POWER ELECTRONICS

Abdullahi Mohamed Samatar

M.Eng (Electrical Engineering).
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
B.Sc. (Electrical Engineering).
Hormuud University (HU)
Email: Banandiid@gmail.com
 LECTURE 9

Power Factor,
Power Factor Correction
and Harmonics

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 Learning Objectives
• Define power factor.
• Define unity, leading and lagging power factors.
• Define power factor correction and unity power factor
correction.
• Calculate the inductor or capacitor value required to correct
AC series parallel networks to the desired apparent power.
• Compare currents, voltages, and power in AC series parallel
networks before and after power factor correction.
• Analyzing harmonics classes on displacement power factor,
total power factor, effects of harmonics on capacitors

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 ACTIVE & REACTIVE POWERS
– Most plant loads are Inductive and require a
magnetic field to operate:
•Motors
•Transformers
•Lighting and so on.
– The magnetic field is necessary, but produces no useful
work
– The utility must supply the power to produce the magnetic
field and the power to produce the useful work: You pay for
all of it!
– These two types of current are the ACTIVE and REACTIVE
components
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 Power Factor Fundamental
• Definitions:
– Working /Active Power: Normally measured in
kilowatts (kW). It does the "work" for the system--
providing the motion, torque, heat, or whatever else is
required.
– Reactive Power: Normally measured in kilovolt-
amperes-reactive (kVAR), doesn't do useful "work." It
simply sustains the electromagnetic field.
– Apparent Power: Normally measured in kilovolt-
amperes (kVA). Working Power and Reactive Power
together make up apparent power.
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 Power Factor

kVAR Apparent = Apparent Power (KVA)

Reactive
Power Reactive = Reactive Power (KVAR)
Active = Real Power (kW)

kVA
Apparent Capacitors provide the Foam (KVAR),
Power release up Capacity so you don’t have
to buy a bigger and/or so you can pay
kW less for your Real power !
Active
Power

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 Power Factor
• Power factor (FP) tells us what portion (or ratio)
of the apparent power (S) is actually real power
(P).
• Power factor is a ratio given by:
P
FP  cos 
Vrms * I rms
P
FP 
S
• Power factor is expressed as a number between 0 to 1.0 (or as
a percent from 0% to 100%).
– The closer to 1.0 the power factor gets, the more resistive.
– The closer to 0.0 the power factor gets, the more reactive.
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 Power Factor Fundamental

Power Factor : A measure of efficiency. The ratio of Active

Power (output) to Total Power (input)

Active Power (kW) Power Factor = Active (Real) Power

 Total Power
Reactive
Power = kW
Total Power (kVA) (KVAR)
kVA
= Cosine (θ)
= DISPLACEMENT POWER FACTOR

A power factor reading close to 1.0 means that electrical power

is being utilized effectively, while a low power factor indicates
poor utilization of electrical power.

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 Power Factor
• From the power triangle it can be seen
that:
FP = P / S = cos 
• Power factor angle is thus given:
 = cos-1(P / S)
• For a pure resistance:  = 0º
• For a pure inductance:  = 90º
• For a pure capacitance:  = -90º S
Q
NOTE: Ө is the phase angle of ZT, not the
current or voltage.

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P
 Power Factor Leading or Lagging
• The term leading and lagging are defined in
reference to the current through the load.
– If the current leads the voltage across the load
then the load has a leading power factor.
– If the current lags the voltage across the load
then the load has a lagging power factor.

FP  cos
FP  cos
FP  cos(40  (20))
FP  cos(80  30)
FP  cos60  0.5 leading
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FP  cos50  0.64 lagging 10
 Unity Power Factor (FP = 1)
• Unity Power Factor implies that all of a
load’s apparent power is real power (S =
P).
• If FP = 1, then  = 0º.
• It could also be said that the load looks
purely resistive.
• Load current and voltage are in phase.

 Q=0

P,S
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 Lagging Power Factor ( > 0º)
• The load current lags load voltage: ELI
• Implies that the load looks inductive.

S
VARind
Q

P

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 Leading Power Factor ( < 0º)
• The load current leads load voltage: ICE
• Implies that the load looks capacitive.

P

VARcap
Q
S

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 Why is Power Factor Important?

• Consider the following example: A

generator is rated at 600 V and supplies
one of two possible loads.
Load 1: P = 120 kW, FP = 1
Load 2: P = 120 kW, FP = 0.6
• Determining how much current (I) is
required is one such reason...
I
+

600 V Load
120 kW
-
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 Why is Power Factor Important?

• For the load with Fp = 0.6, the

generator had to supply 133 more
amperes in order to do the same
work (P)!
• Larger current means larger
equipment (wires, transformers,
generators) which cost more.
• Larger current also means larger
transmission losses (think I2R).

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 Why is Power Factor Important?
• Because of the wide variation in possible
current requirements due to power
factor, most large electrical equipment is
rated using apparent power (S) in volt-
amperes (VA) instead of real power (P)
in watts (W).
• Is it possible to change the power factor
of the load?
The answer is yes…through power factor
correction…

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 Power-Factor Correction
• In the real world, almost all loads are inductive.
• In order to cancel the reactive component of
power, we must add reactance of the opposite
type.
• This is called power factor correction.

Capacitor bank in
shipboard power panel
for FP correction

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 Power-Factor Correction
• In practice, almost all loads (commercial,
industrial and residential) look inductive (due
to motors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, etc.).
• Hence, almost all power factor correction
consists of adding capacitance.

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 Power-Factor Correction
How it changes the power triangle:

Demonstrating the impact of power-factor

correction on the power triangle of a
network.
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 Power-Factor Correction
Solution Steps
1. Calculate the reactive power (Q) of the load.
2. Insert a component in parallel of the load that
will cancel out that reactive power.

e.g. If the load has QLD = 512 VAR, insert a

capacitor with QC = -512 VAR.

3. Calculate the reactance (X) that will give this

value of Q Normally the Q=V2/X formula will
work.
4. Calculate the component value (F or H)
required to provide that reactance.
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 Power factor correction capacitors
for A, B, and C phases at the Crofton , MD substation
Rating: 230 kV, 360 MVAR

size comparison Capacitor banks

12/19/2019 21
 Example 1
a. Determine the value of the capacitance (in F) required
to bring the power factor up to unity (freq of 60 Hz).
b. Determine load current before and after correction.
a) 1
ZT   25.335.8
1 1
*
60 20  j 30

ES 120V 0
IT    4.74 A  35.8
ZT 25.335.8 Sign
Chang
ST  Es * ( I )  (1200) * (4.74 A35.8)
*
T
e

ST  568.7VA35.8  462W  j 332VAR

b) Because the QT = 332 VAR, we can
insert a capacitor with QC = -332 VAR
P QT
T
P 462W
FP    0.81 or 81%
S 568.7VA

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 Example 1 cont.
a. Determine the value of the capacitance (in F) required
to bring the power factor up to unity (freq of 60 Hz).
b. Determine load current before and after correction.
b) Because the QT = 332 VAR, we can
insert a capacitor with QC = -332 VAR
V2
QTUnity  332VAR 
XC
V2 (120V ) 2
XC    43.3
| QTUnity | 332
Notice that XC ≠ XL!
Notice that XC ≠ XLD ! 1
X CUnity  
2 fCUnity
c) Adding a unity cap
1 1
Zchanges ZT: CUnity    61.1 F
1

TUnity  31.20 2 fX CUnity 2 (60 Hz )(43.3 )
1 1 1
* 
60 20  j 30  j 43.4
NEW Current:
OLD Current: E 120V 0
120V 0 IT  S   3.85 A0
E
IT  S   4.74 A  35.8 ZT 31.20
ZT 25.335.8
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Notice, there is now less current needed for the
load after unity power factor correction
 Power-Factor Correction
• Transmission lines and generators must be
sized to handle the larger current requirements
of an unbalanced load.
• Industrial customers are frequently fined by the
utility if their power factor deviates from the
prescribed value established by the utility.

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 Example 2
a. Determine S, PT, QT, and FP.
b. Determine the value of the
capacitance (in F) required to bring
the power factor up to unity (freq
of 60 Hz).
c. Determine generator current before
and after correction.

a)

11738 W

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 Example 2 cont.
a. Determine S, PT, QT, and FP.
b. Determine the value of the
capacitance (in F) required to
bring the power factor up to unity
(freq of 60 Hz).
c. Determine generator current
before and after correction.
b) Since QLD = 8438 VAR, let’s insert a capacitor with QC = -8438 VAR.

c) Notice, there is now

Old less current needed
Curren for the generator
t
New after unity power
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Current 26
factor correction
 WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT POWER FACTOR

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 MOTOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

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 Why do we care about Power Factor?
• In Industrial Facilities, Mostly Induction
Motor loads
• Energy Efficient Motors not optimized for
PF
• Low power factor is caused by oversized
or lightly loaded induction motors
• Low power factor results in:
– Poor electrical efficiency!
– Higher utility bills **
– Lower system capacity
– On the Supply Side, Generation Capacity & Line
Losses
• Power Factor Correction Capacitors (PFCC)
provide an economical means for
improving Energy utilization
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 Harmonics
• Displacement Power Factor
• Total Power Factor
• Effects of Harmonics on
Capacitors

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 Linear vs Non-Linear
– Until recently, most electrical
equipment drew current in a
“linear” fashion:

v i • Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal”

– Today, many electrical loads

draw current in a
“non-linear” fashion:
v • Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal”
i
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 What produces “Non-linear” Current?

• Computers M • Variable
Frequency
Drives
• Fax Machines • Electronic
Ballasts

• Almost
• Copiers anything
electronic

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 Time vs Frequency
Time Domain Frequency Domain
1
f1 = 60 H z
0.5

60 Hz f1 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1

f3 = 3 x 60hz = 1
+ 180 hz
0.5
180 Hz f3 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1

f5 = 5 x 60 hz =
+ 300 hz
1

0.5
300 Hz f5 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1

f7 = 7 x 60 hz = 1

+ 420 hz
0.5

420 Hz f7 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1

D isto rted Wave =

f1 + f3 + f5 + f7 1

0.5

= 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1

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 Total Harmonic Current
Distortion
Is Same As
Total Demand Distortion (TDD)

 Ih 2
I
2
 I 3
2  I 2
L  2
I  2 4  100 %  h
 100 %
TDD
I 1
I 1

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 Total or True Power Factor (TPF)
TPF = (DPF) x (Harm Coefficient)

DPF = KW
= Cosf
KVA

1
Harm Coefficient = 1 + TDD2

TPF = Total or true power factor

DPF = Displacement power factor
Harm coefficient = Harmonic power factor =
12/19/2019 Cos d 35
 Total Power Factor Example
• VFD ( Six Pulse )
• DPF = .95
• TDD = 90% ( No Line Reactor)

Harm coefficient =

1 = 0.7433
1 + .92

• TPF = 0.95 x .7433 = 0.7061

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 EXAMPLE 3
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
A periodic, sinusoidal voltage of instantaneous value v  200 2 sin ωt
Is applied to a nonlinear load impedance. The resulting instantaneous current is
given by:      
i  2 20 sin ωt  45o  10 sin 2ωt  60o  10 sin 3ωt  60o 
Calculate the components P, Q, D of the apparent voltamperes and hence
calculate the displacement factor, the distortion factor and the power factor.
Solution
v  200 2 sin ωt
     
i  2 20 sin ωt  45o  10 sin 2ωt  60o  10 sin 3ωt  60o 
The presence of the nonlinearity causes frequency components of current (i.e. the
second and third harmonic terms) that are not present in the applied voltage.

The rms voltage and current at the supply are:

~
V  200V
~2
I  202  102  102
 6 102 A 2
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 The apparent voltamperes at the input is therefore given by
~ 2~ 2
S  V I  2002  6 102  24 106 VA 2
2

In this example only the fundamental frequency components are common to

both voltage and current. Therefore, the real power P and the apparent
power Q are
~~
P  V I1 cos ψ1
ψ1 = displacement angle between the fundamental of
the voltage and the fundamental of the current
 200  20 cos 45o
4000
 W
2
~~
Q  V I1 sin ψ1
 200  20 sin 45o
4000
 VA
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 ~
D2  V 2 ~I  ~I 
2
1
2

~
 V2 ~I  ~I 
2 3
2

 200 10  10   8 10 VA 

2 2 2 6 2

~ ~
P 2  Q2  D2  V 2 I 2
~~ ~
P V I1 cos 1  I1 
PF  power factor   ~~   cos 1 
S VI I 
1
Displacement factor  cos ψ1   0.707
2
I1 20
Distortion factor    0.817
I 600
Therefore, the power factor is
1 2
PF   0.577
2 6
12/19/2019 39
 Home work
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
A periodic, nonsinusoidal voltage with instantaneous value given by
  
v  2 200 sin ωt  200 sin 2ωt - 30o is applied to a nonlinear impedance.
The resulting current has an instantaneous value given by
     
i L  2 20 sin ωt  45o  10 sin 2ωt  60o  10 sin 3ωt  60o 
Calculate the components SLR , SLX , SLD of the load apparent voltamperes
and compare thee with the classical values PL , QL , DL respectively.

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 How Harmonics Affect Capacitors
• Capacitors are naturally a low impedance to
high frequencies:
– Caps absorb harmonics
– Caps do not generate harmonics
• As capacitor absorbs harmonics, the
capacitor heats up
– Reduced life expectancy
• Voltage harmonics stress the capacitor
dielectric
– Reduced life expectancy
• Parallel combination of capacitors with motor
or transformer can cause resonance
condition
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 Resonance

The installation of standard capacitors can magnify

harmonic currents on the network

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 How Harmonics Affect Capacitors:

• Resonance:
XL
fr  f 1 Resonance
XC
X L  2fl Z XL

( XL-Xc )
1 XC
XC  fr
2 fc

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 Capacitor Resonance
Resonant Point likely to amplify dominant harmonic
(typically 5th)

Magnification of Harmonic Current when Standard

Capacitor are Added to the Network
12/19/2019 44
 Power Factor Correction With Harmonics:
• De-tuning a network:
– “Force” the resonant point away from naturally occurring
harmonics

4.2 Harmonic (252 Hz)

I<h5>

Ih5
f

f1 f3 f5 f7 f9 We control the impedance of

these two elements
12/19/2019 45
 Multi-Energy Power System of the Future ?

Residential photovoltaic
Hospital with system (6 kW)
cogeneration (1.5 MW) Residential Fuel cell
(7 kW)

Utility-owned wind turbine site (1 MW)

Substation

Small wind turbine (10 kW)

Utility-owned Photovoltaic
site (500 kW)

Factory with natural gas fuel

cell (100 kW to 5 MW)

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12/19/2019 47
 END
12/19/2019 48