A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Vitamin C Analysis

B. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
19th September 2018, 09:30-12:00 AM

C. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
Determining Vitamin C Levels in Strawberry

D. BASIC THEORIES
(text)

E. TOOLS AND SUBSTANCES

Tools:
1. Mortar and Pestle 1 set
2. Volumetric Flask 25 mL 1 piece
3. Buret 50 mL 1 piece
4. Statif and Clamp 1 set
5. Erlenmeyer 3 pieces
6. Measuring cup 25 mL 1 piece
7. Glass funnel 1 piece
8. Filter paper 1 piece
9. Watch glass 1 piece
10. Analytical balance 1 piece
Substances:
1. I2 solution 0,01N sufficiently
2. Starch Solution 1% ± 20 drops
3. Distilled water (aquades) sufficiently
4. Strawberries sufficiently

1 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
F. LANES WORK
1. Titration in blank solution

20 mL aquades

- Poured into erlenmeyer flask

- Added 5 drops of 1% starch solution
- Titrated with standard iodine 0.01 N
solution

Volume of I2

2. Titration in the sample solution

Strawberry fruit
- Peeled and weighed as much as 10
grams
- Crushed with mortal and pestle until
get slurry texture
- Put into 100 mL volumetric flask
- Added aquades to the boundary mark
- Waited 15 minutes while sometimes
shaken slowly
- filtered

Filtrate Residue
- Taken filtrate 10 mL
- Put into erlenmeyer
- Added 5 drops of 1%
starch
- Added 20mL aquades
- Titrated with standard
iodine 0,01 N solution

Volume I2

2 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 G. OBSERVATION RESULT
Experiment Result Conclusion
No. Procedure Prediction/Reaction
Before After
1 Titration in blank solution  Aquades =  Aquades +  Amylum + I2 → complex Iod Based on the experiment
colorless starch = Amylum can be concluded that
solution colorless CH2OH CH2OH volume of I2 that needed
H O H H O H
 Starch = solution O OH H O OH H O is 0,4 mL
OH
colorless  Aquades + H OH H OH

solution starch + iodine + nI2 →

 Iodine= = light blue CH2OH CH2OH
I H O H H O H I
yellow solution O OH H O OH H O
OH
solution  Volume of I2 = H OH H OH

0,4 mL

3 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
2 Titration in the sample solution  Strawberry=  Strawberry  Reduction: Based on the experiment
red fruit (crushed) = red I2 + 2e → 2I can be concluded that the
 Aquades=  Atrawberry +  Oksidation: level of vitamin C in
colorless aquades = orange C6H8O6 → C6H6O6 + 2e- +2H+ strawberry fruit is
liquid solution  Complete Reaction: 0,0293%
 Starch=  Filter = light I2 + 2e → 2I-
colorless orange C6H8O6 → C6H6O6 + 2e- +2H+
solution  Filtrate + starch = I2 + C6H8O6 → C6H6O6 + 2HI
 Iodine= light orange
yellow solution Vitamin C concentration in
solution  Titration strawberry is 58,8 mg per 100g (3.5
 V1 = (38,3-37,5) oz) or 0,0588%
mL = 0,8 mL Source : USDA Nutrient database
 V2 = (39,0-38,3)
mL = 0,7 mL
 V3 = (39,9-39,2)
mL = 0,7 mL
 Vaverage =
(0,8+0,7+0,7)mL
= 3

= 0,733 mL

4 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
H. ANALYSIS
(text)

I. DISCUSSION (jika ada)

(text)

J. CONCLUSION
(text)

5 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 REFERENCES

(text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text) (text)
(text) (text)

6 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 ATTACHMENTS

A. Question Answers
1. Calculate vitamin C levels contained in the sample!
Answer:
Calculation
Knowing :
 V Blank : 0,4 mL
 V1 I2 : 0,8 mL
 V2 I2 : 0,7 mL
 V3 I2 : 0,7 mL
(0.8+0,7+0,7)mL
 V avarage = = 0,733 mL
3

 V solution = Vavarage – Vblank

= 0,733mL – 0,4 mL
= 0,333 mL
Asked : levels of vitamin C in strawberry?
Answer :
 Level (mg)
VI2 × NI2
a = × 0,88 mg
0,01
0,333 mL × 0,01 mg/mL
= × 0,88 mg
0,01

= 0,293 mg/mL
𝑉
 Level (mg) = a × 𝑉 dilution
solution

100 mL
= 0,293 mg/mL × 10 mL

= 2,93 mg
100 g
 Level (mg/100g) = 2,93 mg × 10.000 mg = 0,0293 mg/100g
𝑉 a
 Level (%) = 𝑉 dilution × mass sample × 100%
solution

100 mL 0,293mg/mL
= × × 100%
10 mL 10.000 mg

= 0,0293%

7 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 2. Draw the structure of vitamin C!
Answer:

3. Mention any visible disease or symptoms caused by vitamin C deficiency!

Answer:
15 Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin C Deficiency (Julson, 2018).
1) Rough, Bumpy Skin
2) Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair
3) Bright Red Hair Follicles
4) Spoon-Shaped Fingernails With Red Spots or Lines
5) Dry, Damaged Skin
6) Easy Bruising
7) Slowly Healing Wounds
8) Painful, Swollen Joints
9) Weak Bones
10) Bleeding Gums and Tooth Loss
11) Poor Immunity
12) Persistent Iron Deficiency Anemia
13) Fatigue and Poor Mood
14) Unexplained Weight Gain
15) Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

8 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 4. Mention food ingredients that contain vitamin C!
Answer:
a. Kakadu Plums
It has the highest known concentration of vitamin C, containing up
to 5,300 mg per 100 grams. Just one plum packs 481 mg of vitamin C,
which is 530% of the DV.
b. Acerola Cherries
Just one-half cup (49 grams) of red acerola cherries (Malpighia
emarginata) delivers 822 mg of vitamin C, or 913% of the DV.
c. Rose Hips
Approximately six rose hips provide 119 mg of vitamin C, or 132%
of the DV.
d. Chili Peppers
One green chili pepper contains 109 mg of vitamin C, or 121% of
the DV. In comparison, one red chili pepper delivers 65 mg, or 72% of
the DV.
e. Guavas
A single guava contains 126 mg of vitamin C, or 140% of the DV.
It’s particularly rich in the antioxidant lycopene.
f. Sweet Yellow Peppers
Just one-half cup (75 grams) of yellow peppers provides 137 mg of
vitamin C, or 152% of the DV, which is double the amount found in
green peppers.
g. Blackcurrants
One-half cup (56 grams) of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum) contains
101 mg of vitamin C, or 112% of the DV
h. Thyme
Gram for gram, fresh thyme has three times more vitamin C than
oranges and one of the highest vitamin C concentration of all culinary
herbs. One ounce (28 grams) of fresh thyme provides 45 mg of vitamin
C, which is 50% of the DV.

9 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 i. Parsley
Two tablespoons (8 grams) of fresh parsley contain 10 mg of vitamin
C, providing 11% of the recommended DV.
j. Mustard Spinach
One cup of raw chopped mustard spinach provides 195 mg of
vitamin C, or 217% of the DV.

5. Mention the important role of vitamin C in the body!

Answer:
a. Collagen Synthesis
Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis and maintenance of collagen,
the most abundant protein in the human body. Collagen comprises about
25% to 35% of the total protein content in the body. Its strong,
connective, elongated fibrils are found in skin, ligaments, tendons,
cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the intestines, and the discs between
spinal vertebrae. It is also found in the cornea and in muscle tissue.
Important research relating vitamin C to collagen has shown:
1) Vitamin C helps protect the skin by promoting the production and
migration of fibroblasts that support normal wound healing.
2) Vitamin C protects against skin wrinkles seen in premature aging. 
3) Increased vitamin C uptake by vascular smooth muscle cells
increases the synthesis and maturation of Type I (aka Type 1)
collagen.  Type I collagen accounts for about 90% of the body’s total
collagen content.
4) High concentrations of vitamin C stimulate synthesis of Type IV
collagen, which has important filtration characteristics in the kidney,
the blood-brain barrier, and the arterial lining .
b. Basement Membrane Synthesis
Basement membrane is a thin, sticky layer that supports epithelial
cell layers — tissues that line the surfaces and cavities throughout the
body (like the lining of the stomach and the lining of blood vessels). It
binds the glomerular capillaries in the kidneys to the Bowman’s capsule
which is necessary for blood filtration. It also attaches the pulmonary

10 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 capillaries in the lungs to the lung alveoli. In addition, basement
membrane functions as a restrictive barrier to prevent cancer cells from
passing deeper into tissues.
Vitamin C is related to the basement membrane in the following ways:
1) Vitamin C maintains the gel-like state of the basement membrane,
helping to suppress tumor invasion through the basement
membrane. 
2) Vitamin C deficiency reduces the release of basement membrane
components (Type IV collagen, laminin, elastin) in blood vessels. 
3) Vitamin C accelerates the deposition of other important basement
membrane proteins in the area between the dermis and epidermis. 
c. Carnitine Synthesis
Vitamin C is an essential cofactor for the synthesis of carnitine - an
amino acid that is necessary for the transport of fatty acids into
mitochondria. This transfer of fatty acids is an important factor in the
production of the ATP that is necessary for cellular energy.
d. Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Vitamin C is directly involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are biological molecules that facilitate the electrical
flow between neurons and nerve cells in the body and in the brain. The
body’s ability to respond to the environment, as well as the brain’s
ability to think and to remember, is dependent on these essential
substances.
e. Promotes Calcium Incorporation into Bone Tissue
The formation and maintenance of quality, high-density bone
material requires vitamin C. Vitamin C promotes assimilation of
calcium into the bone, protects against leaching of calcium out of the
bones, and fights the oxidative stress that works against assimilation.
Additional relationships between vitamin C and bone metabolism
include the following:
1) Vitamin C stimulates the formation of the cells that incorporate
calcium into bone tissue (osteoblasts). 

11 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 2) Vitamin C inhibits the development of cells that dissolve calcium
out of bone tissues (osteoclasts).
3) As a powerful antioxidant, vitamin C fights oxidative stress in bone
tissues. 
4) Collagen cross-linking, required to form the dense matrix for
optimal bone strength, requires vitamin C. 
f. Immune System Function and Maintenance
The immune system functions of vitamin C are so important that
they are discussed in greater detail in [link to] 20 Ways Vitamin C
Supports a Healthy Immune System.

12 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
B. Calculation
Knowing :
 V Blank : 0,4 mL
 V1 I2 : 0,8 mL
 V2 I2 : 0,7 mL
 V3 I2 : 0,7 mL
(0.8+0,7+0,7)mL
 V avarage = = 0,733 mL
3

 V solution = Vavarage – Vblank

= 0,733mL – 0,4 mL
= 0,333 mL
Asked : levels of vitamin C in strawberry?
Answer :
 Level (mg)
VI2 × NI2
a = × 0,88 mg
0,01
0,333 mL × 0,01 mg/mL
= × 0,88 mg
0,01

= 0,293 mg/mL
𝑉
 Level (mg) = a × 𝑉 dilution
solution

100 mL
= 0,293 mg/mL × 10 mL

= 2,93 mg
100 g
 Level (mg/100g) = 2,93 mg × 10.000 mg = 0,0293 mg/100g
𝑉 a
 Level (%) = 𝑉 dilution × mass sample × 100%
solution

100 mL 0,293mg/mL
= × × 100%
10 mL 10.000 mg

= 0,0293%

13 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
C. Documentation

No Picture Description
1 Apparatus that used in
Vitamin C Analysis, consist
of: Erlenmeyer, beaker glass,
mortal and pestle, funnel,
graduated cylinder.

2 Burette that have been set with

ring stand and clamp ready to
be used (be sure to rinse it with
I2 before used)

3 Fruit sample that used in

Vitamin C analysis is
strawberry

4 The indicator that used is

Starch solution 1%

14 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 5 20 ml aquades poured into
Erlenmeyer then added 5
drops of starch 1%

6 Titration for blank solution

using I2 as a titrant

7 The result of titration for blank

solution. The volume I2 that
needed is 0.4 mL

8 ±10 gram strawberries

weighed using analytical
balance

9 Crushed the strawberries until

the textures getting slurry

15 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 10 After the strawberries have
slurry textures, they are ready
to be dissolved with 100 ml
aquades

11 The slurry strawberries poured

into volumetric flask 100 ml,
then added with aquades little
by little until the border mark,
and waited for 15 minutes
while sometimes shaken it
slowly.

12 Filtered the strawberries that

have been dissolved, then
taken the filtrate 10 ml

13 Diluted 10 ml filtrate using

volumetric flask 100 ml.

14 Poured 10 ml diluted
strawberries into Erlenmeyer
then added 5 drops of starch
1% (do this for 3 times
repetition)

16 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )
 15 Titrated with I2 until the color
changed become light-blue
(faded blue). The volume of I2
is 0.8 mL

16 Titration II, the volume of I2 is

0.7 mL

17 Titration III, the volume of I2

is 0.7 mL

17 | (E x p e r i m e n t T i t l e )