P R E PA R E D BY: C L A R I TO G . LO P E Z J R .

M PA / PA , L L B PA G E |1

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

CONCEPT OF CRIMINOLOGY
 CRIMINOLOGY - It is the entire body of
knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the
efforts of the society to prevent and suppress
them. It is also a study of crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within its scope the
making of laws, the breaking of law and the
reactions towards the breaking of laws.
 CRIMINOLOGY is a body of knowledge regarding
crime as a social phenomenon. It defined also as
a multidisciplinary study of crimes.
 PAUL TOPINARD - He was the Anthropologist who
introduced the word criminology, sometime in
1889. He derived it from the Latin word
“crimen”, which can be translated to offense.
 R.A. 6506 - An act that created the Board of
Criminologists of the Philippines and for other
purposes. It took effect on July 1, 1972.
 CRIMINOGENIC PROCESSES — explain human behavior
and the experiences which help the nature of a
persons' personality as reaching mechanism.
Factors and experiences in connection thereto
infringe differently upon different
personalities producing conflict which is the
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aspect of crime.

 CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS — study of mental

process of criminals in action

 DEMENTIA PRAECOX — a collective term of mental

disorder that begins shortly after puberty and
leads to general failure of the mental faculties
with the corresponding physiological impairment.
Delusion — a false belief about self cause by
morbidity, paranoia and dementia praecox.

 EROTOMANIA — a morbid propensity to love or

make love; uncontrollable sexual desire by
members of either sex.

 EPISODIAC CRIMINAL — a non criminal person who

commits crime when under emotional stress.

 LOGOMACY — a statement that we would have no

crime if we have no criminal law and that we can
eliminate crimes by merely abolishing criminal
law.

 KLEPTOMANIAC — an uncontrollable morbid

propensity to steal. He is pathological stealer.
Masochism — a condition of sexual perversion in
which a person derives pleasure from being
dominated or cruelly treated.

 MELANCHOLIA — a mental disorder characterized by

excessive brooding and depression of spirits.
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Megalomania- a mental disorder in which the

subject thinks himself ad great or exalted.

 ANTHROPOLOGY — science devoted to the study of

mankind and its development in relation to its
physical, mental and cultural history.
 CRIMINALISTICS - the sum total application of
all science in crime detection.
 CRIMINALIST - a person who is trained in science
of application of instruments and methods to the
detection of crime
 CRIME- An act committed or omitted in violation
of a law, forbidding or commanding it. It is a
generic term for offense, felony and
delinquency.
 DELINQUENCY - An act or omission that violates
simple rules and regulations, punishable by a
short period of imprisonment or a small fine.
 FELONY - An acts or omission punishable by the
revised penal code.
 OFFENSE - is an acts or omission punishable by
special law.
 MISDEAMEMOR - is act or omission in violation of
city or municipality ordinances
 DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - refers to a behavior which is
outside the range of normal societal toleration
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 CRIMINAL - one who committed acts punishable by

the laws and has been convicted by final
judgment.

DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY

1 Criminal Etiology - it is an attempt at

scientific analysis of the causes of the crime.
2 Sociology of law — an attempt at scientific
analysis of the conditions which penal/criminal
laws has developed as a process of formal and
social control.
3 Penology — concerned with the control and
prevention of crime and the treatment of
offenders.

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
 Criminology cannot be considered as a science
because it has not yet acquired universal
validity, not stable and homogenous as it
varies from one place to another. However, it
is a science when applied to law enforcement and
prevention of crimes under the following nature:
1 It is an applied science- by application of
different scientific instruments. In can
also be applied in the study of causes of
crime, anthropology, sociology, psychology
and other natural science.
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2 It is a social science — its study is a part

of social science because crime is a social
phenomenon and a social creation.
3 It is dynamic — criminology changes as the
social condition changes.

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

1 It is an Applied Science- It involves other

sciences such as psychology, sociology,
psychiatry, anthropology, medicine, chemistry,
mathematics, etc., in a process known as
instrumentation.
2 It is a Social Science- Crime is a social
phenomenon, thus, its study involves the society
as a whole.
3 It is Dynamic- Criminology changes as social
condition does.
4 It is Nationalistic- Practice of criminology
must be in adherence to the laws of the nation.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY

1 Crime
2 Criminals
3 Criminal Behavior
4 Victims of Crime
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MAJOR ALLIED SCIENCES OF CRIMINOLOGY AS A FIELD OF

STUDY

1 Sociology (Sociological Criminology) - The study

of crime that is focused on a group of people
and the society as a whole.
2 Psychology- (Psychological Criminology) - Deals
with the study of behavior and mental processes
of criminals.
3 Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology) - A science
that deals with the study of criminal behavior
in terms of motives and drives.
4 Anthropology (Anthropological Criminology) -
Deals with the study of mankind, particularly,
the culture and physical features of distinctive
groups of people.
5 Physiology (Physiological Criminology) - Studies
function of various organs of the body, in
relation to the behavior of a particular person.

SCOPE OF STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

1 Criminal Ecology — study of criminality in
relation to special distribution in a community.
2 Criminal Epidemiology — study of the
relationship between environment and
criminality.
3 Criminal Physical Anthropology — study of
criminality in relation between mind and
behavior of a criminal.
4 Criminological research — study of crime
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correlated with antecedent variables, state of

crime trend
5 Victimology — study of the role of the victim of
crime
6 Criminological Theories — study of the different
theories as the genesis of criminal behavior

WHERE CAN INCREASE IN CRIME IN URBAN CENTERS BE

ATTRIBUTED?
1 Lack of sound prevention planning
2 Interplay of accelerated social changes which
are the aftermath of the development
3 Apathy of the community towards involvement in
the campaign against criminality.

BROAD WAYS OF SOCIAL RESPONSES TO THE CRIME

PROBLEM
1 Prevention per use
2 Rehabilitation
3 Control

APPROACHES TO THE GOAL OF PRODUCING CRIMES

1 Crime suppression or reaction measures
undertaken after the commission
2 Crime prevention or proaction measures
undertaken before the commission of crime.
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TRIAD OF CRIME
 The so called triad of crime consists of desire,
capability and opportunity. These are the
factors which led to the commission of crime.
AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF CRIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES
DIFFICULT TO PORTRAY: REASONS
1 A lot of crimes are not reported to the police
2 Not all crimes are reflected in the records in
the police crime registers.
3 Many crimes which are directly referred to the
prosecutors are recorded in the police crime
registers.
4 There is yet no earnest and persistent effort on
the part of the police or any agency of the
government for determining systematically the
extent of unreported crimes in the country.

WAYS OF COMBATING A CRIME

1 To wage a massive information dissemination
campaign on crime prevention
2 To strengthen law enforcement agencies
3 To formulate effective rehabilitation program
for the convicted offender.

LEVELS OF CRIME PREVENTION

1 Primary level — identification of factors in

the environment which contributes to criminally
deviant behavior.
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2 Secondary level - identification of individual

or group of persons with criminally deviant
behavior.
3 Tertiary level - formulation of rehabilitation
measure to prevent recidivism.

AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT THAT IS PRIMARILY

CHARGED WITH THE CAMPAIGN TO PREVENT CRIMES

1 The CRIME PREVENTION AND COORDINATION SERVICES

of the NAPOLCOM
2 The Regional Offices of the NAPOLCOM for the
provinces and the cities.
3 Offices of the NAPOLCOM provincial Officers in
every province for the municipalities or towns.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME

 It does not respect age, sex, culture, customs,

race, and religion of the society.
 It is a worldwide phenomenon.
 It occurs in all existing economic strata.
 Its causes are multifarious.
 It is difficult to eradicate.
 There must be a certain external consequence or
harm caused.
 The harm must be forbidden by law
 There must be an intentional or reckless action.
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 “Mens Rea” must be present.

 There must be a fusion or concurrence of mens
rea and conduct
 There must be a casual relationship between the
legally forbidden harm and the act.
 There must be a legally prescribed punishment
for the act.

FACTORS THAT ENHANCES CRIMINALITY

1 Criminal Demography - Study of the relationship
between criminality and population.
2 Criminal Epidiomology - Study of criminality in
relation to the uneven distribution of crime
3 Criminal Ecology - Study of the relationship
between criminality and the environment.
4 Criminal Physical Anthropology - Study of
criminality in relation to the physical
condition of man.
5 Criminal Psychology - Study of behavior and
mental processes in relation to crime.
6 Criminal Psychiatry - Study of criminal behavior
in terms of motives and drives.
7 Victimology - Study of the role of the victim in
the commission of crime. It also refers to the
scientific analysis of the adverse effects of
crime. It was initiated by Benjamin Mendelson, a
European defense lawyer who created his own
classification of victims
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OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

1 Traditional Crime- committed every now and then

2 Crimes Due to Social Change- poverty crimes ex.
Prostitution
3 Emergency Crime- committed to take advantage of
an abnormal situation
4 Victimless Crime- act committed by consenting
persons in private, there is no intended victim.
5 Index Crime- act that involves actual physical
harm to a victim by another

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL

1 Acute Criminal- one who commits crime due to fit

of passion
2 Chronic Criminal- one who plans the commission
of crime ahead of time
3 Ordinary Criminal- lowest mammal in criminal
profession
4 Professional Criminal- engaged in criminal
activities with a high degree of skill
5 Active Criminal- commits crime due to
aggressiveness
6 Passive Criminal- commits crime due to reward or
promise
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7 Socialized Delinquent- one who lacks proper

moral values due to defective socialization
process.
8 Accidental Criminal- one who commits crime when
the situation is conducive
9 Habitual Criminal- one who commits crime due to
lack of self control

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

1 Earliest Theory of Crime Causation

a Demonological Theory- States that people
commit crime because they are possessed by
evil spirits
b Trial by Ordeal- Variety of procedures
established to determine the guilt or
innocence of an accused
c Thucydides- A Greek historian who first wrote
the usefulness of death penalty

2 Era of Classical Criminology

A PRE CLASSICAL THEORY - State that the
criminal commits a crime because of
supernatural powers or he is posses by demons
or dammed by the underworld forces or other
wordily forces.
b CLASSICAL THEORY - Classical Theory — founded
by Cesare Bacarria maintains that man is
essentially moral creature with absolutely
free will to choose between good and evil,
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therefore stress is a place upon the criminal

himself that man is responsible to his act.
The concepts include the following:

- human free will

- Every man is responsible for his own act.
- in every mistake or violation of the law,
one has to suffer the penalty
- Man is essentially a moral creature who
was given a free will to choose what is
right and evil.
HOWEVER, it is considered as:
a Unfair - it treats all men as if they
are robot without regard to individual
differences and surrounding
circumstances when the crime was
committed.
b Unjust - it imposes equal punishment to
first time offender and recidivist.
C NEO CLASSICAL THEORY - It asserted that
certain categories of offender such a minor,
insane incompetence shall be treated
leniently irrespective of their criminal acts
because these People are not capable of
knowing what is right and wrong, they should
not be regarded as criminals. children and
lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain
mitigating circumstances must be taken into
account in imposing penalties.
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d POSITIVE AND ITALIAN THEORY — founded by

Lombroso. This theory says that crime is an
act as natural phenomenon and is comparable
to a natural disaster or calamity. That crime
and moral phenomenon cannot be treated and
checked by the imposition of punishment but
rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of
individual measures.
a Man is subdued by morbid phenomenon
who constrains to do wrong even
against his own volition.
b Crime is essentially a social
phenomenon and therefore cannot be
treated by the imposition of
imprisonment.
CLASSES OF CRIMINALS:
a born criminal — atavism
b insane criminal — idiots, imbeciles
c criminaloids — not born with physical
stigmata but who are of such mental
makeup that they display anti social
conduct.
3 Period of Modern Criminology

a Italian/Positivist Theory- Made emphasis on

the scientific treatment of criminals, not on
penalties. It asserted that crime, like any
other act, is a natural phenomenon and is
comparable to disaster or calamity. This
theory promoted the doctrine of determinism.
b Determinism- States that there are existing
situations or circumstances that interferes
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in the decision or action of man, thus, he is

forced to commit crime, even without
intention of doing it.
4 Period of Independent Criminology

a Anomie Theory- Advocated by Emile Durkheim,

this theory states that the absence of norms
in the society provides a setting conducive
to crime and other anti-social acts. Durkheim
also proposed that crime is a natural thing
in the society and it helps society for
changes.
b Psychoanalytical Theory- Proposed by Sigmund
Freud, the Founder of Psychoanalysis. This
theory maintained that people are influenced
by unconscious forces including innate sexual
and aggressive drives, thus they commit
crime. He revealed that human personality has
three-part structure:
- Id- most primitive part of human
personality.
- Ego- guided by reality principle
- Superego- directs people towards morally
acceptable behavior
c Human Ecology Theory- Advocated by Ezra Park,
this theory is focused on the
interrelationship of people with the
environment. It maintained that crime is a
result of a social change that goes along
with the environmental changes.
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d Differential Association Theory- Advocated by

Edwin Sutherland, the Dean of Modern
Criminology and regarded as the most
important criminologist of the 20th century,
this theory maintained that the society is
composed of different groups of people and
organization having criminalistic and anti-
criminalistic tradition. It also asserts that
criminal behavior is learned through the
process of communication and socialization
and not inherited.
e Somatotype Theory- Advocated by William
Sheldon, this theory asserts that inheritance
is the primary determinant of behavior and
physique is a reliable indicator of
personality. He classified body types as
follows:
- Endomorph- predominance of soft,
roundness though the regions of the body,
low specific gravity and typically
relaxed and comfortable disposition,
extrovert, and has a viscerotonic
temperance.
- Mesomorph- athletic type, predominance of
muscle, bone and connective tissue,
normally heavy, hard and firm, smart and
tough, routinely active and aggressive,
characterized by romotonic or somatotonic
temperance and most likely to commit
crime.
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- Ectomorph - thin physique, flat chest,

slender and poorly muscled, tend to look
more exhausted and withdrawn, introvert
and characterized by cerebrotonic
temperance.
f Containment Theory- Advocated by Walter
Reckless, this theory asserts that for every
individual, there exist a containing external
structure (blocked opportunities) and a
protective internal structure (conscience and
self control), both of which provides
defense, protection or insulation against
crime and delinquency.
g Instrumentalist Theory- Advocated by Earl
Richard Quinney, this theory asserts that the
state is a device for controlling the
exploited class- the class that labors for
the benefit of the ruling class. It asserts
that the upper class creates laws that
protect their interest.
h Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory-
Advocated by Karl Marx, Frederick Engel and
Willem Bonger, this theory asserts that laws
are created in favor of the ruling class,
thus, crime is reflected on the demoralized
remaining population.
i Strain Theory- advocated by Robert King
Merton, this theory maintained that the
failure of man to achieve a higher status of
life causes him to commit crime in order to
attain such status. It maintained that people
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are law abiding, but when under great

pressure will resort to crime.
j Sub-culture Theory of Delinquency- Advocated
by Albert Cohen, this theory claimed that the
lower class cannot socialize effectively with
the middle and the upper class, thus creates
a sub-culture that rejects middle and upper
class values through a process referred to as
reaction formation. The sub-culture is called
a gang and the kids are called delinquents.
k Neutralization Theory- Advocated by Gresham
Sykes, this theory stated that an individual
will obey or disobey societal rules,
depending upon his or her ability to
rationalize whether he is protected from hurt
or destruction.
l Differential Opportunity Theory- Advocated by
Lloyd Ohlin, this theory explained that the
society leads the lower class to want things.
It claimed that there is a differential
opportunity or access to success goals by
both legitimate and illegitimate means,
depending on the specific location of the
individual within the social structure.
m Labeling Theory- Advocated by Frank
Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker,
this theory maintained that the original
cause of crime cannot be known, no behavior
is intrinsically criminal. Behavior becomes
criminal if it is labeled as such.
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n Theory of Human Evolution- Advocated by

Charles Darwin, this theory claimed that
humans, like other animals are parasite. Man
is an organism having an animalistic behavior
that is dependent on other animals for
survival.

OTHER THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY

a QUETELETS THERMIC LAW - Hypothesized that

violent crimes predominate in warmer climates
while property crimes are more prevalent in
colder weather zone
b HUMAN ECOLOGY - Deals with the relationship
between human organism and physical environment.
c ECONOMIC THEORY - In Marx’s the emergence of
capitalism produce economic inequality
(resulting to the commission of crime) in which
proletariats are exploited by the bourgeoisie.
d SOCIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY -
The most varied in refuted and developed theory
emphasizing the importance of “imitation” in
crime causation
e Anomie (Normlesness) - lawlessness where there
is disjunction between means and goals.
f Social Process Theory - emphasize that the
criminality can be considered as social
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disorganization or social condition due to the

impact upon human behavior.
g Social Control Theories - address the issue of
how society maintains or elicits social control
and the manner in which it obtain conformity or
fails to obtain it in the form of deviance
h Social Disorganization Theory- states that
social indicators present in a society such as
large number of single parent households, high
percentage of out of school youth, unemployment
problems and breakdown of social values are the
causes of crimes.
i Cultural Deviance Theory- a theory that views
crime as a result of man’s cultural values that
permit or allow crime to happen or even demand
behaviors that will violate the laws.
j Cultural Transmission Theory- a theory which
states that the cause of crime is the handling
down of delinquency behavior as a socially
learned behavior, transmitted from one
generation to the next, especially among
depressed and disorganized urban areas.
k Culture Conflict Theory- states that different
groups have different conduct norms and the
conduct norms of one group may be in conflict
with those of another, causing individual to
commit crimes by conforming to the norms of
their own groups which is in conflict with
another.
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l Conflict Theory- states that people band

together as a group because they are social
animals with needs that are best served through
collective action. It states further that people
constantly clash as they try to advance the
interest of their particular group over those of
the others.

EXPLANATIONS TO CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

 PERSONALITY
a Psychopathic personality - emotionally
abnormal but who do not manifest breaks with
reality that characterized psychosis
b Psychomatic Person - one whose Behavior is
largely amoral and asocial and who is
characterized by the irresponsibility, lack
of remorse or shame or aggravated by the
physics or emotionally process of the
individual
c Alcoholism - when a person is intoxicated, he
is almost certain to start a fight
 ENVIRONMENTAL
a home - the “Cradle” of human personality”
children are the mirror of the family
b bad neighborhood
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c broken homes - communication gap and

disrespect among parent and children rates
Delinquency

CLASSES OF DELIQUENTS

1 Environmental delinquent - occasional law

breakers.
2 Ecological approach - these approach concerns
itself with the “biotic grouping of men” thus
resulting from migration competition another
with sometimes create conflict between the
immigrant and in habitant of such place thus
lending to social discrimination
3 Economic approach - financial hardship is one of
primary causes of criminality therefore; it is
necessary of every human being to contemplate or
consider with deep regret and confession the
strong temptation which has frequently for so
many years and want necessities to support life.
4 Sociological and cultural approach - the social
in its general sense include assessment of those
forces resulting from man’s economic, financial,
education, political, religious as well
recreational.

PROMINENT PERSONALITIES IN THE STUDY OF

CRIMINOLOGY
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 DR. CHARLES GORING — English Statistician who

studied the case histories of 2,000 convicts and
found that heredity is more influential as
determinant criminal behavior than environmental
 ALPHONSE BERTILLON — one who originated a system
of classifying criminals according to bodily
measurements. Human skeleton is unchangeable for
the period of 20 years.
 W.A. BONGER — an international authority in
criminology who classified crimes by motives of
the offender as economic crimes, sexual crimes,
political crimes, and vengeance as the principal
motives.
 JEREMY BENTHAM(1823) - he advocate the
“utilitarian hedonism” or “Hedonistic Calculus”
the theory that a person always in such a way as
to seek pleasure and avoid pain
 CESARE LOMBROSO - a famous authority in the
field of criminology who advocated the
positivist theory. He classified crime into:
a atavist - born criminal
b Criminaloids - those who have less physical
stamina or luck of control.
c Insane criminal - because of their
abnormalities or disorder
d Occasional criminal - who don’t seek for the
crimes but they are drawn into it because of
insignificant reason that paused them to do
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Types of Criminaloids
- criminaloids or epileptoid - those who
are suffering from disorders
- habitual - career offenders
- pseudo-criminals - those who kills in
defense
 RAFAEL GAROFALO - Italian law professor who coin
the term “CRIMINOLOGIA”. In 1885 He developed a
concept of the natural crime and defined it as
violation of the prevalent sentiments of pity
and probity.
Types of criminal according to Garofalo:
a murders-satisfied from revenge
b violent and criminals
c deficient criminals-commit crimes against
property
d lascivious criminals-crimes against
chastity
 ENRICO FERRI - believe in the “law of
saturation”. Society can tolerate only number
crime.
Factors of criminality:
a physical and geological environment
b the individual
c social environment
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 DAVID EMILE DURKEIM - He focused on the

sociological point of view of the posivitist
theory. Includes the consideration of customs,
obligation, laws morality and religious belief
as factors to criminality
 SIGMUND FREUD - the use of psychology in
understanding behavior. Freud view guilt as a
motive for bad behavior. In his “PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY” he maintains that:
a Criminal behavior is a form of neurosis
b Crime is a result of compulsive need for
punishment to alleviate guilt and anxiety
c Criminal behavior is a means for
obtaining gratification of need
d Criminal behavior is a result of
traumatic experience.
e Criminal conduct represents displace
hostility.
 ROBERT EZRA PARK- Strong advocate of the
scientific method in explaining criminality by a
sociologist. The human ecology explain the
isolation or segregation, competition, conflict
social, contract, interaction and social
hierarchy as factor of criminality.
 WILLIAM H. SHELDON – his key ideas are
concentrated on the principle of “SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST” as a behavioral science. He
combines the biological and psychological
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explanation to understand the behavior. He

advocated the” SOMATOTYPING THEORY” that
explains the belief of inheritances as the
primary determinants of behavior and the body
physique is reliable indicator of personality.
Classification of body physique
a Endomorps - a type with a relatively
predominance of soft, roundness throughout
the regions of the body, they have low
specific gravity.
b Mesomorps - athletic type, predominate of
muscle, bone and connective tissue,
normally heavy, hard or firm, strong and
tough.
c Ectomorps - thin psyque, flat chest,
delicacy, trough out the body, slender,
poorly muscled
 EDWIN SUTHERLAND- advocated the” DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION THEORY” this maintains that the
society is composed of different group
organization. He believes that behavior is
learned not inherited.
 WALTER RECKLESS- advocate of the “CONTROL
THEORY” - it maintains that delinquency is the
result of poor self concept. The absent of
social control leads to criminality
 ROBERT KING MERTON - Primer sociologist of the
modern days. Advocated the “STRAIN THEORY”. He
maintains that the failure of man to achieve the
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higher status caused them to commit crimes in

order to attain their goal.
 ALBERT COHEN (1918) - Advocated the “SUBCULTURE
THEORY” and “DELIQUENCY THEORY”. He includes the
explanation of prevalence, origin, process and
purpose, as factor to crime.
 ERVING GOLFMAN AND HOWARD BECKER (1922-1982) -
the advocate of the”LABELING THEORY” the theory
maintains that interaction cause them to behave
criminally when one or both interpretation of
the meaning of such interaction is wrong.
 CHARLES DARWIN - his theory maintains that man
is an organism which is parasite and has an
animalistic behavior.
 CHARLES BUCK MAN GORING (1870-1919) - An English
statistician, who studied the case histories of
3,000 convicts. He came up with a conclusion
that heredity is more influential determiner of
criminal behavior than environment.

 ERNEST HOLTON – Accordingly, criminality is

cause by heredity and the influence of
environment. He conclude that criminals are
originally inferior
 QUETELET - he discovered on his research that
crimes against person increased during summer
while crimes against property increase during
winter
 PAUL TORPINARD - a French anthropologist who
introduced the term “CRIMINOLOGIE” in 1987.
 EMILE DURKHEIM-(1858-1917) - father of anomie
tradition, he argued that crime is a normal part
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of society as birth and death. Criminal acts

reflected society collective. Collectives
sentiments will reach a universal degree of
acceptance
 WILLIAM BONGER - an international authority in
criminology who classified crimes by motives of
the offenders as economic crimes, political
crimes, and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance
as the principal motive.
 R.H GODDARD - He advocated the theory of
“feeblemindedness”. Feebleminded person is
unable to appreciate the consequences of his
behavior or appreciate the meaning of the law
 PETER RENIZEL - a private person who, in 1669,
establish a work house in Hamburg at his own
expense because he had observed that thieves and
prostitutes where made worse instead by better
pillory, and he hoped that they might improved
by work and religious instruction in the work
house.

 AUGUSTE COMTE - First proposed the positivist

approach. He viewed the progression of knowledge
as consisting of stage reflect upon the meaning
of event.
- Metaphysical stage - philosophy sought
secular events to provide understanding
thru a new spirit of inquiry
- Scientific stage - combination of the
rational spirit of investigation with the
scientific method, emphasizing empiricism
or experimentation.
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 LAVATOR - Stated the way to discover the

character of a person is by observation and
measurement of outward appearance of an
individual especially the face. He said that
bald man, beard women, shift eye, weak chin
arrogant nose are criminally inclined.
(Physiological fragment)
 FRANZ JOSEPH GALL/CHARLES CALDWELL/AND JOHANN
CHRISTOPHER SPURZHEIM-claimed that the external
formation of the skull indicates that
confirmation of the brain and the development of
its various parts the shape of the heads of the
criminals differs from that of the non-criminals

TYPES OF MULTIPLE MURDERS

1 Serial murder - involves killing several victims

in hire.
2 Spree murder - involves killing of two or more
victims at two or more location.
3 Mass murder - involves killing of four or more
victim at one location within one event.
4 Professional crimes - The use of knowledge that
requires lengthy training in committing crimes.
5 Occupational Crimes/white Collar crimes - A
crime committed by a person of respectability
and high social statues in the course of his
occupation.
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6 Organizational crime - refers to crime committed

on behalf and for the benefit of a legitimate
organization.
7 Political crime - refers to criminal activity
which committed for ideological purpose.
- Ideology - Refers to distinctive belief
system, ideas, and abstract ideals which are
perceived as providing the true meaning of
life. Ex: communism, capitalism,
Christianity
8 organized crimes - it includes groups of any
individuals whose primary activity involves
violating criminals laws to seek profits and
power by engaging in racketeering activities and
when appropriate in engaging intricate financial
manipulation

TYPES OF ORGANIZED CRIMINALS

1 POLITICAL - social organized crime

2 MERCENARY ORGANIZED CRIME - crimes committed by
group for direct personal profit, but which
profit upon unsmiling victims, such as juvenile
and adults gang involve in robbery – akyat
bahay, bukas kotse, mafia
3 IN-GROUP ORIENTED ORGANIZED CRIME - this group
such a motorcycle gangs and some adolescent
gangs goals are psychological gratification
rather that financial profit-Hell’s Angels
4 SYNDICATE CRIME - a continuing group or
organization that participate in activity in any
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society by use of force, intimidation or

threats- Yakuza, Chinese triad
5 PUBLIC ORDER CRIME - sometimes referred to as “
crimes without crimes or” ‘ victimless crimes”
or legist rated morality refers to a number of
activities that is illegal due to the fact of
they offered public morality- prostitution ,
illegal gambling, drug abuse, drunkenness

SEXUAL RELATED DISORDER

1 PROSTITUTION - the practice of having sexual

relations for certain consideration.
2 FORNICATION - refers to a sexual intercourse
between unmarried person
3 SODOMY - may cover anal intercourse, mouth-
genital contact, exchange of husband and wife
for sexual intercourse and even mutual
masturbation
4 EXHIBITIONISM - usually involves that purposive
and unsolicited indecent exposure of sex organs
usually to male an unsuspecting female.
5 VOYEURISM - involves the person invading the
privacy of another by viewing him/her when in an
unclad state or sexual condition.
6 FETISHISM - involves the obtaining of erotic
excitement trough the perception and of
collection objects associated with the opposite
sex.
7 PEDOPHILIA OR CHILD MOLESTING - sexual relation
between and adult a child, the later usually as
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one under 12 years of age or one who has not yet

reached the age of puberty
8 PORNOGRAPHY - refers to erotic or sexual
stimulating literature or materials
9 BESTIALITY - having sex with animals
10 NECROPHILIA - sex with dead bodies

TYPOLOGY OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS

1 CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - are individuals

who live in subculture in which violence is an
acceptable problems-solving mechanism
2 SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE - use as means of
explaining the greater prevalence of violent
crime among low income from slum environment.
3 CRIMINALITY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - use violence as
a means of accomplishing criminal act, such as
in robbery
4 PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS – mentally ill
or brain damage
5 SITUATIONAL VIOLENT OFFENDERS - commit acts of
violence on rare occasion, often under
provocation such as in domestic disputes which
gets out hand. Often described as “crimes of
passion”

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY

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 ACUTE CRIMINAL - person, who violates criminal

law because of the impulse of the moment, fit of
passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
 CHRONIC CRIMINALS - person who acted in
consonance with deliberate thinking such as;
a neurotic criminals - person whose action
arises from intra-physics conflict between
the social and antisocial components of his
personality, example is a kleptomaniac
b normal criminal - person whose psychic
organization resembles that of the normal
individual except that that he identify
himself with criminal prototype
c Criminality - caused by an organic
pathological process.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASE ON BEHAVIORAL

SYSTEM;

 ORDINARY CRIMINALS- the lowest form of criminal

career. They engage only the conventional crimes
which required limited skills. They lack
organization to avoid arrest and conviction
 ORGANIZED CRIMINALS- this criminal have a high
degree of degree to enable them to commit crimes
being detected and committed to specialized
activities which can be operated in large scale
business. Force, violence, intimidation and
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bribery to use gain and maintain control over

economic activities.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASED ON ACTIVITIES

1 PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS - those person who earn

their living trough criminal activities
2 ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal
acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
3 HABITUAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal
acts for such diverse reason due to deficiency
of intelligence and lack of self control
4 HABITUAL SITUATIONAL CRIMINALS - those who are
actually not criminals but constantly in trouble
with legal authorities because they commit
robberies, and embezzlement which are intermixed
with economic activities

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASED ON MENTAL

ATTITUDES

1 ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS - those who commit

crimes in an impulsive manner usually due to the
aggressive behavior of the offender, such
attitudes is clearly shown in crimes of passion,
revenge or resentment.
2 PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS - those who commit
crimes because they are pushed to it by
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inducement, reward or promise without

considering its consequences
3 SOCIAL DELINQUENT – those who are normal in
their behavior but merely defective in their
socialized process, this group belong to the
educated respectable members of society who may
turn criminal on involved.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS (OTHER TYPES OF

CRIMES)

1 CRIMES OF THE UPPER WORLD - those who commit by

people of the upper strata of society
2 CRIME OF THE UNDERWORLD - those who commit by
the members of the lower under privilege class
of society.
3 CRIMES BY PASSION - those committed by the fit
of passion, anger, anger, jealousy hatred
4 CRIMES IMITATION - those committed and the
pattern of which is merely a duplication of what
was done by others
5 SERVICE CRIMES - those committed by rendering
some service or satisfying the desire of someone
6 CRIMINAL WORLD - it is the social organization
of habitual and professional criminals.
7 ORGANIZED CRIME - it characteristics:
a control in all crimes in given geographical
area or at least at all crimes of certain
types by a small group similar to the board
of directors of a legitimate business
organization
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b Standard method of conducting crimes and

rules of criminal conduct which are
eternally enforce among members of
organization. Secrecy discipline in a crime
commission.
c inclusion with the organization of
personnel who performs services not
essential to the commission of the crime,
but contribute to the protection, such as
lawyers, doctors and others such as keepers
of hide outs
d Careful planning of its crime to achieve
maximum success.

THE 4 TYPES OF ORGANIZED CRIMES

1 THE CRIMINAL GANG - is an intimate group bound

by ties, friends and loyalty that tends to
establish its own folkways and mores, in
opposition to those of conventional society. The
criminal gangs always resort to the physical
force in perpetrating their crimes.
2 THE CRIMINAL SYNDICATES - Stable business
organization whose violence directed in
unwelcome confederation. The term syndicate is a
combination of capitalism turn into for the
purpose of prosecuting illegal schemes,
requiring large source of capital and the
subject is to obtain control market of the
particular commodity.
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3 RACKETEERS - a racket is an organized method of

existing money from that engage e in
illegitimate or legitimate enterprises by the
illegal means often accompanied by threats of
infliction of injury or destruction of property.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

 ACQUISITIVE CRIMES - when the offender acquire

something as a consequence of his criminal act
 EXTINCTIVE CRIMES - when the end results of
criminal act is destruction
 SEASONAL CRIMES - those who committed only in
a certain period of the year
 SITUATIONAL CRIMES – those committed only when
given the situation conductive to its commission
 INSTANT CRIMES - those committed on the short
possible time
 EPISODICAL CRIMES - those committed by a series
of commission in lengthy space of time
 STATIC CRIME - those committed only in one place
 CONTINUING CRIME - those committed in several
places
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 RATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed with

intention and offender is in full possession of
his mental faculties
 IRRATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed by a
person who does not know the nature and quality
of his act account of the disease of the mind
 WHITE COLLAR CRIME - those committed by a person
in responsibility and upper socio economic class
in the course of their occupational activities
 BLUE COLLAR CRIMES - those committed by ordinary
professional to maintain their livelihood
 Victimology, a branch of the study of
criminology which deals with the
victimization of crime which is
considered by political society as any
act or omission punishable by law.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

1 As a result of a crime:
a ACQUISITIVE — offender acquires something as
a result or consequence of a crime like
theft.
b EXTINCTIVE- end result is destructive like
homicide.
2 Period of time committed:
a Seasonal crime — committed only during a
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period of time like tax evasion

b Situational crime — committed only when given
a situation like theft robbery.
3 As to length of time committed
a instant crime — committed in shortest
possible time like snatching
b Episodial — committed by series of acts in
lengthy space of time like KIDNAPPING.
4 Continuing - crime committed in several places,
like physical injuries resulting to homicide in
an automobile.
5 As to mental faculties
a Rational crime - with intention like robbery,
homicide
b Irrational crime - committed by one who does
not know the nature or quality of his act on
account of disease of mind.
6 as to the type of offender:
a White collar crime - committed by persons
of responsibility in the course of their
occupational activity, like plunder
b Blue collar crime - committed by ordinary
criminals to maintain their livelihood
like robbery.

JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
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1 RETRIBUTION – this rest of the basic premise

that justice must be done. Punishment of the
offender was carried out in the form of personal
vengeance.
2 EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT - this was in group
vengeance where punishment is exacted publicly
for the purpose of appeasing the public or
social group.
3 DETERRENCE OR EXEMPLARITY - punishment gives
lesson to the offender by showing tom others
what would happen to them if they violate the
law
4 PROTECTION OR INCAPACITATION - by placing
offenders on prison, society is protected the
further depredation of criminal acts
5 REFORMATION- society’s interest can be better
served by the extension of help to the prisoner
to become a law abiding citizen and productive
upon his return to the community by requiring
him to undergo an intensive Program of
rehabilitation in PRISON

TYPES OF NORMS

 formal- have been written down and involve

strict rules for punishment of violators
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 Informal-are generally understood but is not

precisely recorded.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN STUDYING OF CRIMINOLOGY

1 CRIMINOGENIC PROCESS - explain human behavior
which helps in determining the nature of
personality as a reacting mechanism.
2 CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS - study of the mental
process of criminal in action; the study of
genesis, development and the motivation of human
behavior that conflicts with accepted norms and
standard of society.
3 CULTURAL CONFLICT - a class between societies
because of contrary beliefs or substantial
variance in their respective custom, language,
institution, habits learning, and tradition.
4 DEMENTIA PRAECOX - a collective term of mental
disorder that begin at, or shortly after puberty
and usually lead the general failure of the
mental faculties
5 DELUSION - a false belief about self, caused by
morbidity, present in paranoia and dementia
praecox

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