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Diminutives

The diminutive form is extremely popular in Holland. Its use is not


exclusively reserved for small things. It is also widely used for things that
are considered sweet, cute, funny, or even annoying.

The basic formula for the diminutive is:

NOUN+ JE

Recall that diminutives are always het-nouns.


het kind het kindje the child

het schaap het schaapje the sheep

de voet het voetje the foot

het oog het oogje the eye

de neus het neusje the nose

de hap het hapje the bite, snack

Unfortunately, the story is not quite this simple. Depending on the phonetics
of the noun, many diminutives do not simply get -je but rather -tje, -etje, -
pje, or -kje. Continue to the next page to read more about this.
Diminutive endings

Not all Dutch nouns simply accept the addition of -je at their tails. They
often want an extra letter before -je to make their diminutive forms sound
better. That is why, apart from '-je', you will also find the following
diminutive endings:
-tje -etje

-pje -kje

There is an extensive list of rules for determining the ending of a diminutive,


which will be discussed in detail on the following pages. The idea is that you
have to know how to form a diminutive even for words you have never
heard before, as the rules for diminutive endings are based on the phonetic
shape of a word.

If you are not interested in all these rules, skip the following pages and use
the checklist as a reference.

If you commit yourself to speaking Dutch a lot and thus get accustomed to
Dutch phonetics, you will find that after some time, you will automatically
get the diminutive endings right.

The other diminutive endings

On the following pages, we will have a look at the four alternative diminutive
endings.

-tje is added to nouns that:


 end in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, ij/y) or w
 end in a long vowel followed by r, l, or n
 end in unstressed -er, -el, or -en, where the e is a mute e

-etje is added to nouns ending in a short vowel followed by a single r, l, n, m


or ng

-kje is added to nouns ending in unstressed -ing

-pje is added to nouns ending in:

 long vowel followed by -m


 unstressed -em, where the e is a mute e
Diminutives ending in -tje

-tje -etje

-pje -kje

-tje is added to nouns that:

1. end in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y / ij) or w


2. end in a long vowel followed by r, l or n
3. end in unstressed -er, -el, en or -or

1. Nouns that end in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y / ij) or w

de trui het truitje the jersey

de rij het rijtje the row, queue

het ei het eitje the egg

de vrouw het vrouwtje the woman

de duw het duwtje the push

de draai het draaitje the turn

Nouns ending in a single a, i, o, or u are written with two vowels in the


diminutive, to keep their vowels long (see rules for keeping vowels
long/short).
de oma het omaatje the grandma

de cola het colaatje the (glass of) coke

het alibi het alibietje the alibi


de taxi het taxietje the taxi

de foto het fotootje the photo

de auto het autootje the car

het menu het menuutje the menu

de paraplu het parapluutje the umbrella

Nouns ending in a single y (usually English words) get an apostrophe before


-tje, to keep the vowel long.
de baby het baby'tje the baby
de lobby het lobby'tje the lobby

The popular Italian dessert 'tiramisu' also gets an apostrophe instead of a


double vowel. Because the u is not pronounced in a Dutch way but in an
Italian way (the way the Dutch pronounce oe), we cannot double the vowel.
In this word, double uu would lead to a wrong pronunciation.
de tiramisu het tiramisu'tje the tiramisu

2. Nouns that end in a long vowel followed by r, l or n:

de zoon het zoontje the son

de deur het deurtje the door

het been het beentje the leg

de uil het uiltje the owl

het gebaar het gebaartje the gesture

het wiel het wieltje the wheel

3. Nouns that end in unstressed -er, -el, en, or -or.

Recall that an unstressed e is always a mute e.


de vader het vadertje the father

de nagel het nageltje the nail

de deken het dekentje the blanket

de borrel het borreltje the alcoholic drink

de centimeter het centimetertje the centimeter

het laken het lakentje the sheet

de professor het professortje the professor

de motor het motortje the motor


Diminutives ending in -etje

-tje -etje

-pje -kje

The ending -etje is added to nouns that end in a short vowel followed by a
single r, l, n, m or ng.

Exceptions:

 nouns that end in unstressed -el, -er, or -en get -tje.


 nouns that end in unstressed -em get -pje.
 nouns that end in unstressed -ing get -kje.

de man het mannetje the man

het gezin het gezinnetje the family

de bal het balletje the ball

het ding het dingetje the thing

het lam het lammetje the lamb

de stem het stemmetje the voice

Note that the final consonant of the noun is doubled in order to keep the
vowel short (see rules for keeping vowels short/long). This does not happen
to nouns ending in -ng as the vowel remains short after adding -etje.
Diminutives ending in -pje

-tje -etje

-pje -kje

The ending -pje is added to nouns that end in:

 a long vowel followed by -m


 -lm or -rm
 unstressed -um or -em, where 'e' is a mute e

Note that nouns ending in short vowels followed by -m get -etje.


de oom het oompje the uncle

de bezem het bezempje the broom

de duim het duimpje the thumb

de worm het wormpje the worm

de braam het braampje the blackberry

de film het filmpje the film

het museum het museumpje the museum

het stadium het stadiumpje the phase


Diminutives ending in -kje

-tje -etje

-pje -kje

-kje is added to nouns ending in unstressed -ing. Note that we drop the -g:

de verrassing het verrassinkje the surprise

de koning het koninkje the king

de woning het woninkje the apartment

de ketting het kettinkje the necklace

de tweede verdieping het tweede verdiepinkje the second floor

de beloning het beloninkje the reward


Diminutives checklist

Those of you who did not and will not read all those diminutive rules can
consult the table below to check the diminutive for each noun ending. Nouns
that simply take -je are not listed here, which means that if your noun does
not have any of the endings listed below, its diminutive will take -je.

How to use this table

Suppose you want to look up the diminutive for the noun 'bezwaar'
(objection). First, you take the last syllable of the word, which is 'zwaar'.
Then, drop all the consonants before the vowel(s) and you get 'aar'. Scroll
down and you will find that words that end in 'aar' have diminutives ending
in 'aartje'. Thus, a small 'bezwaar' is a 'bezwaartje'.
A diminutive ending
-a -aatje

-aai -aaitje
-aal -aaltje
-aar -aartje
-aam -aampje
-al -alletje
-alm -almpje

-am -ammetje
-an -annetje
-ang -angetje
-ar -arretje
-arm -armpje
-au -autje
-auw -auwtje
E diminutive ending
-e -etje

-é -étje
-ee -eetje
-eel -eeltje
-eem -eempje
-eer -eertje
-eeuw -eeuwtje
-ei -eitje
-el (unstressed) -eltje
-el (stressed) -elletje
-elm -elmpje
-em (unstressed) -empje
-em (stressed) -emmetje

-en (unstressed) -entje


-en (stressed) -ennetje
-eng -engetje
-er (unstressed) -ertje
-er (stressed) -erretje
-erm -ermpje

-eu -eutje
-eul -eultje
-eum -eumpje
-eun -euntje
-eur -eurtje

I diminutive ending
-i -ietje
-ie -ietje
-iel -ieltje

-iem -iempje
-ien -ientje
-ier -iertje
-ieuw -ieuwtje
-il -illetje
-ilm -ilmpje
-im -immetje
-in -innetje
-ing (unstressed) -inkje
-ing (stressed) -ingetje
-ir -irretje
-irm -irmpje

O diminutive ending
-o -ootje
-oe -oetje
-oei -oeitje

-oel -oeltje
-oem -oempje
-oen -oentje
-oer -oertje
-ol -olletje
-olm -olmpje

-om -ommetje
-on -onnetje
-ong -ongetje
-ooi -ooitje
-ool -ooltje

-oom -oompje
-oon -oontje
-oor -oortje
-or (unstressed) -ortje
-or (stressed) -orretje
-orm -ormpje
-ou -outje
-ouw -ouwtje

U diminutive ending
-u -uutje

-ui -uitje
-ul -ulletje
-ulm -ulmpje
-um (unstressed) -umpje
-um (stressed) -ummetje
-un -unnetje

-ung -ungetje
-ur -urretje
-urm -urmpje
-uul -uultje
-uum -uumpje
-uun -uuntje

-uur -uurtje

Y diminutive ending
-y -y'tje
Irregular diminutives

There are a few diminutives that do not follow the normal rules:
het blad het blaadje the leaf
(not: bladje)
het gat het gaatje the hole
(not: gatje)
het glas het glaasje the glass
(not: glasje)

de jongen het jongetje the boy


(not: jongentje)

het pad het paadje the path


(not: padje)
het schip het scheepje the ship
(not: schipje)
het vat het vaatje the barrel
(not: vatje)
But:
het handvat het handvatje the little handle
(regular)

Different meanings

Sometimes, the meaning of a noun changes when it is written in a


diminutive form:
de schotel the dish het schoteltje the saucer

de kaart the card het kaartje the ticket

de gein the fun het geintje the joke

het plezier the pleasure, het pleziertje the favour


joy

het ijs the ice het ijsje the icecream


The nouns meisje (girl) and etentje (dinner-party) only exists in their
diminutive forms.

Summarizing the diminutives

If you only arrived on this page to look up a diminutive ending for a noun,
have a look at the checklist and ignore the table below.

Now for the really, really serious students:

-je
Nouns ending in: Operation

basic form Simply add -je

-tje
Nouns ending in: Operation

vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y) or Single -a, -o, and -u are doubled to keep vowel long (see
-w also rules for keeping vowels short/long).
Note that i is never doubled to keep the vowel long. Instead
an e is added: -i --> -ietje
Single e is a mute e and does not need to be doubled; you
only add -tje.

Single y gets an apostrophe to keep vowel long.

All others (vowel combinations, double ee): Simply add -tje.

long vowel + -r, -l, or -n Simply add -tje.


unstressed -er, -el, -en, Simply add -tje.
or -or

-etje

Nouns ending in: Operation

short vowel + -r, -l, -n, - Single -r, -l, -n, and -m are doubled to keep vowel short
m or -ng (see also rules for keeping vowels short/long)

-kje

Nouns ending in: Operation

unstressed -ing Replace -g by -k

-pje

Nouns ending in: Operation

Long vowel +m Simply add -pje.

unstressed -um or -em Simply add -pje.

-lm or -rm Simply add -pje.

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