 0 ⇒ t=0
π
U.L. : x = 1 ⇒ t=
2
π π
2 2
dΙ (a) 1 1 dt
da
= ∫ 2 2
1 + a sin t cos t
cos t dt = ∫ 1+ a 2
sin 2 t
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

0 0
π
π
2
sec 2 t dt 1  1 + a 2 tan t  2
= ∫ 1 + (1 + a
0
2
) tan 2 t
=
1+ a2
tan –1



 0
1 π
= .
1+ a 2 2
π  2 
⇒ Ι(a) = loge  a + 1 + a  + c
 
2
But Ι(0) = 0 ⇒ c=0
π  2 
⇒ Ι(a) = loge  a + 1 + a 
2  
Self Practice Problems :

x3
1. If f(x) = ∫
0
cos t dt, find f ′(x). Ans. 3x2 cos x 3
x
t
2. If f(x) = e g(x)
and g(x) = ∫ 1+ t
2
4 dt then find the value of f ′(2). Ans.
2
17
y
dt d2 y
3. If x = ∫
0 1 + 4t 2
and
dx 2
= Ry then find R Ans. 4
x2
∫x
2
4. If f(x) = sin t dt then find f ′(x). Ans. x2 (2x sin x2 – sin x) + (cos x – cos x2) x
x
x
5. If φ(x) = cos x – ∫ ( x − t ) φ(t ) dt, then find the value of φ′′(x) + φ(x). Ans.
0
– cos x
x
2
∫ ((log )
t 2
6. Find the value of the function f(x) = 1 + x + e) + 2 log et dt where f ′(x) vanishes. Ans. 1 +
e
1
x2
∫ cos t
2
dt
Evaluate xLt
0
7. →0
. Ans. 1
x sin x
π  1+ 1− b2 
 
8. Evaluate ∫
0
log e (1 + b cos x ) dx, ‘b’ being parameter.. Ans. π loge 

2 

PART - Ι
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum.
Let f(x) be a continuous real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] which is divided into n parts
as shown in figure.
y = f(x)
a a+h a+2h ................ a+(n-1)h a+nh=b
x
b−a
The point of division on x-axis are a, a + h, a + 2h ..........a + (n – 1)h, a + nh, where = h.
n
Let Sn denotes the area of these n rectangles.
Then, Sn = hf(a) + hf(a + h) + hf(a + 2h) + ........+hf(a + (n – 1)h)
Clearly, Sn is area very close to the area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), x–axis and the ordinates
x = a, x = b.
b
Hence
∫ f ( x) dx =
a
Lt
n→∞
Sn
n −1
b n −1 b−a  (b − a) r 
∫ f ( x) dx = n→∞
Lt ∑ h f (a + rh) = Lt
n→∞ r =0
∑   a +
n  f  n


a r =0
Note :
1. We can also write
n
b
b−a  b−a 
Sn = hf(a + h) + hf (a + 2h) + .........+ hf(a + nh) and ∫ f ( x ) dx = Lt ∑ 
n→ ∞ r =1
 a + 
n  f 
 r 
 n  
a
n −1
1 1 r
2. If a = 0, b = 1, ∫ f ( x ) dx = n Lt
→∞
∑ n f  n 
r =0
0
Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral

r 1
Step 1. Replace by x, by dx and n Lt
→∞
∑ by ∫
n n
r
Step 2. Evaluate n Lt  
→ ∞  n  by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper limits respectively..
pn p
1 r r r 
For example n Lt
→∞
∑ n f  n  = ∫ f ( x) dx
r =1
(∵ n Lt  
→∞ n
r =1
= 0, n Lt  
→∞ n
r = np
= p)
0
Illustration 25 : Evaluate
Lt  1 1 1 1
 1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ......... + 2n 
n→∞
 
Lt  1 1 1 1
Sol.  1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ......... + 2n 
n→∞
 
n
1
= n Lt
→∞
∑ r +n
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

r =1
n 1
1 1
∑
dx
= n Lt
→∞
r =1
n r 
  +1
= ∫
0
x + 1 = [loge ( x + 1)]0 = loge2.
1
n
 n +1 n+2 n+3 3
Illustration 26 : Evaluate n Lt
→ ∞  n 2 + 12
+ 2 + 2 + ......... +
 n +2 2
n +3 2 5n 
2n 2n 1+
n+r 1
Sol. n→∞
Lt ∑n
r =1
2
Lt
+ r2 = n → ∞
∑
r =1
n
n
r
2
1+  
n
Lt r
∵   = 0, when r = 1, lower limit = 0
n→∞ n
Lt r Lt  2n 
and   =   = 2, when r = 2n, upper limit = 2
n→∞
n n→∞
 n 
2 2 2
1+ x 1 1 2x
∫ 1+ x
0
2 dx = ∫ 1+ x
0
2 dx +
2 ∫ 1+ x
0
2 dx
2
1 
= tan–1x]20 + log e (1 + x 2 )
2 0
1
= tan–1 2 + loge5
2
Illustration 27 : Evaluate
1
Lt  n!  n
n→∞  n
n 
1
 n!  n
Sol. Let y = n Lt
→∞  n 
n 
1  n! 
loge y = n Lt loge  n 
→∞
n n 
1  1 . 2 . 3 ........n 
= n Lt loge  
→∞
n  nn 
Lt 1 log  1  + log  2  + log  3  + ..... + log  n 

=  e e e e 
n→∞
n  n n n  n 
n
r
= n→∞
Lt 1
n
∑ log
r =1
e 
n
1
1 
= ∫ log e x dx = x loge x − x 

0 0
= (0 – 1) – Lt x logex + 0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

+
x →0
= – 1 – 0 = –1
1
⇒ y=
e
Self Practice Problems :
Evaluate the following limits

 1 1 1 1 
1. n→∞
Lt 
 n 2
+
n2 + n
+
n 2 + 2n
+ .... +
n2 + n2


Ans. 2 ( 2 − 1)
Lt  1 1 1 1
2.  1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ....... + 5n  Ans. loge5
n→∞
 
1  3 π 2π 3π nπ  2
Lt sin + 2 sin 3 + 3 sin 3 + ........ + n sin 3
3. 2  4n 
Ans. (52 – 15π)
n→∞
n  4n 4n 4n 9π 2
n −1
1
4. n→∞
Lt ∑
r=0
2
n −r 2 Ans.
π
2
3  n n n n 
5. Lt 1 + + + + ...... +  Ans. 2
n→∞
n  n+3 n+6 n+9 n + 3(n − 1) 
PART – J
Reduction Formulae in Definite Integrals

π
2
 n − 1
∫ sin x dx , then show that Ιn =   Ι
n
1. If Ιn =
 n  n–2
0
π
2
∫ sin
n
Proof : Ιn = x dx
0
π
π 2
[
Ιn = − sinn−1 x cos x ] + ∫ (n − 1) sin
2
0
n− 2
x . cos 2 x dx
0
π
2
∫ sin
n −2
= (n – 1) x . (1 − sin 2 x ) dx
0
π π
2 2
∫ sin ∫ sin
n −2 n
= (n – 1) x dx − (n − 1) x dx
0 0
Ιn + (n – 1) Ιn = (n – 1) Ιn–2
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

 n − 1
Ιn =   Ι
 n  n–2
π π
2 2
∫ sin ∫ cos
n n
Note : 1. x dx = x dx
0 0
 n − 1  n − 3   n − 5 
2. Ιn =       ..... Ι or Ι
 n  n−2 n− 4 0 1
according as n is even or odd. Ι0 = ,Ι =1
2 1
 n − 1  n − 3  n − 5   1 π
   ........  . if n is even
 n  n − 2  n − 4  2 2
Hence Ιn = 
  n − 1  n − 3  n − 5  2
    ........  . 1 if n is odd
  n  n − 2  n − 4  3
π
4
1
∫ tan
n
2. If Ιn = x dx , then show that Ιn + Ιn–2 =
n −1
0
π
4
∫ (tan x)
n−2
Sol. Ιn = . tan2x dx
0
π
4
∫ (tan x)
n−2
= (sec2x – 1) dx
0
π π
4 4
∫ (tan x) ∫ (tan x)
n−2 n− 2
= sec2x dx – dx
0 0
π
 (tan x )n −1  4
=   – Ιn–2
 n − 1  0
1
Ιn = – Ιn–2
n −1
1
∴ Ιn + Ιn–2 =
n −1
π
2
m −1
∫ sin
m
3. If Ιm,n = x . cosn x dx , then show that Ιm,n = Ι ,n
m + n m–2
0
π
2
∫ sin
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

m −1
Sol. Ιm,n = x (sin x cos n x ) dx
π π
 sinm −1 x . cos n+1 x  2 2
cos n +1 x
= −
 n +1
 +
 0 ∫
0
n +1
(m – 1) sinm–2 x cos x dx
π
2
 m − 1
=  
∫ sin
m−2
x . cos n x . cos 2 x dx
 n +1
0
π
2
 m − 1
=  
∫ (sin )
m−2
x . cos n x − sinm x . cos n x dx
 n +1
0
 m − 1  m − 1
=   Ι –   Ι
 n +1 m–2,n
 n + 1  m,n
 m − 1  m − 1
⇒ 1 +  Ι =   Ι
 n + 1  m,n  n + 1  m–2,n
 m −1
Ιm,n =   Ι
 m + n  m–2,n
 m −1  m − 3   m − 5 
Note : 1. Ιm,n =       ........ Ι or Ι according as m is even or odd.
m+n m+n−2 m+n− 4 0,n 1,n
π π
2 2
1
∫ cos ∫ sin x . cos
n n
Ι0,n = x dx and Ι1,n = x dx =
n +1
0 0
2. Walli’s Formula
 (n − 1) (n − 3) (m − 5) .........(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5)....... π
 when both m, n are even
(m + n) (m + n − 2) (m + n − 4)........ 2

Ιm,n = 
 (m − 1) (m − 3) (m − 5) .........(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5).......
 otherwise
 (m + n) (m + n − 2) (m + n − 4)........
π
2
∫ sin
2
Illustration 28 : Evaluate x cos 2 x(sin x + cos x ) dx
π
−
2
π π
2 2
∫ sin ∫ sin
2
Sol. Given integral =
3
x cos 2 x dx + x cos 3 x dx
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

π π
− −
2 2
π
2
∫ sin
2
=0+2 x cos 3 x dx (∵ sin3x cos2x is odd and sin2x cos3x is even)
0
1. 2 4
= 2. 5 . 3 . 1 =
15
π
∫ x sin
5
Illustration 29 : Evaluate x cos 6 x dx
0
∫ x sin
5
Sol. Let Ι = x cos 6 x dx
0
∫ (π − x) sin (π − x) cos
5 6
Ι= ( π − x ) dx
0
π π
∫ sin 5 . cos 6 x dx – ∫ x sin

5
=π x . cos 6 x dx
0 0
π
2
∫ sin
5
⇒ 2Ι = π . 2 x . cos 6 x dx
0
4 . 2. 5 . 3 .1
Ι = π 11 . 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1
8π
Ι=
693
∫x
3
Illustration 30 : Evaluate (1 − x )5 dx
0
Sol. Put x = sin2θ ⇒ dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ

L.L :x=0 ⇒ θ=0
π
U.L. :x=1 ⇒ θ=
2
π
1 2
∫x ∫ sin
3
∴ (1 − x )5 dx = 6
θ(cos 2 θ)5 2 . sin θ . cos θ dθ
0 0
π
2
∫ sin
7
=2. θ cos11 θ dθ
0
6 . 4 . 2 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 1
= 2 . 18 . 16 . 14 . 12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 =
504
Self Practice Problems:
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

π
2
18
∫ sin
5
1. x dx Ans.
15
0
π
2
8
∫ sin
5
2. x cos 4 x dx Ans.
315
0
1
∫x
6
sin −1 x dx π 16
3. Ans. –
0 14 245
a 7
a9
4.
∫ (
0
x a2 − x 2 )
2 dx Ans.
9
∫x π
3/2
5. 2 − x dx Ans.
0 2

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Definite Integrals

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 26 of 89

1. The indefinite integral ∫ f (x) dx is a function of x, where as definite integral ∫ f ( x) dx is a number..

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

2. Given ∫ f ( x ) dx we can find

Self Practice Problems

i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Illustration 4 Show that ∫ (2 x + 1) dx = ∫

Self Practice Problems

2. ∫ [ x] dx , where [x] is integral part of x.

P–4 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ (f (x) + f (−x))

=0 if f(–x) = –f (x) i.e. f(x) is odd

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Self Practice Problems

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Note : 1. The above illustration can be remembered as a formula

2. Other similar formulae are

Self Practice Problems

Sol. Let f(x) = sin x cos3x3

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Note : We can evaluate the integral without using this property

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Adding (i) and (ii)

∫ log (sin 2x) dx – ∫ log

P–7 If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

= ∫ cos x – ∫ cos x dx + n ∫ | cos x | dx

Self Practice Problem

P–8 If ψ(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ φ (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

P – 11 If f(x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] then ∫ f (x) dx ≥ 0

Lt Lt + sin x = 1. Take f(0) = Lt + f(x) = 1

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Sol. (i) By using rectangle

(ii) By using triangle

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Exercise : Prove the following :

⇒ F(x) = ∫ f (t) dt = P(h(x)) – P(g(x))

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Applying L′ Hospital rule

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 37 of 89

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

f(x) = loge2x – loge (x + log xe)

(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)

Put x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Self Practice Problems :

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Lt 1 log  1  + log  2  + log  3  + ..... + log  n 

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Evaluate the following limits

Reduction Formulae in Definite Integrals

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

∫ sin 5 . cos 6 x dx – ∫ x sin

Sol. Put x = sin2θ ⇒ dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ

Self Practice Problems:

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

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