Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
OKOLIE IZUNNA JUDE
FPI/HND/MEC/010/001
OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004
ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009
AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019
2011/2012 SESSION
1
CERTIFICATION
We the undersigned hereby certify that this project was carried out by
OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004 ____________________________
ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009 ____________________________
AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019 ____________________________
Bingfa Bongfa.
I certify that the work is adequate in scope and quality for the partial
Engineering.
___________________________ _______________________
ENGR. O. Y. USMAN MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Head of Department Supervisor
2
APPROVAL PAGE
This project work titled design and construction of hydraulic scissors lift
has been read and approved as meeting the requirement of the national
Board for Technical Education (NBTE) for the award of Higher National
__________________________ ________________________
MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Project Supervisor External Examiner
_________________________
ENGR. O.Y. USMAN
Head of Department
3
DEDICATION
We dedicated this project to the Almighty God who spare our lives to this
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Engr. O.Y. Usman for all his support, Engr. A.M. Aboh and all other
5
ABSTRACT
6
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.2 Scaffold - - - - - - - - - - 6
7
2.3.2 Articulated Boom Lift - - - - - - - 9
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
Maintenance - - - - - - - - - 41
8
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 50
5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - 50
Reference - - - - - - - - - - 52
9
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
mechanic which has folding supports in criss cross “X” pattern. The
The need for the use of lift is very paramount and it runs across
street lights, fixing of bill boards, electric bulbs etc. expanded and less-
efficient, the engineers may run into one or more problems when in use.
[http://ritchikmikie.com/work/index.php/arial-platform]
The name scissors lift originated from the ability of the device to open
(expand) and close (contract) just like a scissors. Considering the need
energy more that result gotten as well the maintenance etc. it is better to
The initial idea of design considered was the design of a single hydraulic
ram for heavy duty vehicles and putting it underneath, but this has
10
limitations as to the height and stability, and someone will be beneath
controlling it. It was rather found out that; there is a possibility of the
Therefore further research was made to see how to achieve this aim.
Before this time scissors lift existing use mechanical or hydraulic system
lift using one hydraulic ram placed across flat, in between two cross
descending is still the same person controlling it. I.e. the control station
known as scissors lift table that houses the pump, the reservoir, the
generator, control valves and connections and the motor. A scissors lift
does not go as high as a boom lift; it sacrifices heights for a large work
11
station. Where more height is needed, a boom lift can be used.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial-work-platform]
expended etc. the idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift which will
height of 3.2m and carrying capacity of less than 500kg (500 kilograms)
powered scissors lift to lift and lowers worker and his working equipment
with ease and in the most economical way. The lift is expected to work
with minimal technical challenges and greater comfort due to its wide
heights of lift (i.e. the maximum height) the device can be used in any
13
CHAPTER TWO
Mans quest for improvement has never been satisfied. The drive
made the world dynamic. Before now, several scientist and engineers
have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in general. A review of
“UPRIGHT”, this world – wide company was founded in 1946, and now it
Walkce Johnson who created and sold the first platform which was
called a “scissors lift” due to the steel cross bricking that supported the
platform giving it the product name “magic carpet”. The magic carpet
was able to provide instant revenue for the young company due to its
14
1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm lift, model SL20. In 1990,
they improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm
1995 they produced their first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known
as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company has left their mark with
the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy
aircraft docking and faced system, you will find upright products,
[www.carliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright]
2.2 SCAFFOLD
Scaffolds are designed to allow workers get to elevated heights; they are
used in building sites and construction sites but used mainly in building
section of pipes, irons or woods which are arranged in such a way that
15
workers or operators can climb on the arranged pipes to get to elevated
heights.
fixed the way it is arranged unless rearranged. The tubes are either steel
to force. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3m length and can be cut down
Boards provide a working surface for users of the scaffold. They are
seasoned wood and are very strong. Scaffolds for increased height are
the pipes, a flat materials usually made of wood is placed on top so that
[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffold]
Boom lifts are used for lifting materials especially on construction sites,
they are designed to carry heavy equipment and materials from one
16
place to another. They are usually connected to cars or trucks that move
Boom lifts can lift materials and equipment high to height so great that
lifts can move vertically, horizontally and sideways and some can even
rotate depending on the circumstance. Boom lifts are very complex iron
design and the jointed parts should be lubricated to reduce friction and
improve efficiency. Boom lifts are formed mainly in construction sites and
building sites. They are also utilized by Electrical companies and firms
such as PHCN (Power Holding Company of Nigeria) Plc. They are very
because it can lift heavy materials, keep them at elevated heights for a
long period of time; rotate and the lift span of the equipment is long.
There are two basic types of boom lifts: straight boom lift and articulated
Straight boom lifts are generally used for jobs that required a high reach
17
extensible boom that can be raised vertically to below horizontally. The
operator can maneuver and steer the vehicle while the boom is fully
Articulated boom lifts are used for jobs that require reaching up and over
telescopic boom. This lift is nearly identical to the straight boom lift in
Boom lifts can be equipped with out riggers to stabilize the unit while the
platform]
scissors lift. There, the lift utilizes a belt drive system connected to a load
loosening. The lead screw actually does the work, since the applied
force from the wheel is converted to linear motion of the lift by help of the
18
lead screw. This can be used to lift the working and equipment to a
height.
A general knowledge however, regarding screws will reveal the loss due
low due to losses in friction. Also, the power needed to drive the machine
or not.
Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from one floor to
types.
platform or a cage is fitted to the top end of ram on which goods may be
admitted to the cylinder, the ram moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift
of the cage is equal to the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the
downward direction when the liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.
19
The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct acting
hydraulic lift. It is fitted with a jigger which is exactly, same as in the case
guides of hard wood round steel. In order to balance the weight of the
The hydraulic type, but this time, the load screw is replaced by a
form of power where small input results in a very large output. This
scissors lift can be handled by one person to a place of use, and power
the generator. The lift does not lifting immediately, the operators climbs
on the platform and switches open the hydraulic circuit thereby leading
is closed, and lifting stops the control panel or station is located on the
top frame. When work is done, the scissors lift is folded by hydraulic
20
2.5.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A HYDRAULIC LIFT
A scissors lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically.
lowest set of supports, elongating the crossing pattern and prepelling the
work platform vertically. The platform may also have extending “bridge”
to allow closer access to the work area, because of the inherent limits of
employed on the lift; it may require no power to enter “desert” mode, but
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial_work_platform scissors_lift]
21
DEFLECTIONS IN SCISSORS LIFT
Deflection Defined
the floor to the top of platform deck, whenever loads are applied to or
that “. . . all industrial scissors lifts will deflect under load”. The industry
platform size and number of scissors mechanisms within the lift design.
An open, or raised, scissors lift acts very much like a spring would –
component within the scissors lift has the potential to store or release
energy when loaded and unloaded (and therefore deflect). There are
22
Scissors Legs
total weight supported by the legs, scissors leg length, and available leg
cross section. The longer the scissors legs are, the more difficult it is to
control bending under load. Increased leg strength via increased leg
Platform Structure
Platform bending will increase as the load’s center of gravity moves from
platform. Also, as the scissors open during raising of the lift, the rollers
Base Frame
Normally, the lift’s base frame is mounted to the floor and should not
experience deflection. For those cases where the scissors lift is mounted
23
from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissors leg
Pinned Joints
Scissors lifts are pinned at all hinge points, and each pin has a running
clearance between the O.D. of the pin and the I.D. of its clearance hole
top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to accumulate
under load.
All entrapped air must be removed from the hydraulic circuit through
Oil or hydraulic fluid will compress slightly under pressure. And because
there is an approximate 5:1 ratio of lift travel to cylinder stroke for most
scissors lift designs (with the cylinders mounted horizontally in the legs),
24
Hydraulic Circuit – Hose Swell
Cylinders lay nearly flat inside the scissors legs when the lift is fully
already mentioned above with any changes in column length along the
Load Placement
Load placement also plays a large part in scissors lift deflection. Off-
centered loads cause the scissors lift to deflect differently than with
25
scissors) are usually shared well between the two scissors leg pairs.
well between the scissors leg pairs and must be kept within acceptable
design limits to prevent leg twist (unequal scissors leg pair deflection) –
cylinder mounts.
pressure and highest stresses (and therefore the highest potential for
deflection) within the first 20% of total available vertical travel (from the
with varying design and cost impacts to accomplish each. Listed below
or removing a load).
26
Select a Lift with a Design Capacity Greater Than Required for the
Application
Most scissors lifts designed for duty at higher capacities will experience
deflection.
entrapped air from a new or repaired hydraulic system which may have
had air introduced. This usually involves operating an empty lift through
multiple cycles, and then safely cracking open fittings near high spots in
the system where air accumulates. Refer to the O&M manual for this
procedure.
27
Although it is more difficult, and more expensive, to achieve high vertical
are above the scissors lift’s “critical zone” of the first 20% of the lift’s
available travel.
raised scissors lift. It is much more difficult to control deflection when the
load is not shared equally between the two scissors leg pairs. Make it
rule to only transfer over the ends of the lift – in line with the scissors
legs. Second, load transfer should be made over the hinged, or fixed,
end of the lift platform to avoid placing concentrated loads on the less
this edge loading without risk of the platform tipping up or losing contact
28
Ensure that the Base Frame is Lagged Down and Fully Supported
which they are mounted. Base frames that are not bolted, welded, or
deflection the four point loads imposed upon the frame from above by
the four scissors legs – (2) moving roller points and (2) fixed hinge
points.
adjoining fixed landing. The pins are extended into receivers located in
the mating elevated structure during load transfer, and then retracted
mounted vertically beneath the lift instead of horizontally inside the lift
29
travel to actuator stroke instead of the 5:1 ratio normal with horizontal
mounting of the actuators inside the scissors. This means a 1:1 ratio of
lift deflection to actuator compression, 80% less than the 5:1 ratio
underneath side of the platform to raise the lift also eliminates the high
Summary on Deflection
lifts. And though odds are that most scissors lift users have not had to
30
CHAPTER THREE
cylinder is as follows:
b. Manufacturability
techniques employed.
implementation.
of fluid, in which the pressure, direction and rate of flow are controlled by
values. An actuator is used to convert the energy of the fluid back into
efficiency.
lifts as well as high cost of electricity, maintenance and repairs does not
Pascal’s law employed in car jacks and hydraulic rams which states that
transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the
Single acting cylinders use hydraulic oil for a power stroke in one
32
located inside the cylinder. For single acting cylinders with no spring,
some external actin force on the piston rod causes its return.
both the forward and return strokes. This makes them ideal for bushing
and pulling and pulling within the same application they are suitable for
full stroke working only at slow speed which results in gentle contact at
Where F = [W + (WA)]
2_
tan
gravity
33
a. The strength of the rod. i.e its ability to support a specified load
PE = 2EI
L2
I = Moment of Inertia
I = d4 = AK2
64
Where A is the cross sectional area and K is the radius of gyration of the
K = I_
A
Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e the least
E = PE = 2E_
A (L/k)2
Where
E = is the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the
flexibility.
(Rajput, 2010)
2. Longitudinal stress.
cylindrical pipe pushing against the pipe walls. Hoop stress is the result
35
of forces pushing against the circumferential cylinder walls. While,
T = thickness of cylinder
L = longitudinal stress
Note: the maximum stress developed must not exceed the permissible
Lift Extension
900mm.
Bearings
Platform
Jointed Members
Scissors Arm
The material used for the scissors arms (members), is stainless steel.
With the density and the dimensions of the scissors arms known,
A1 = Height × breadth = h × b
A2 = (h – t)(b – t)
b = breadth
t = thickness of material.
V = AL (m3) X
38
X
h Section X - . - - X
39
Actuator
F
W + Wf W + Wf
2 2
F = W + Wa
2tan
Where
Psin = (W+WF)
2
F = Pcos
F = cos [(W+WF)/2sin]
F = (W+WF)/2tan
40
3.2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Input Processing Output
h =50MM A1 = b × h A1 = 1250m2
b = 25MM = 25 × 50
t = 3mm A2 = (b – t)(h – t)
= (25 – 3)(50 – 3) A2 = 1034M2
= 22 × 47
A = 216MM2 A = A 1 – A2 A = 216mm2
L = 1200MM = 1250 – 1034
V=A×L V = 2.59×10-4m3
= 216 × 10-6 × 1200×10-3
41
ᵨ =
stainless steel
M = PV M = 2.05kg
7900Kg/M3 = 7900 × 2.54 × 10-4
-4 3
V = 2,59 × 10 M Mass of one tier = M × 4
M = 2.05Kg = 2.05 × 4 8.2kg
Ms = 8.2Kg
g = 9.81M/s2 Wa = Msg W = 80.4N
= 8.2 × 9.81
Mp = 300Kg
g = 9.81M/s2
WA = 80.4N
F= [ W+
WA
2 ]
tanθ W = 2943
θ = 500
W= Mpg
= 300 × 9.81
80.4 F 2503.1N
F ¿ 2943+
2
tan 50
40.2
¿ 2943+ Foverall = 7509N
1.1918
= 7.5kN
Foverall = 2503.1 × 3
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
CALCULATION
A2=π/4[D2-d2]
=π/4[502-362] A2=945.6mm2
42
For both ends pinned,
Buckling load
PE =π2EI/L2
2
πd
A=
PE = 267004.7N 4 A = 1.02×10-3m2
D = 0.036 0.036 ¿2
¿
π¿
¿¿
Buckling stress
ᵟE
267004.7 −3
¿ 10
1.02
SLENDERNESS RATIO
d = 0.036 Radius of gyration
L = 0.8m d
K ¿4
K = 0.009
0.036
¿
4
L
Slenderness Ratio = K ᶋ = 89
0.8 long column
¿
0.009
L = 450mm
D = 50mm Bursting force (pressure) = PdL
P = 38.2 bar 3.82 × 106 × 50 × 10-3 0.45
44
Since the Hoop stress is less than
the tensile stress of the material of
the cylinder, the cylinder will not
burst.
ᵟc = 19.1MN/M2 < 410MN/M2 = ᵟt
DESIGN OF PINS FOR SHEARING
AND CRUSHING
F F
16 9
60mm
Head body thread
load
crushng stress=shear sruface area
total
7509 2
¿ F / As ¿ ×10 x
2.969
45
DESIGN OF MEMNERS FOR
BUCKLING
D d
b
B
B = 50mm b = B – t = 50 – 3 b = 47mm
D = 25mm d = D – t = 25 – 3 d = 22mm
T = 3mm b d3
I =B D3 −
12
1.2 2
¿
k
π 2 ×193 × 109 /¿
10 3
¿ 37.144 × × 10−6
216
Since the critical stress (бE =
172MN/M2) is less than the yield
stress of stainless steel (415MN/M2),
therefore the material is safe I
operation.
46
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR BENDING
W/2
θ
F
0.6m
0.6m
θ
W+WF/2
For θ = 100 ,
47
=0.6×0.9848(2953.06). =1744Nm
FOR θ =200
FOR θ=300
FOR θ=400
+W/2)
= 0.6cos40(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=1357.23Nm
=0.4596(2953.06)
FOR θ=500
+W/2)
48
=0.3857×2953.06 =1138.91Nm
M/I=б/Y=E/R
when θ=100
49
CHAPTER FOUR
of the cost of the machi8ne. more than the cost is the fact that materials
are always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the
and the material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and
1. Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum etc.
Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main
Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as
there main constituent, such as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.
50
For the purpose of this project, based on the particular working
called stress.
stress.
drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material is
51
but not 80 essentially strong. Examples include; lead soft steel, wrought
malleability.
high impact loads like hammer blows, when heated. This property
decreases.
when subjected to tensile load, brittle materials snap off without giving
and necessary material for each equipment. A very brief analysis of each
I. Scissors arms
52
III. Top plat form
V. Wheels
and his equipment, hence strength is required, the frame of the plat form
Base Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat
form and the scissors arms. It is also responsible for the stability of the
53
Wheels: the wheels are position at the base part of the scissors lift and
enable the lift to move from one place to the other without necessary
1 Mild Steel contains 0.05 to 0.3 percent carbons it has for almost
all purpose replaced wrought iron, its greater strength giving it under
viable advantages. Mild steel can be rolled, wielded and down. It can
even be cast, though not very successfully. Among its application are
plates for ship building, bicycle frame tubes, mesh work, bolts, nuts,
studs etc. solid and hollow constructional sections, sheet metal parts and
2 Stainless Steel: these are steel with high rust and corrosion
It is an alloy of iron with about 11% chromium and other metals like
considered to meet all requirements and the choice of stainless steel for
54
In the design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift, the
preceding text. But first, a look at the operations and tools involved.
Operations
1. Marking out
2. Cutting
3. Drilling
Tools
1. Engineers rule
2. Scriber
3. Hack saw
4. Hand file
5. Drilling machine
6. Welding machine
7. Pliers
8. spanner
9. Try square
Construction Procedure
55
1. Base Platform the material used for this purpose is mild steel
angle bar. (3×3 inch) thickness 3mm. this is used because the base
dimensions were marked out using on Engr’s rule and scriber and then
cut with the use of hack saw after being welded firmly clamped to the
vice. They are then joined together by welding to give the base frame.
After marking out, they were cut to the required sizes holes of
appropriate diameter were drilled at both ends and the middle of each
holes we then fit into holes and welded in order to strengthen the
position then joined together to give the “X” pattern using bolts and nuts.
The scissors arms were brazed to increase the strength and bending
resistance.
Top Platform
56
The material used for the construction of this component is mild steel
angle bar for the frame and timber for the base of the platform. The
angle bar is cut into the required sizes and welded to form a rigid
platform. The timber was equally into the required dimensions, drilled at
the edges and fastened using bolt and nut to secures it in position at the
one end hinged and the other fitted with roller (bearing) to produce the
needed motion of rolling along the rail to cause lifting and lowering of the
connected with one end hinged and the other fitted with roller to effect
to the first arm of the scissors lift with both ends hinged. This cylinder
The lift is fitted with wheels to aid mobility from one location to
another.
5.1 CONCLUSION
58
The design and fabrication of a portable work platform elevated by
which is operated by a motor. The scissor lift can be design for high load
scissor lift is simple in use and does not required routine maintenance. It
can also lift heavier loads. The main constraint of this device is its high
initial cost, but has a low operating cost. The shearing tool should be
heat treated to have high strength. Savings resulting from the use of this
device will make it pay for itself with in short period of time and it can be
unused metals.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
production.
59
REFERENCE
60
RAJPUT R.K (2010). Strength of materials (mechanics of solids).
S.Chand and Company LTD; 2010. P.p (928-941, 2-3, 590-592, 264-265).
KHURMI R.S and GUPTA J.K (2006). Machine design. Fourteenth edition.
P.p (40-45).
KHURMI R.S and J.K GUPTA (2005). Theory of machines (second edition).
Eurasia publishing house LTD. P.p(99-117).
61