Nanomagnetism

Kristen Buchanan
Materials Science Division
and
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Argonne National Laboratory

NCLT Nanoworkshop
July 28, 2006
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

„ What is nanoscience? Nanomagnetism?

„ Why is it interesting?
„ How do we make nanoparticles?
„ How can we see them?
„ What does the future hold?

Single Atom

Bulk Material

Nanocluster
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July 28, 2006
 What Are “Nanomaterials”?

Definition based on structure Definition based on properties

Structure is different from what you Properties are different from what
get in bulk materials you get in bulk materials
yellow silver
yellow silver

red gold
Structured on a scale of ~10-1000 atoms Properties different from atoms or
Arrays of gold nanoparticles molecules, different from bulk
Kiely et al. Nature 396, 444 (1998). Yellow silver nanoparticle sample.

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July 28, 2006
When did the nano-revolution begin?
Cup of Lycurgus: 4th century A.D.
“There’s Plenty of Room British Museum
at the Bottom”

„ Richard Feynman’s speech in 1959

„ Key to progress: better tools
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/lycurguscup/sr-lycugus-p1.html
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Nanomagnetism

„ Create • Ancient times: Greeks and Chinese discovered

an iron-rich mineral known as lodestone
„ Explore
•Early compass 1000 AD
„ Understand

1600: Diagram from William Gilbert’s Present day: Magnetic

book "De Magnete” or “On the Magnet” vortex in a micron-sized dot

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July 28, 2006
Magnets in Everyday Life
„ Permanent Magnets

Motor
http://fly.hiwaay.net/~palmer/motor.html

Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake, Northern Sumatra,

December 26, 2004
U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake
Information Center

http://www.howstuffworks.com/
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Magnets in Everyday Life

„ Storage Media

Magnetic tracks on a 5 Gb hard drive

(http://www.pacificnanotech.com/mag
netic-microscopy_single.html)
40 μm
„ Medical: MRI

In 2003, there were ~ 10,000 MRI units

worldwide, and ~ 75 million MRI scans performed.

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July 28, 2006
Moore’s Law

Year
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 Nanomagnetism & Spintronics

Electron:

„ Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)

- -
High Resistance

Low Resistance 40 μm

G. A. Prinz, Science 282, 1660, 1998

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July 28, 2006
MRAM

„ Instant-on computers
„ Tiny, reliable portable
devices
– Cell phones
– MP3 players

http://www.research.ibm.com/
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July 28, 2006
Bio- + Magnetic = ♥

The magnetic nature of particle is used as a mechanism for:

•Targeted delivery
•Detection
•Manipulation
•Functional control

Bio-??? OF INTEREST

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

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July 28, 2006
How do we build nanomaterials?

„ Lithography

„ Chemical synthesis, self-assembly

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July 28, 2006
Fabrication: Top-Down

Plexiglas
Polymer
“PMMA”

Spin Coat Expose Develop

1 μm
Metallization Lift-off

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July 28, 2006
Bottom-up: Self-assembly

„ Self-assembled 3D arrays of 6-nm FePt particles

S. Sun, C. B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A. Moser, Science 287, 1989, 2000

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July 28, 2006
 Nano-Biology

Biology uses nano

Nanofabrication using
biology

Remove
DNA Replace

40 nm
„ Chains of nanomagnets in
magnetotactic bacteria „ Magnetic Viruses
Dunin-Borkowski et al., Science, 282, 1868, 1998 Liu et al. J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 2006

NCLT Nano-workshop, Argonne National Laboratory

July 28, 2006
Virtual Fab: Micromagnetic Simulations
1.0
(e)

Magnetization, M/Ms
0.5 (d)

H 0
(c)

-0.5

(a) (b) Field, mT

-1.0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

H
H

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

„ Landau-Lifshitz Gilbert equation: dynamic relaxation with damping

OOMMF Project http://math.nist.gov/oommf/

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July 28, 2006
How can we “see” nanoparticles?

„ Optical microscope:
– Can resolve > 1 μm (1000 nm)
– Diffraction-limited
• Resolution ∝ wavelength

„ Solutions:
– Near-field optics
– Use smaller wavelengths
• X-rays
• Electrons
– Scanning-probe microscopy

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July 28, 2006
Magnetic Imaging
N S N S

„ Iron fillings show magnetic field lines: early 19th-century imaging tool Freeman
and Choi, Science 294, 1484, 2001

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July 28, 2006
Magneto-optical methods

„ Magneto-optical Faraday (transmission)

and Kerr (reflection) effects
– Discovered in 1845 (Faraday) and
1888 (Kerr)
– Rotation in polarization proportional to
magnetization
– Imaging
– Hysteresis

15 μm

Th. Lacoste, Th. Huser and H. Heinzelmann,

Z. Phys. B 104, 183, 1997

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July 28, 2006
 Side View

Transmission Electron Microscopy

λ ~ 0.0025 nm
3 mm

4 nm

20 nm

Fe Nanocrysals in SiO2
Buchanan et al. Nano. Lett. 2005 Volkov and Zhu, Ultramicroscopy 98, 271, 2003
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July 28, 2006
CNM Nanoprobe at the Advanced
Photon Source
30 nm beam: Fresnel zone plate

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July 28, 2006
Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM)

„ X-rays and electrons:

– Shine x-rays on sample
– Capture emitted electrons
• Element-specific
• High resolution (50-100 nm)

PEEM images of 1-2 μm tri-layer

nanomagnets (Advanced Light Source)
Buchanan et al. Phys. Rev. B, 72, 134415, 2005
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Atomic Force Microscopy

AFM image of ferroelectric stripe domains

10nm PbTiO3 on SrTiO3

Magnetic vortices in a patterned

ferromagnet

100nm

Buchanan et al. Nature Physics 2006

http://www.msd.anl.gov/
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July 28, 2006
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope

„ Scan atomically-sharp tip over sample

„ Record height/tunneling current information
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July 28, 2006
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Quantum Corral (IBM)

Writing with Atoms

Eigler & Schweizer, Nature, 1990)

1981: G. Binnig and H. Rohrer (IBM) invented the scanning tunneling microscope
1986: Nobel Prize in Physics:
G. Binnig and H. Rohrer for STM
E. Ruska for designing the first electron microscope
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July 28, 2006
Spin Polarized Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy

„ Mn monolayer on W(110) measured with a magnetic Fe tip

„ Atomic resolution
„ Periodic parallel stripes along the [001] direction: antiferromagnetic
configuration (Nolting et al., Nature 405, 767, 2000)

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July 28, 2006
Magneto-transport

„ Electrical contacts can be attached to

nanomagnets
– Reversal in single element
– Spin transport

Au
Py

1 μm

Y. Ji, A. Hoffmann, J. S. Jiang, S. D. Bader,

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6218, 2004
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July 28, 2006
Freezing Time: Nanoseconds and beyond

„ Famous photo by H. Edgerton

– Flash photography: microseconds
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July 28, 2006
Pump-probe dynamics

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July 28, 2006
Pump-probe dynamics

„ Dynamics of Nanomagnets:
– Probe: 0.100 ps (0.1x10-12 s) laser pulse
– Pump: trigger current pulse in waveguide
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July 28, 2006
Time-Resolved Magnetic Imaging

Reversal field Ht

„ 10 by 2 µm rectangles of 15-nm thick nickel-iron (Ni80Fe20)

Freeman and Choi, Science, 294, 1484, 2001

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July 28, 2006
Where will nano make an impact?

Electronics
– Information storage & Energy/Environment
processing
– Solar cells
– Spintronics
– Fuel cells
– Photonics
– Remediation

Materials
– Powders, coatings,
composites
– Harder, stronger, dirt
Security repellant, … Bio-Medical
– Sensors – New materials
– Protective clothing – Drug delivery
– Communications – Diagnostics

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July 28, 2006
Conclusions

„ Nanoscience
– Create
• Lithographic patterning, self-assembly, …
– Explore and Understand
• Experiment: imaging, dynamics
• Simulation/Theory
– Exciting fundamental research
– New and improved technologies for the future

Center
for
Nanoscale Materials
at Argonne

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July 28, 2006
Further Information

„ “When Things Get Small”: 30 min. TV show, 5 Emmy Awards!

– http://www.uctv.tv/getsmall/
„ “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Feynman’s lecture from 1959
– http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
„ http://nano.anl.gov/
„ http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/
„ National Center for Learning and Teaching of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
– http://www.nclt.us
„ National Nanotechnology Initiative
– http://www.nano.gov/
„ http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/nano/
„ http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/

Acknowledgements
Sam Bader, Val Novosad, Axel Hoffmann, Eric Isaacs, Al Meldrum, Mark Freeman,
Steve Volkov, Marcos Grimsditch, Frank Fradin
DOE, NSERC Canada

NCLT Nano-workshop, Argonne National Laboratory

July 28, 2006