A.N.

Afandi, ST,MT,MIAEng,MIEEE,PhD
1. Overview of POWER TRIANGLE

S =
apparent
power
Q=
reactive
power

P = real power
2. Overview of COMPLEX POWER
3. TRANSMISSION LIMITATION

1. At all times the total power flowing into any bus MUST
be zero!
2. Power is always lost in the transmission system.
3. Higher transmission capacity
4. Lower line-voltage drop
5. Lower transmission losses
6. Lower capital and operating costs
7. Power flow in transmission line is limited by a number
of considerations.
8. Losses can heat up the line, causing it to sag.
9. Thermal limits depend upon ambient conditions.
4. LOSSES

 Goal is to move electric power from generation to load

with as low of losses and cost as possible.
 P = V I or P/V = I
 Losses are I2 R
 Less losses at higher voltages, but more costly to
construct and insulate.
5. POWER FACTOR

 Real power measured in kW.

 Apparent power measured in kVA.
 Power factor - the ratio of real power divided by
apparent power.
 Ideal power factor = 1.0.
6. IMPROVEMENT
Active, or average, power P on each line is approximately
proportional to the voltage phase angle difference across the
line
If we raise the generation at one bus, it drives the voltage
phase angle ahead, compared to other buses
If we put phase shifters in lines, they affect primarily the active
power

 Reactive power Q on each line is approximately proportional to

the voltage magnitude difference across the line
– If we raise the voltage regulator setting at one (generator)
bus, it increases the reactive power generation at that bus
– If we change a transformer tap, it affects primarily the
reactive power
7. IMPROVEMENT using QC/L/LOAD
8. IMPROVEMENT using TRANSFORMER and CONDENSER