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Failure Prediction For Fluctuating Loading PDF
Failure Prediction For Fluctuating Loading PDF
Fluctuating Load
Dr. Anshul Sharma NIT Uttarakhand
• In design of machine elements, the following three fundamental equations are used
P
t
A
M y Elementary
b b Equations
I
Mt r
J
• One of the assumptions is that there are no discontinuities in the cross-section of the
component.
• The stress concentration is the region where stress raisers are present.
• A stress raiser is any discontinuity in a part that alters the stress distribution.
• The stress concentration factor, Kc, is the factor used to relate the actual maximum
stress at the discontinuity to the average or nominal stress:
• If the crack is sharp and has a tip radius of , the theoretical stress concentration
factor is given by
The endurance limit and fatigue strength are two important cyclic properties of the
materials.
The endurance limit or fatigue limit is usually defined as the maximum completely
reversed stress a material can withstand indefinitely without fracture.
Fatigue Life: defined as the no. of stress cycles that the standard specimen can
complete during the test before the appearance of the first fatigue crack.
N > 103
• However, experiments show that the endurance limit, endurance strength, endurance limit in shear,
and ultimate strength in shear can be related to the ultimate strength in tension.
• Typical effects include the size, composition of the material, heat treatment
and mechanical treatment, stress concentration, residual stresses,
corrosion and temperature.
Size Factor
The approximate results for bending and torsion of a part of diameter D may be
stated as follows:
• The two stress concentration factors are related by the ratio of the notch sensitivity q:
• To predict whether the state of stress at a critical point in an element would result in
failure, a fatigue criterion based on the mean and alternating stresses is used.
• Goodman Line is more safe compared to Gerber curve but results in increased
dimensions of the component.