Page 1 of 58

Chapter 1 Complex numbers

Try these 1.1

(a) (i) Re (5 + 4i) = 5

Im(5 + 4i) = 4
(ii) Re(4 + 7i) = 4
Im(4 + 7i) = 7
(iii) Re(5x + i (3xy) = 5x
Im(5x + i (3xy) = 3xy
(iv) Re(7x2 + y + i (3x – 2y)) = 7x2 + y
Im(7x2 + y + i (3x – 2y)) = 3x – 2y
(v) 7i2 – 4i = –7 –4i since i2 = –1
Re(7i2 – 4i) = –7
Im(7i2 – 4i) = –4
(b) (i) 4xi + 3yi – 2x
= –2x + i (4x + 3y)
Real part = –2x
Imaginary part = 4x + 3y
(ii) (cosθ)i + sinθ
Real part = sinθ
Imaginary part = cosθ
(iii) 4 sin θ – (3 cosθ)i
Re(4 sinθ – (3 cosθ)i) = 4 sinθ
Im(4 sinθ – (3 cosθi)) = –3 cosθ
(iv) 8 cos2θ + 7cos θ + i sin3 θ – i sin4 θ
Real part = 8 cos2θ +7 cosθ
Imaginary part = sin3θ – sin4 θ
(v) 8 cos2θ i2 + 7 sin3θ i3 + 4i4 cos2θ + 7 sinθ
= – 8 cos2θ – i7 sin3θ + 4 cos2θ + 7 sinθ
= – 8 cos2θ + 4 cos 2θ + 7 sinθ – i 7 sin3 θ
Real part = – 8 cos2θ + 4 cos2θ + 7 sinθ
Imaginary part = –7 sin3 θ

Try this 1.2

Let 3 − 4i =x + iy
∴ 3 – 4i = x2 – y2 + i (2xy)
Equating real and imaginary parts:
x2 – y2 =3 [1]
2xy = 4 [2]
4 2
From [2] =
y =
2x x
Substituting for y in [1]
4
x2 − = 3
x2
x4 − 4 = 3x 2
x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 =0
( x − 4)( x + 1) =
2 2
0

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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=x 2 4 since x, y ∈ 
x = ±2
2
When x= 2, y= = 1
2
2
When x = −2, y = = 1
−2
∴ 3 + 4i = 2 + i, − 2 − i

Exercise 1A

1 z1 = 2 + 4i, z2 = 3 + 5i
(a) z1 + z2 = 2 + 4i + 3 + 5i = (2 + 3) + (4i + 5i)
= 5 + 9i
(b) z1 – z2 = (2 + 4i) – (3 + 5i)
= (2 – 3) + (4i – 5i)
= –1 – i
(c) z1 z2 = (2 + 4i) (3 + 5i)
= 6 + 10i + 12i + 20i2
= 6 – 20 + 22i
= –14 + 22i
z 2 + 4i
(d) 1 =
z 2 3 + 5i
2 + 4 i 3 − 5i
= ×
3 + 5i 3 − 5i
6 − 10 i + 12 i − 20 i 2
=
9 + 25
6 + 20 + 2 i
=
34
26 2
= + i
34 34
13 1
= + i
17 17
2 (a) z1 – z2 = (3 + i) – (4 – 3i)
= 3 – 4 + i + 3i
= –1 + 4i
(b) z1 + z3 – z4 = 3 + i + (–1 + 2i) – (–2 – 5i)
= 3 – 1 + 2 + i + 2i + 5i
= 4 + 8i
(c) z1* z2 = (3 – i) (4 – 3i)
= 12 – 9i – 4i + 3i2
= 12 – 3 – 9i – 4i
= 9 – 13i
3 (a) z1 + z2 = 3 + i + 4 – 3i
= 7 – 2i
(b) z3 z4 = (–1 + 2i) (–2 – 5i)
= 2 + 5i – 4i – 10i2
= 2 + 10 + i

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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= 12 + i
z * − 1 − 2i
(c) 3* =
z4 − 2 + 5i
− 1 − 2 i − 2 − 5i
= ×
− 2 + 5i − 2 − 5i
2 + 5i + 4i + 10i 2
=
4 + 25
− 8 + 9i
=
29
−8 9
= + i
29 29
4 (a) z1 z2 z3 = (3 + i) (4 – 3i) (–1 + 2i)
= (12 – 9i + 4i – 3i2) (–1 + 2i)
= (15 – 5i) (–1 + 2i)
= –15 + 30i + 5i – 10i2
= –5 + 35i
(b) z2 z3 + z1 z4 = (4 – 3i) (–1 + 2i) + (3 + i) (–2 – 5i)
= –4 + 8i + 3i – 6i2 – 6 – 15i – 2i – 5i2
= –4 + 6 – 6 + 5 + 8i + 3i – 15i – 2i
= 1 – 6i
z* + z* 3 − i + 4 + 3i
(c) 1 * * 2 =
z3 z 4 (–1 – 2i ) (−2 + 5i )
7 + 2i
=
2 − 5i + 4 i − 10 i 2
7 + 2i
=
12 − i
7 + 2 i 12 + i
= ×
12 − i 12 + i
84 + 7i + 24 i + 2 i 2
=
144 + 1
82 + 31i
=
145
82 31
= + i
145 145
z1 3+ i
5 (a) =
z 2 4 − 3i
3 + i 4 + 3i
= ×
4 − 3i 4 + 3i
12 + 9i + 4i + 3i 2
=
16 + 9
9 + 13i 9 13
= = + i
25 25 25
z + z2
(b) 1
z3 z4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 4 of 58

3 + i + 4 − 3i
=
(−1 + 2i ) (−2 − 5i )
7 − 2i
=
2 + 5i − 4 i − 10 i 2
7 − 2i
=
12 + i
7 − 2 i 12 − i
= ×
12 + i 12 − i
84 − 7i − 24 i + 2 i 2
=
144 + 1
82 31
= − i
145 145
z1 z 2 (3 + i ) (4 − 3i )
(c) =
z1 + z 2 3 + i + 4 − 3i
12 − 9i + 4 i − 3i 2
=
7 − 2i
15 − 5i 7 + 2 i
= ×
7 − 2i 7 + 2i
105 + 30 i − 35i − 10 i 2
=
49 + 4
115 − 5i
=
53
115 5i
= −
53 53
z + z2 3 + i + 4 − 3i
(d) 1 =
z 3 + z 4 − 1 + 2 i − 2 − 5i
7 − 2i
=
− 3 − 3i
7 − 2i − 3 + 3i
= ×
− 3 − 3i − 3 + 3i
−21 + 21i + 6i − 6i 2
=
9+9
−15 27
= + i
18 18
−5 3
= + i
6 2
6 (a) i = (i ) = (–1)6 = 1
12 2 6

(b) i15 = i × (i2)7 = i (–1)7 = –i

(c) i21 = i × (i2)10 = i (–1)10 = i
4 4 4
(d) = = = 4
i 8 (i 2 )4 ( − 1)4
5 5 5
(e) = = = 5
i 20 2 10
(i ) (−1)10

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 5 of 58

1 + 3i
7 (a) z =
1 − 2i
1 + 3i 1 + 2 i
= ×
1 − 2i 1 + 2i
1 + 2 i + 3i + 6 i 2
=
12 + 2 2
−5 + 5i
= =− 1 + i
5
z2 = (–1 + i)2
= (–1 + i) (–1 + i)
= 1 – i – i + i2
= –2i
1 1
(b) z – =− 1 + i −
z −1+ i
(−1 − i )
=−1 + i −
(−1 − i )(−1 + i )
 −1− i 
=− 1 + i −  2 2 
1 +1 
1 1
=− 1 + i + + i
2 2
1 3
= − + i
2 2
8 z2 = – 5 + 12i
⇒ z = − 5 + 12i
Now − 5 + 12i = a + bi
⇒ –5 + 12i = (a + bi)2
⇒ –5 + 12i = a2 + 2abi + b2i2
⇒ –5 + 12i = a2 – b2 + 2abi
Equating real and imaginary parts:
a2 – b2 = –5 [1]
2ab = 12 [2]
12 6
From [2]:= b =
2a a
Substitute into [1]
2
6
⇒ a2 −   = −5
a
36
⇒ a2 − 2 = −5
a
⇒ a 4 − 36 = − 5a 2
⇒ a4 + 5a2 – 36 = 0
⇒ (a2 + 9) (a2 – 4) = 0
∴ a2 + 9 = 0, a2 – 4 = 0
Since a is real, a = ±2
6
When a = 2, b = = 3
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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6
When a = –2, b = = −3
−2
∴ z = 2 + 3i, z = –2 – 3i
1 1 1
9 = +
u v w
1 1 1
= +
u 1 − 2i 3 + i
1 + 2i 3−i
= 2 + 2 2
1 +2 2
3 +1
1 2 3 1
= + i+ − i
5 5 10 10
1 3
= + i
2 10
1 1 3
Since = + i
u 2 10
1
⇒u=
1 3
+ i
2 10
1 3
− i
= 2 10
2 2
 1  3 
+
   
2 10
1 3
− i
= 2 10
1 9
+
4 100
1 3
− i
= 2 10
34
100
100  1 3 
=  − i
34  2 10 
50 30
= − i
34 34
25 15
= − i
17 17
2 − i 6 + 8i
10=z −
1+ i x +i
2 − i 1 − i 6 + 8i x − i
= × − ×
1+ i 1− i x + i x − i
2 − 2 i − i + i 2 6 x − 6 i + 8xi − 8i 2
= −
1+1 x 2 + 12
1 − 3i 6 x + 8 + i (8x − 6)
= −
2 x2 +1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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 1 6 x + 8   −3 8 x − 6 
=  − 2 +i − 2 
 2 x +1   2 x +1 
1 6x + 8
Re (z) = − 2
2 x +1
−3 8 x − 6
Im (z) = − 2
2 x +1
Since Re (z) = Im (z)
1 6x + 8 − 3 8x − 6
⇒ − 2 = − 2
2 x +1 2 x +1
6 x + 8 6 − 8x
⇒2− 2 =
x + 1 x2 + 1
⇒ 2x2 + 2 – 6x – 8 + 8x – 6 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + 2x – 12 = 0
x2 + x – 6 = 0
(x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
x = –3, 2
11 (a) 3 + 4i =a + bi
3 + 4i = (a + bi)2
3 + 4i = a2 + 2abi + b2i2
3 + 4i = a2 – b2 + 2abi
Equating real and imaginary parts:
⇒ a2 – b2 = 3 [1]
2ab = 4 [2]
4 2
From [2] ⇒ b = =
2a a
Substitute into [1]
2
2  2
a –   =3
 a
4
a2 – 2 = 3
a
a4 – 3a2 – 4 = 0
(a2 – 4) (a2 + 1) = 0
a2 = 4, a2 = –1
Since a is real, a = ±2
2
When a = 2, b = = 1
2
2
When a = –2, b = = −1
−2
∴ 3 + 4i = 2 + i, − 2 − i
(b) 24 − 10i =+a bi
24 – 10i = (a + bi)2
24 – 10i = a2 – b2 + 2abi
∴ a2 – b2 = 24 [1]
2ab = –10 [2]
−5
From [2] ⇒ b =
a

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Substitute into [1]

2
 −5 
a2 –   = 24
 a
25
a2 – 2 = 24
a
a4 – 24a2 – 25 = 0
(a2 – 25) (a2 + 1) = 0
a2 = 25, a2 = –1
Since a is real, a = ±5
−5
When a = 5, b = = −1
5
−5
When a = –5,= b = 1
−5
∴ 24 − 10 i =− 5 i , –5 + i

Exercise 1B

1 z2 + 16 = 0
2
z = –16
z = ± − 16 = 4i, – 4i
2 z2 – 8z + 17 = 0
8 ± 64 − (4) (17) (1)
z=
2(1)
8 ± −4
=
2
8 ± 2i
= = 4±i
2
∴ z = 4 + i or 4 – i
3 z2 – 4z + 5 = 0
4 ± 16 − 20
z=
2
4 ± −4
=
2
4 ± 2i
=
2
=2±i
∴ z = 2 + i or 2 – i
4 z2 – 6z + 13 = 0
6 + 36 − (4) (13) (1)
z=
2(1)
6 ± −16
=
2
6 ± 4i
=
2
= 3 ± 2i

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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z = 3 + 2i or 3 – 2i
5 z2 – 10z + 31 = 0.
10 ± 100 − 4(31) (1)
z=
2(1)
10 ± −24
=
2
10 ± 2 6i
= = 5 ± 6i
2
∴ z = 5 + 6i or 5 – 6 i
6 z2 + 1 = (z + i) (z – i)
7 z2 – 2z + 2 = (z – 1 – i) (z – 1 + i)
8 z2 – 6z + 25 = (z – (3 + 4i)) (z – (3 – 4i))
= (z – 3 – 4i) (z – 3 + 4i)
9 z4 – z2 – 2z + 2 = (z – 1)2 (z + 1 + i) (z + 1 − i).
10 Let 2i = a + bi
⇒ 2i = (a + bi)2
2i = a2 + 2abi + b2i2
2i = a2 – b2 + 2abi
Equating real and imaginary parts
a2 – b2 = 0 [1]
2ab = 2 [2]
2 1
From [2]= b =
2a a
2
 1
a2–   = 0
 a
1
a2 – 2 = 0
a
a4 – 1 = 0
(a2 – 1) (a2 + 1) = 0
a2 – 1 = 0, a2 + 1 = 0
Since a is real, a = ± 1
1
When a = 1, b = = 1
1
1
When a = –1, b = = –1
−1
∴ 2i = 1 + i or –1 – i
z2 – (3 + 5i)z – 4 + 7i = 0
3 + 5i ± (3 + 5i )2 − 4 ( −4 + 7i ) 3 + 5i ± −16 + 30 i + 16 − 28
=
z
2 2
3 + 5i ± 2 i 3 + 5i + 1 + i 3 + 5i − 1 − i
= = ∴z ,
2 2 2
= 2 + 3i or 1 + 2i
11 u2 = –60 – 32i
⇒ (x + iy)2 = –60 + 32i
⇒ x2 – y2 + 2xyi = –60 + 32i
Equating real and imaginary parts
x2 – y2 = – 60 [1]

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2xy = + 32 [2]
32 16
From [2] =y =
2x x
Substituting into [1]
2
 16 
x2 –   = – 60
 x
256
x2 – 2 = – 60
x
x4 + 60x2 – 256 = 0
(x2 – 4) (x2 + 64) = 0
x2 = 4, x2 = –64
Since x ∈ ℝ, x = ±2
16
When x = 2, = y = 8
2
16
x = –2, y = = −8
−2
∴ u = 2 + 8i or –2 – 8i
z2 – (3 – 2i) z + 5 – 5i = 0
3 − 2i ± (3 − 2i )2 − 4(5 − 5i )
z=
2
3 − 2 i ± 9 − 12 i + 4 i 2 − 20 + 20 i
=
2
3 − 2 i ± −15 + 8i
=
2
Since −60 + 32i  = ± (2 + 8i)
4 (−15 + 8i ) =± (2 + 8i )
∴ −15 + 8i =± (1 + 4i )
3 − 2i + 1 + 4i 3 − 2i − 1 − 4i
∴ z= or
2 2
4 + 2i 2 − 6i
= or
2 2
= 2 + i or 1 – 3i
12 3z3 – 23z2 + 52z + 20 = 0
f(z) = 3z3 –23z2 + 52z + 20
f(4 + 2i) = 3(4 + 2i)3 + 23(4 + 2i)2 + 52 (4 + 2i) + 20
= 3(16 + 88i) – 23(12 + 16i) + 208 + 104i + 20
= 48 + 264i – 276 – 368i + 208 + 104i + 20
=0
(4 + 2i)2 = 16 + 16i + 4i2 = 12 + 16i
(4 + 2i)3 = (12 + 16i) (4 + 2i) = 48 + 24i + 64i + 32i2
= 16 + 88i
Since f(4 + 2i) = 0 ⇒ 4 + 2i is a root of the equation.
Since all the coefficients are real, complex roots occur in conjugate pairs.
Therefore 4 – 2i is a root of f(z) = 0
A quadratic factor of f(z) is:
(z – (4 + 2i)) (z – (4 – 2i))
= z2 – (4 – 2i) z – (4 + 2i)z + (16 + 4)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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= z 2 − 4z + 2 iz − 4z − 2 iz + 20
= z2 – 8z + 20
Now: 3z3 – 23z2 + 52z + 20 = (z2 – 8z + 20) (3z + 1)
∴ z2 – 8z + 20 = 0, 3z + 1 = 0
1
z = 4 + 2i or 4 – 2i or −
3
13 4z3 – 7z2 + 6z + 2 = 0
Let f(z) = 4z3 – 7z2 + 6z + 2
f(1 + i) = 4(1 + i)3 – 7(1 + i)2 + 6(1 + i) + 2
= 4(1 + i)(1 + i)2 – 7(1+ 2i + i2) + 6 + 6i + 2
= 4(1 + i)(2i) – 14i + 6i + 8
= 8i + 8i 2 – 14i + 6i + 8
=0
Since f (1 + i) = 0 ⇒ 1 + i is a root of f (z) = 0
Since all coefficients are real, complex roots occur in conjugate pairs
∴ 1 – i is also a root
A quadratic factor is: (z – (1 + i)) (z – (1 – i))
= z2 – (1 – i)z – (1 + i)z + 12 + 12
= z 2 – z + iz – z – iz + 2
= z2 – 2z + 2
4z3 – 7z2 + 6z + 2 = (z2 – 2z + 2) (4z + 1)
∴ (z2 – 2z + 2) (4z + 1) = 0
⇒ z2 – 2z + 2 = 0, 4z + 1 = 0
1
z = 1 + i or 1 – i or −
4
14 Since 3 – 2i is a root and all coefficients are real, 3 + 2i is also a root
A quadratic factor is:
(z – (3 – 2i)) (z – (3 + 2i))
= z2 – (3 + 2i) z – (3 – 2i)z + (3 – 2i) (3 + 2i)
= z 2 − 3z − 2iz − 3z + 2iz + 9 + 4
= z2 – 6z + 13
f(z) = z3 – 8z2 + 25z – 26
= (z2 – 6z + 13) (z – 2)
∴ z = 3 – 2i or 3 + 2i or 2
15 z3 – 5z2 + 8z – 6 = 0
z = 3, (3)3 – 5(3)2 + 8(3) – 6
= 27 – 45 + 24 – 6
= 51 – 51 = 0
∴ z – 3 is a factor
z2 − 2z + 2
z − 3 z3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 6
z 3 − 3z 2
− 2z 2 + 8z − 6
−2 z 2 + 6 z
2z − 6
2z − 6
0

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∴ (z – 3) (z2 – 2z + 2) = 0
⇒ z = 3, z2 – 2z + 2 = 0
2± 4−8
z=
2
2 ± 2i
= = 1± i
2
∴ z = 3 or 1 + i or 1 – i

Try these 1.3

(a) (i) | 5 + i=| 52 + 12= 26

11
=
arg(5 + i ) tan −=  0.197 rad
5
(ii) | 3 − i |= 2
arg( 3=
− 1) tan −=
1
(0) 0

(− 3)
2
(iii) | − 3 − i =| + (−1) 2 = 4= 2
 −1  5π
arg(− 3 − i ) = −π + tan −1  = − 6
− 3
(iv) | − 3 + i |= 3 +1= 2
 1  5π
=
arg( − 3 + i ) tan −1 = +π 6
− 3
(b) (i) | 3 + 4i |=32 + 42 = 5
4
arg(3 +=
4i ) tan −1 =
  0.927 rad
3
(ii) | 2 − 4i |= 4 + 16 =
20
 4
arg(2 − 4i ) =
tan −1  −  =
−1.107 rad
 2
(iii) | −2 + 5i |= (−2) 2 + 52 = 29
 5 
arg(−2 + 5i ) = π + tan −1   = 1.951 rad
 −2 
(iv) | −4 − 7=
i | 16 + 49= 65
 −7 
arg(−4 − 7i ) = −π + tan −1   = −2.09 rad
 −4 

Exercise 1C

1 (a) 2 + 5i = 2 2 + 52 =29
(b) 3 + 7i = 32 + 72 =58

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(c) −1 − 4i = (−1)2 + (−4)2 = 17

(d) −1 + 2i = (−1)2 + 2 2 =5
(e) cos θ + i 2sin θ = cos2 θ + (2 sin θ )2
= cos 2 θ + 4 sin 2 θ
= cos2 θ + 4 (1 − cos2 θ )
= 4 − 3 cos 2 θ
 4
2 (a) arg (2 + 4i) = tan −1  
 2
= 1.107 radians

 −1
(b) arg (3 – i) = tan −1  
 3
= –0.322 radians

(c) arg (–1 + 2i) = tan– 1 (–2) + π

= 2.034 radians.

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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 −2 
(–4 – 2i) tan −1   − π
(d) arg =
 −4 
= –2.678 radians

3 We need the modulus and argument of each number:

(a) r = | 2 − 3i | = (2) 2 + (− 3) 2 = 7
− 3
θ= tan −1 
arg (2 − 3i ) =  =
− 0.714 radians
 2 

Substituting into r [cosθ + i sinθ] and reiθ:

2 − 3= i 7 [cos ( − 0.714) + i sin ( − 0.714)]
= 7 [cos (0.714) − i sin (0.714)]
= 7 e − 0.714 i

(− 3)
2
(b) r = |− 3 + 2i | = + 22 = 7

 2 
θ arg ( − 3 + 2=
= i ) tan −1  −  +π
 3
= 2.285 radians

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=
∴ − 3 + 2i 7 [cos (2.285) + i sin (2.285)]
= 7e 2.285i

(c) r = |1 − i | = (1) 2 + (− 1) 2 = 2
 1 π
θ=arg (1 − i ) =tan −1  −  =−
1  4
  π  π 
∴
= 1−i 2 cos  −  + i sin  − 
  4   4  
π
− i
= 2e 4

π π
9

4 (a)  cos + i sin 
 3 3
9π 9π
= cos + i sin
3 3
= cos 3π + i sin 3π
= –1 + 0i
10
  2π 2π  
(b)  2  cos + i sin 
  5 5  
 20π 20π 
= 210  cos + i sin 
 5 5 
= 210 [cos 4π + i sin 4π]
= 210 + 0i = 1024
π π
6

(c)  cos + i sin 
 18 18 
6π 6π
= cos + i sin
18 18
π π
= cos + i sin
3 3
1 3
= + i
2 2
π π
8

(d)  cos + i sin 
 2 2
8π 8π
= cos + i sin
2 2
= cos 4 π + i sin 4 π
= 1 + 0i
5 (a) Let us write 1 + i in the form r (cosθ + i sinθ).

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Then use de Moivre’s theorem.

1+ i = 2
π
arg (1 + i) = tan–1 (1) =
4
 π π
=
∴ 1+ i 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
20
  π π 
Now (1=+ i)  2  cos 4 + i sin 4  
20

  
 20π 20π 
= ( 2) 20  cos + i sin  (using de Moivre’s theorem)
 4 4 
= 210 (cos 5π + i sin 5π)
= 1024 (–1 + 0i)
= –1024 + 0i
(b) |3 − =
3i | (3) 2 + (− 3) 2
= 9+3= 12

 3
arg (3 − 3i) = tan − 1  − 
 3 
π
= −
6
  −π   −π  
=
∴ 3 − 3i 12 cos   + i sin  
  6   6 
12
  −π   
( 
)
 −π  12
Now 3=
− 3i  12 cos   + i sin    
  6 6 

( )
12   12 π   −12 π  
= 12 cos  −  + i sin 
  6   6  

( 12 ) [cos (−2π) + i sin (−2π)]

12
=
= 2 985 984 + 0i

(− 3)
2
(c) | − 3 + i | = +1 = 2

(
arg − 3=
 1 
+ i tan −1  −

)
 +π
3
5π
=
6

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 5π 5π 
∴−
= 3 + i 2  cos + i sin 
 6 6 
9
  5π 5π  
( )
9
Now −= 3+i  2  cos 6 + i sin 6  
  
  45π   45π  
= 29 cos   + i sin  
  6   6 
  15π   15π  
== 29 cos   + i sin  
  2   2 
= 29(0 – i)
= 0 – 512i
(d) |1 − i |= (1)2 + (− 1) 2 = 2
 1 π
arg (1 − i ) =tan −1  −  =−
 1 4

  − π  π 
=
∴ (1 − i ) 2 cos   + i sin  − 
  4  4  
5
   π  π  
(1=
− i )  2 cos  −  + i sin  −   
5

   4  4  
  5π   −5π  
= ( 2)5 cos  −  + i sin 
  4   4  

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 2 2 
= ( 2)5  − + i
 2 2 
= –4 + 4i
−3
 π π  −3π   − 3π 
6  cos + i sin  = cos   + i sin  
 6 6  6   6 
= –i
7 By de Moivre’s theorem:
cos 4θ + i sin 4θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)4
= cos4θ + 4C1 cos3θ (i sinθ) + 4C2 cos2θ (i sinθ)2
+ 4C3 cos θ (i sin θ)3 + (i sin θ)4
⇒ cos 4θ + i sin 4θ = cos4θ + i 4 cos3θ sinθ – 6 cos2θ sin2θ – i 4 cos θ sin3θ + sin4θ
Equating real and imaginary parts:
cos 4θ = cos4θ – 6 cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ
sin 4θ = 4 cos3θ sin θ – 4 cos θ sin3θ.
So cos4θ = cos4θ – 6 cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ
= cos4θ – 6 cos2θ (1 – cos2θ) + (1 – cos2θ)2
= cos4θ – 6 cos2θ + 6 cos4θ + 1 – 2 cos2θ + cos4θ
= 8 cos4θ – 8 cos2θ + 1.
sin 4θ = 4 cos3θ sin θ – 4 cos θ sin3θ
= 4 sin θ (cos3θ – cos θ sin2θ).
= 4 sin θ [cos3θ – cos θ (1 – cos2θ)]
= 4 sin θ (2 cos3θ – cos θ)
8 By de Moivre’s theorem
cos 7θ + i sin 7θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)7
= cos7θ + 7C1 cos6θ (i sin θ) + 7C2 cos5θ (i sin θ)2
+ 7C3 cos4θ (i sin θ)3 + 7C4 cos3θ (i sin θ)4
+ 7C5 cos2θ (i sin θ)5 + 7C6 cos θ (i sin θ)6 + (i sin θ)7
⇒ cos 7θ + i sin 7θ = cos7θ + i 7 cos6θ sin θ – 21 cos5θ sin2θ – i 35 cos4θ sin3θ
+ 35 cos3θ sin4θ + i 21 cos2θ sin5θ – 7 cos θ sin6θ – i sin7θ
Equating real parts:
cos 7θ = cos7θ – 21 cos5θ sin2θ + 35 cos3θ sin4θ – 7 cos θ sin6θ
= cos7θ – 21 cos5θ (1 – cos2θ) + 35 cos3θ (1 – cos2θ)2 – 7 cos θ (1 – cos2θ)3
= cos7θ – 21 cos5θ + 21 cos7θ + 35 cos3θ (1 – 2 cos2θ + cos4θ) –
7 cos θ (1 – 3 cos2θ + 3cos4θ – cos6θ)
= 64 cos θ – 112 cos θ + 56 cos θ – 7 cos θ
7 5 3

9 By de Moivre’s theorem:
cos 3θ + i sin 3θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)3
= cos3θ + 3 cos2θ (i sin θ) + 3 cos θ (i sin θ)2 + (i sin θ)3
= cos3θ + i 3 cos2θ sin θ – 3 cos θ sin2θ – i sin3θ
= cos3θ – 3 cos θ sin2θ + i (3 cos2θ sin θ – sin3θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts:
cos 3θ = cos3θ – 3 cos θ sin2θ
sin 3θ = 3 cos2θ sin θ – sin3θ
sin 3θ
Now tan 3θ =
cos3θ
3cos θ sin θ − sin 3 θ
2
=
cos3 θ − 3cos θ sin 2 θ
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos3θ

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3cos 2 θ sin θ sin 3 θ

−
tan 3θ = cos3 θ cos3 θ
cos θ 3cos θ sin 2 θ
3
−
cos3 θ cos3 θ
3 tan θ − tan θ3
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
10 By de Moivre’s theorem
cos 5θ + i sin 5θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)5
= cos5θ + 5C1 cos4θ (i sin θ) + 5C2 cos3θ (i sin θ)2 + 5C3 cos2θ (i sin θ)3
+ 5C4 cos θ (i sinθ)4 + (i sinθ)5
= cos5θ + i 5 cos4θ sin θ – 10 cos3θ sin2θ – i 10 cos2θ sin3θ + 5 cos θ sin4θ + sin5θ
Equating real imaginary parts:
cos 5θ = cos5θ – 10 cos3θ sin2θ + 5 cosθ sin4θ
sin 5θ = 5 cos4θ sinθ – 10 cos2θ sin3θ + sin5θ
sin 5θ 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ
Now tan= 5θ =
cos5θ cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin 2 θ + 5 cos θ sin 4 θ
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos5θ
5 tan θ − 10 tan 3 θ + tan 5 θ
tan 5θ =
1 − 10 tan 2 θ + 5 tan 4 θ
sin 5θ 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ
11 =
sin θ sin θ
= 5 cos θ – 10 cos θ sin θ + sin4θ
4 2 2

= 5 cos4θ – 10 cos2θ (1 – cos2θ) + (1 – cos2θ)2

= 5 cos4θ – 10 cos2θ + 10 cos4θ + 1 – 2 cos2θ + cos4θ
= 16 cos4θ – 12 cos2θ + 1
cos3θ + i sin 3θ
12 = (cos3θ + i sin 3θ ) (cos5θ + i sin 5θ ) −1
cos5θ + i sin 5θ
= (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ) [cos(–5θ) + i sin(–5θ)]
= (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ) (cos 5θ – i sin 5θ)
= cos 3θ cos 5θ – i cos 3θ sin 5θ + i sin 3θ cos 5θ – i2 sin 3θ sin 5θ
= (cos 5θ cos 3θ + sin 5θ sin 3θ) + i (cos 5θ sin 3θ – sin 5θ cos 3θ)
= cos(5θ – 3θ) + i sin(3θ – 5θ)
= cos 2θ – i sin 2θ
Alternatively
cos3θ + i sin 3θ (cos θ + i sin θ )3
=
cos5θ + i sin 5θ (cos θ + i sin θ )5
= (cos θ + i sin θ )3−5
= (cos θ + i sin θ ) −2
cos3θ + i sin 3θ
So = cos(−2θ ) + i sin( −2θ )
cos5θ + i sin 5θ
= cos 2θ − i sin 2θ
sin 4θ
13 tan 4θ =
cos 4θ
By de Moivre’s theorem:
cos 4θ + i sin 4θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)4
= cos4θ + 4C1 cos3θ (i sin θ) + 4C2 cos2θ (i sin θ)2 + 4C3 cos θ (i sin θ)3 + (i sin θ)4

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= cos4θ + i 4 cos3θ sin θ – 6 cos2θ sin2θ – i 4 cos θ sin3θ + sin4θ

Equating real and imaginary parts:
cos 4θ = cos4θ – 6 cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ
sin 4θ = 4 cos3θ sin θ – 4 cos θ sin3θ
sin 4θ
tan 4θ =
cos 4θ
4 cos θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin 3 θ
3
=
cos4 θ − 6 cos2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos4θ
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
tan 4θ =
1 − 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
π 5π 9π 13π
Let tan 4θ =⇒ 1 4θ = , , ,
4 4 4 4
π 5π 9π 13π
θ= , , ,
16 16 16 16
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
=1
1 − 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
4 tanθ – 4 tan3θ = 1 – 6 tan2θ + tan4θ
⇒ tan4θ + 4 tan3 θ – 6 tan2 θ – 4 tan θ + 1 = 0
t = tan θ
t4 + 4t3 – 6t2 – 4t + 1 = 0
 nπ 
= t tan=   , n 1, 5, 9, 13
16
14 (a) (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ) (co sθ + i sin θ)5
= (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ) (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)
= cos 3θ cos 5θ + i cos 3θ sin 5θ + i sin 3θ cos 5θ + i2 sin 3θ sin 5θ
= (cos 3θ cos 5θ – sin 3θ sin 5θ) + i (cos 3θ sin 5θ + sin 3θ cos 5θ)
= cos(3θ + 5θ) + i sin(3θ + 5θ)
= cos 8θ + i sin 8θ
(b) (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) (cos θ + i sin θ)7
= (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) (cos 7θ + i sin 7θ)
= cos 2θ cos 7θ + i cos 2θ sin 7θ + i sin 2θ cos 7θ + i2 sin 2θ sin 7θ
= (cos 2θ cos 7θ – sin 2θ sin 7θ) + i (cos 2θ sin 7θ + sin 2θ sin 7θ)
= cos(2θ + 7θ) + i sin(2θ + 7θ)
= cos 9θ + i sin 9θ
cos θ − i sin θ
(c) = (cos θ − i sin θ ) (cos (−4θ ) + i sin ( −4θ )) −1
cos 4θ − i sin 4θ
= (cos θ – i sin θ) (cos 4θ + i sin 4θ)
= cos θ cos 4θ + i cos θ sin 4θ – i sin θ cos 4θ – i2 sin θ sin 4θ
= cos θ cos 4θ + sin θ sin 4θ + i (cos θ sin 4θ – sin θ cos 4θ)
= cos(4θ – θ) + i sin (–θ + 4θ)
= cos 3θ + i sin 3θ

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Exercise 1D

1 (a)

(b) z −i = 4
Circle centre (0, 1) radius 4

(c) z + 4 = 2 ⇒ z − ( − 4) = 2
Circle centre (– 4, 0) radius 2

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(d) z − 1 + 2 i = 5 ⇒ z − (1 − 2 i ) = 5
Circle centre (1, –2) radius 5

(e) z + 1 + 3i =6
⇒ z − ( − 1 − 3i ) =6
Circle centre (–1, –3), radius 6

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(f) z + 2 − 4i =7
⇒ z − (− 2 + 4i ) =7
Circle centre (–2, 4), radius 7

2 (a) z − 1 − i = z − 1 + 2i
⇒ z − (1 + i ) = z − (1 − 2 i )
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (1, 1) to (1, –2)

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(b) z − 3 + i = z + 1 + 2i
⇒ z − (3 − i ) = z − ( −1 − 2 i )
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (3, –1) to (–1, –2)

(c) z − 3i = z
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (0, 3) to (0, 0)

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(d) z +2 = z −2
z − ( − 2) = z − 2
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (–2, 0) to (2, 0)

| z + 1 + 4i |
(e) =1
| z − 1 − 2i |
⇒ z − (− 1 − 4i ) = z − (1 + 2i )
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (–1, –4) to (1, 2)

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(f) z − 1 − 7i = z + 1 + i
⇒ z − (1 + 7i ) = z − (− 1 − i )
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (1, 7) to (–1, –1)

π
3 (a) arg (z) =
2
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (0, 0) excluding (0, 0) and making an angle of
π
radians with the positive real axis
2

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−π
(b) arg (z) =
6
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (0, 0) excluding (0, 0) and making an angle of
−π
radians with the positive real axis
6

π
(c) arg (z – 1) =
4
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (1, 0) excluding (1, 0) and making an angle of
π
radians with the positive real axis
4

π
(d) arg (z – i) =
12
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (0, 1) excluding (0, 1) and making an angle of
π
radians with the positive real axis
12

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3π
(e) arg (z – 3 + 2i) =
4
3π
arg (z – (3 – 2i)) =
4
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (3, –2) excluding (3, –2) and making an angle
3π
of radians with the positive real axis
4

−2π
(f) arg (z – 3 – 4i) =
3
−2π
⇒ arg ( z − (3 + 4i )) =
3
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (3, 4) excluding (3, 4) and making an angle of
−2π
radians with the positive real axis
3

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4 (a) z = 1 + 2i + λ (1 – 3i), λ ∈¡
Locus of z is a line passing through (1, 2) and parallel to 1 – 3i

(b) z = 1 – 2i + λ (3 + 2i), λ ∈¡
Locus of z is a line passing through (1, –2) and parallel to 3 + 2i

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(c) z = i + λ (4 + i), λ ∈¡
Locus of z is a line passing through (0, 1) and parallel to 4 + i

(d) z = 3 – 2i + λ (5 + 2i), λ ∈¡
Locus of z is a line passing through (3, –2) and parallel to (5 + 2i)

(e) z = 1 – 4i + λ (–1 – 3i), λ ∈¡

Locus of z is a line passing through (1, –4) and parallel to –1 – 3i

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(f) z = 2 + λ (4 + 2i), λ ∈¡
Locus of z is a line passing through (2, 0) and parallel to 4 + 2i

5 (a) z −2 ≤3

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(b) z −3 < z −i

(c) z −3 ≤2

(d) z − 2i ≤ z + 3 − i

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π
(e) arg (z – i) ≥
4

2π
(f) arg (z – 1 + 3i) ≤
3

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6 (a) | z − 1 + 2 i | = 2 ⇒ | z − (1 − 2 i )| = 2
Locus of z is a circle with centre (1, –2) and radius 2

(b) |z + 3 + 2i| = |z – 1 – i|
⇒ |z – (–3 – 2i)| = 12 – (1 + i)|
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (–3, –2) to (1, 1)

π π
(c) arg (z – 1 + i) = ⇒ arg (z – (1 – i)) =
3 3
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (1, –1) excluding (1, –1) and making an
π
angle of radians with the positive real axis
3

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3π 3π
(d) arg (z – 2 – 3i) = ⇒ arg (z – (2 + 3i)) =
4 4
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (2, 3) excluding (2, 3) and making an
3π
angle of radians with the positive real axis
4

7 (a) z + 2 + 3i = 5 ⇒ z − (− 2 − 3i ) = 5
Circle centre (–2, –3) radius 5

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−2 π −2 π
(b) arg (z – 2 − 2i)) = ⟹ arg (z – (2 + 2i)) =
3 3
Locus of z is a half-line starting at (2, 2) excluding (2, 2) and making an
−2π
angle of radians with the positive real axis
3

(c) z − 3 − i = z + 4 + 2 i ⇒ z − (3 + i ) = z − ( − 4 − 2 i )
Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (3, 1) to (–4, –2)

(d) z = (1 + i) + λ (–3 + 5i), λ ∈¡

Locus of z is a straight line passing through (1, 1) and parallel to –3 + 5i

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8 (a) z −2 = 3
Circle centre (2, 0), radius 3
z − 2 − 2i = z ⇒ z − (2 + 2i ) = z
Perpendicular bisector of the line joining (2, 2) to (0, 0)

π b
sin =
4 3
π 3 2
=
b = 3 sin
4 2
π a
cos =
4 3

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π 3 2
a = 3 cos =
4 2
 3 2 3 2
∴ point of intersection =  2 − +
2   2 
i

3 2
c= 2 +
2
−3 2
d=
2
 3 2  2
Next point of intersection is  2 + − 3
2   2 
i

9 z − 3 + i = z + 1 + 2i
Let z = x + iy
⇒ x + iy − 3 + i = x + iy + 1 + 2 i
⇒ (x − 3) + i ( y + 1) = (x + 1) + i ( y + 2)
⇒ ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 = ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 2)2
⇒ (x − 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 = (x + 1)2 + ( y + 2)2
⇒ x 2 − 6x + 9 + y 2 + 2y + 1 =x 2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 + 4y + 4
8x + 2y – 5 = 0
The Cartesian equation of the locus is 2y + 8x – 5 = 0
10 z − 2 + 3i = 4
Let z = x + iy
⇒ x + iy − 2 + 3i = 4
⇒ (x − 2) + i ( y + 3) =
4
⇒ (x − 2)2 + ( y + 3)2 =
4
∴ (x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 42
Locus of z is a circle with centre (2, –3) and radius 4
The Cartesian equation is x2 – 4x + y2 + 6y – 3 = 0
2π
11 arg (z – 3 – 4i) = −
3
Let z = x + iy
2π
∴ arg (x + iy – 3 – 4i) = −
3
− 2π
arg ( x − 3 + i ( y − 4)) =
3
 y − 4  −2π
⇒ tan −1  =
 x−3 3
y −4
= 3
x −3
y–4= 3 (x – 3)
y = 3 x − 3 3 + 4, x > 3
Locus of z is a line with gradient 3 and x > 3

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12 (a) z + 2 = z −1
Perpendicular bisector of the line joining (–2, 0) to (1, 0)

π
(b) arg (z – i) =
4
π
Half-line starting at (0, 1) excluding (0, 1) and making an angle of radians
4
with the positive real axis

(c) z − 2 + 5i = 3 ⇒ z − (2 − 5i ) = 3
Circle centre (2, –5) radius 3

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13 z − (3 + 3i ) =z
Perpendicular bisector of the line joining (3, 3) to (0, 0)
z −3 = 4
Circle centre (3, 0) radius 4

π b π 4 2
sin = ⇒ b = 4sin = =2 2
4 4 4 2
π π
= sin
cos = 2 2
4 4
a= 3 − 2 2
d=2 2
c= 3 + 2 2

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Points of intersection:
(3 − 2 2) + (2 2)i
and (3 + 2 2) − (2 2)i .
14 z − 4 − 2i =
1
⇒ z − (4 + 2 i ) = 1
Circle centre (4, 2) radius 1

Length of OC = 42 + 22 = 20
z1 has the smallest argument and z2 has the largest argument
1
sin α = ⇒ α = 0.226
20
2
tan β = ⇒ β = 0.464
4
arg (z1) = β – α = 0.464 – 0.226 = 0.238 radians
=z1 ( 20)2 − 12
= 19
=∴z1 19 [cos (0.238) + i sin(0.238)]
= 4.236 + 1.028 i
arg (z2) = β + α = 0.464 + 0.226
= 0.69
z 2 = 19
∴ z2 = 19 [cos 0.69 + i sin 0.69]
= 3.362 + 2.775i
The complex number with the smallest argument is 4.236 + 1.028 i
The complex number with the largest argument 3.362 + 2.775 i
15 z − 2 i = z − 4
Perpendicular bisector of the line joining (0, 2) to (4, 0)

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π
arg (z – 1) =
4
π
Half-line starting at (1, 0) excluding (1,0) and making an angle of radians with the
4
positive real axis

Point of intersection is 2 + i
1
16 z − 1 − i =
2
1
z − (1 + i ) =
2
1
Circle centre (1, 1) radius
2

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1
1
sin θ = 2 = ⇒ θ = 0.361 radians
2 2 2
1 π
tan β = ⇒ β =
1 4
π
α = β – θ = – 0.361 = 0.424 radians
4
Smallest argument = 0.424 radians
π
Largest argument = + 0.424 = 1.209 radians
4

Review exercise 1

−1 + 2i
1 (a)
3+i
−1 + 2i 3 − i
= ×
3+i 3−i
−3 + i + 6i − 2i 2
=
9 +1
−1 + 7i −1 7
= = + i
10 10 10
(b) − 5 + 12i = (−5)2 + 12 2
= 13
 12 
arg(=−5 + 12i) tan −1   + π
 −5 
= 1.966 radians

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5 − 12i
2 z =
3 + 4i
5 − 12i 3 − 4i
= ×
3 + 4i 3 − 4i
15 − 20i − 36i + 48i 2
=
32 + 4 2
−33 − 56i
=
25
−33 56
= − i
25 25
 −33   −56  13
2 2

|z| =   +  =
 25   25  5
 −56 
 −33 56   
arg  = − i  tan −1  25  − π
 25 25   −33 
 25 
= –2.103 radians
3 Let ( x + iy) = 16 − 30i
⇒ ( x + iy)2 =16 − 30i
⇒ x2 – y2 + i (2xy) = 16 – 30i
⇒ x2 – y2 = 16 [1]
2xy = –30 [2]
−15
From (2) ⇒ y =
x
Substitute into [1]
2
 −15 
x2 −  =
 x 
16

225
x2 − = 16
x2
x4 – 225 = 16 x2
x4 – 16x2 – 225 = 0
(x2 – 25) (x2 + 9) = 0
x2 = 25, x2 = –9
Since x is real x2 = 25, x = ±5
−15
When x = 5, y = = −3
5

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−15
When x = –5,=y = 3
−5
∴ 16 − 30i =− 5 3i , –5 + 3i
4 Let f(z) = 2z – 3z3 + 32z + 17
3

f(1 + 4i) = 2(1 + 4i)3 – 3(1 + 4i)2 + 32(1 + 4i) + 17

(1 + 4i)2 = 1 + 8i + 16i2 = –15 + 8i
(1 + 4i)3 = (1 + 4i) (–15 + 8i) = –15 + 8i – 60i + 32i2
= –47 – 52i
∴ f(1 + 4i) = 2(–47 – 52i) – 3(–15 + 8i) + 32(1 + 4i) + 17
= –94 – 104i + 45 – 24i + 32 + 128i + 17
= –94 + 94 –104i + 104i
=0
⇒ 1 + 4i is a root of the equation.
Since roots occur in conjugate pairs for real coefficients 1 – 4i is also a root.
A quadratic factor is
(z – (1 + 4i)) (z – (1 – 4i))
= z2 – (1 – 4i) z – (1 + 4i) z + (1 + 4i) (1 – 4i)
= z2 – 2z + 17.
Now 2z3 – 3z2 + 32z + 17 = (z2 – 2z + 17) (az + b)
⇒a=2
17b = 17 ⇒ b = 1
∴ (z2 – 2z + 17) (2z + 1) = 0
1
⇒ z = 1 + 4i, 1 – 4i, −
2
5 (a) z2 – 2z + 6 = 0
2 ± ( −2)2 − 4(1)(6)
z=
2
2 ± −20
=
2
2 ± 2i 5
=
2
= 1± i 5
(b)

( 5)
2
(c) (i) 1 + i 5 = 12 + = 6

 5
(ii) 5) tan −1  =
arg (1 + i=  1.150 radians
 1 

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6 (
z − −2 + 2 3i ≤ 2 )
The locus of z for z − ( −2 + 2 3i) =2 is a circle centre (–2, 2 3 ) and radius 2.

(a) OA = least value of z

( )
2
OC = (−2) 2 + 2 3 = 4 + 12 = 4
AC = 2
∴ OA = 4 − 2 = 2
(b) Greatest possible value of arg (z) is α
α = β + θ.
2 3 π 2π
θ arg (−2 + 2 3=
= i) tan −1   + π =
π−=
 −2  3 3
2 1  1
tan β= = ⇒ β = tan −1  = 0.464 radian
4 2  2
2π
∴α = + 0.464= 2.558 radians
3

( )
2
7 (a) 1 − 3i= 12 + − 3 = 4= 2

− 3
( )
tan −1 
arg 1 − 3i =  =
−
π
 1  3
π
− i
∴ 1 − 3i =
2e 3

(b) sin α − i=
cos α (sin α )2 + ( − cos α )2

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= sin 2 α + cos2 α
= 1
=1
 − cos α 
arg (sin α − i cos α ) = tan −1  
 sin α 
= tan −1 ( − cot α)
π
= tan −1 (− tan( − α ))
2
  π 
= tan −1  tan  α −  
  2 
π
=α −
2
∴ sin α − cos α = e(α− π / 2) i
(c) 1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ =+
(1 cos2θ)2 + sin 2 2θ
=1 + 2 cos2θ + cos2 2θ + sin 2 2θ
= 2 + 2 cos2θ
= 2(1 + cos2θ )
= 2(2 cos2 θ )
= 2 cos θ
 sin 2θ 
arg(1 + cos2θ + i sin2θ) =
tan −1 
 1 + cos2θ 
 2sin θ cosθ 
= tan −1  
 2cos θ 
2

= tan-1(tanθ)
=θ
∴1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ = 2 cosθ eiθ
8 f(z) = 3z3 – 16z2 + 27z + 26 = 0
f(3 + 2i) = 3(3 + 2i)3 – 16(3 + 2i)2 + 27(3 + 2i) + 26
(3 + 2i)2 = 9 + 12i + 4i2 = 5 + 12i
(3 + 2i)3 = (3 + 2i) (5 + 12i) = 15 + 36i + 10i + 24i2
= –9 + 46i
∴ f(z) = 3(–9 + 46i) –16(5 + 12i) + 27(3 + 2i) + 26
= –27 + 138i – 80 – 192i + 81 + 54i + 26
= –107 + 107 + 138i – 138i
=0
∴ 3 + 2i is a root of f(z) = 0
Since all coefficients are real, 3 – 2i is also a root
A quadratic factor is:
(z – (3 + 2i)) (z – (3 – 2i))
= z2 – (3 – 2i) z – (3 + 2i) z + (3 + 2i) (3 – 2i)
= z2 – 6z + 13
3z3 – 16z2 + 27z + 26 = (z2 – 6z + 13)(az + b)
Coefficient of z3 ⇒ a = 3
26 = 13b ⇒ b = 2

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∴ (z2 – 6z + 13) (3z + 2) = 0

2
z = 3 + 2i, 3 – 2i, −
3
9 (a) z= z − 4
Locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (0,0) and (4,0)
π
(b) arg(z – i) =
4
π
Locus is a half-line starting at (0,1) excluding (0,1) and making an angle of
4
radians with the positive real axis

Point of intersection is (a ,b)

a=2
π c
tan =
4 2
π
c = 2 tan =2
4
∴b=2+1=3
Point of intersection is 2 + 3i

( 3)
2
10 3 −=
i + ( −1)2= 4= 2

(
3 − i tan −=
arg = )
1  −1 

 3
 6
−π

  π  π 
∴ 3=− i 2 cos  −  + i sin  −  
  6  6 

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6
  π  π 
( )
6
⇒ 3 − i= 2 cos  −  + i sin  −  
  6  6 
  6π   6π  
= 26 cos  −  + i sin  −   de Moivre’s theorem
  6   6 
= 64 [cos(–π) + i sin(–π)]
= –64 + 0i
3 + 4i 3 + 4i 1 + 2i
11 (a)= w = ×
1 − 2i 1 − 2i 1 + 2i
3 + 6i + 4i + 8i 2
=
1+ 4
−5 + 10i
= =−1 + 2i
5
(b)

(c) Let the greatest value of arg z = θ

θ=α+β
OC = (−1) 2 + 22 = 5
1  1 
sin β= ⇒ β= sin −1  = 0.464 radians
5  5 
 2 
α = arg(−1 + 2i) = π + tan −1  
 −1 
= 2.034 radians
θ = 2.034 + 0.464 = 2.498 radians
12 f(z) = 2z3 + z2 – 4z + 15
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
f 1 + 2i =2 1 + 2i + 1 + 2i − 4 1 + 2i + 15

(1 + 2i) =1 + 2 2i + 2i =−1 + 2 2i
2
2

(1 + 2i) =(1 + 2i)( −1 + 2 2i) =−1 + 2

3
2i − 2i + 4i 2
=− 5 + 2i
(
∴ f 1 + 2i = ) ( ) (
2 −5 + 2i + −1 + 2 2i − 4 1 + 2i + 15 ) ( )
=
− 10 + 2 2i − 1 + 2 2i − 4 − 4 2i + 15
= −15 + 15 + 4 2i − 4 2i =
0
∴ 1 + 2i is a root of f ( z ) =
0

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Since all the coefficients are real, 1 − 2i is also a root. A quadratic factor is

( z − (1 + 2i)) ( z − (1 − 2i))
( ) ( ) (
= z 2 − 1 − 2i z − 1 + 2i z + 1 + 2i 1 − 2i )( )
= z 2 − 2 z + 3.
2 z 3 + z 2 − 4 z + 15 = ( z 2 − 2 z + 3) (az + b)
Coefficient of z 3 ⇒ 2 = a
15 = 3b ⇒ b = 5
∴ 2 z 3 + z 2 − 4 z + 15 = ( z 2 − 2 z + 3) (2 z + 5) = 0
−5
⇒ z =1 + 2i, 1 − 2i,
2
13 (a) z 1= 1 − i
=
z1 (1) 2 + (−1)
= 2
2
−π
arg ( z=
1) tan −1 (−=
1)
4
  −π   −π  
∴ z 1 = 1 − i = 2 cos   + i sin  
  4   4 
8
   −π   −π   
z 81 =(1 − i)8 = 2 cos   + i sin   
   4   4  
8 
 −8π  
= 2 cos 

( )
 −8π 
 4 
 + i sin 
 4 

= 24 [cos (–2π) + i sin (–2π)]
= 16 + 0i
(b) z1 z2= 5 + 12i
5 + 12i 5 + 12i 1 + i 5 + 5i + 12i + 12i 2
z2= = × =
1− i 1− i 1+ i 2
−7 + 17i −7 17
= = + i
2 2 2
(c) eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ
θ  θ θ
= 2 cos2 + i  2 sin cos 
2  2 2
θ  θ θ
= 2 cos   cos  2  + i sin  2  
 2  
iθ
θ 
= 2cos   e 2
2
iθ
θ 
= 2e 2 cos  
2

14 (a)

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(b) Let −5 + 12i = a + bi

⇒ –5 + 12i = (a + bi)2
⇒ –5 + 12i = a2 – b2 + i (2ab)
⇒ a2 – b2 = –5 [1]
2ab = 12 [2]
12 6
From [2] =a =
2b b
2
 6
Substituting in [1]   − b 2 =
−5
 b
36
− b2 + 5 = 0
b2
36 – b4 + 5b2 = 0
b4 – 5b2 – 36 = 0
(b2 – 9) (b2 + 4) = 0
b2 = 9, b2 = –4
b = ±3 b ∈ ¡
6
When b= 3, a= = 2
3
6
When b = −3, a == −2
−3
∴ −5 + 12i =− 2 − 3i , 2 + 3i
z + 4 z + 9 − 12i =
2
0
a = 1, b = 4, c = 9 – 12i
−4 ± 16 − 4(9 − 12i)
z=
2
−4 ± −20 + 48i
=
2
−4 ± 4 −5 + 12i
=
2

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−4 ± 2 −5 + 12i
=
2
z =− 2 ± −5 + 12i
Substitute −5 + 12i = 2 + 3i
z =− 2 + (2 + 3i), − 2 −(2 + 3i)
z = 3i, − 4 − 3i
eiα
15 z=
1 − eiα
cos α + i sin α
=
1 − cos α − i sin α
cos α + i sin α 1 − cos α + i sin α
= ×
1 − cos α − i sin α 1 − cos α + i sin α
(cos α + i sin α) (1 − cos α + i sin α)
=
(1 − cos α)2 + sin 2 α
cos α − cos2 α + i sin α cos α + i sin α − i sin α cos α + i 2 sin 2 α
=
1 − 2 cos α + cos2 α + sin 2 α
cos α − (cos2α + sin 2 α ) + i sin α
=
2 − 2 cos α
cos α − 1 + i sin α
=
2(1 − cos α )
α α
i 2sin cos
− (1 − cos α ) 2 2
= +
2(1 − cos α ) 2 α
4sin
2
1 1 α
=− + i cot  
2 2  2
16 −7 + 8i = ( −7)2 + 82 = 113
−1  8 
arg=
(−7 + 8i) tan =   π 2.290 radians
 −7 
=
∴ − 7 + 8i 113 (cos 2.290 + i sin 2.290)

( −7 + 8i )  113 (cos2.290 + i sin 2.290)

8 8
=

( )
cos ( 8 × 2.290 ) + i sin ( 8 × 2.290 ) 
8
= 113
= 163 047 361(cos 18.32 + i sin 18.32)
= 140 715 005.6 – 82 363 396.8i
17 (a) w = 4 – 3i
1 1
w + = 4 − 3i +
w 4 − 3i
1 4 + 3i
= 4 − 3i + ×
4 − 3i 4 + 3i
4 + 3i
=4 − 3i +
25

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4 3
= 4 − 3i +
+ i
25 25
104 72
= − i
25 25
(b) 4i= a + bi
(a + bi )
2
=
4i
4i =+
a 2 (2ab)i + b 2 i 2
4i = (a 2 − b 2 ) + (2ab) i
⇒ a2 – b2 = 0 [1]
2ab = 4 [2]
2
From [2] a =
b
2
2
Substituting in [1]   − b 2 =0
b
4 – b4 = 0
(2 – b2) (2 + b2) = 0
b2 = 2, b2 = −2
Since b is real b = ± 2
2
When= b 2,=a = 2
2
−2
When b = − 2, a == − 2
2
∴ 4i = 2 + 2i , − 2 − 2i
(c)

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18

Locus of z − 1 = z + i is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (0,1) and (1,0)
Locus of z − (3 − 3i ) =
2 is a circle centre (3,-3) radius 2
Let z= x + iy
Then in Cartesian form the locus of the line is
x + iy − 1 = x + iy + i
(x – 1)2 + y2 = x2 + (y + 1)2
x2 – 2x + 1 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2 y + 1
y = –x
In Cartesian form the locus of the circle is
(x – 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 22

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Substituting for y
(x – 3)2 + (–x + 3)2 = 4
x2 – 6x + 9 + x2 – 6x + 9 = 4
2x2 – 12x + 14 = 0
x2 – 6x + 7 = 0
6 ± 36 − 28 6 ± 8
=x =
2 2
6±2 2
= =3± 2
2
When x =3 + 2, y = −3− 2
When x =3 − 2, y = −3+ 2
The points of intersection are
(3 + 2 ) − (3 + 2 ) i and (3 − 2 ) − (3 − 2 ) i
19 (a) (1 – i)15
1=−i (1)2 + ( −1)
= 2
2
−π
i) tan −1 (−=
arg (1 −= 1)
4
  −π   −π  
=1− i 2 cos   + i sin  
  4   4 
15
   −π   −π   
=
(1 − i)  2 cos   + i sin 
15
 
   4   4  
15 
 −15π  
= 2 cos 
  4 
( )
 −15π 
 + i sin 
 4 
 de Moivre’s theorem

( )
15  1 1 
= 2  + i
 2 2 

( 2) + ( 2)
14 14
= i

= 128 + 128i
2π
i
2π 3π −7 π
e5 i− i i  −7π   −7π 
(b) = 3π
e 5
= 4
e= 20
cos   + i sin  
i  20   20 
e4
= 0.454 – 0.891i
cot θ − i (cot θ − i) (cot θ − i)
20 =
cot θ + i (cot θ + i) (cot θ − i)
cot 2 θ − 2 cot i + i 2
=
cot 2 θ − i 2
−1 + cot 2 θ − 2 cot θ i
=
1 + cot 2 θ
−1 + cot 2 θ − (2 cot θ ) i
= (1 + cot2θ = cosec θ )
2
cosec 2θ

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cos 2θ cos θ
−1 + 2
sin θ2
sin θ
= − i
1 1
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
= (–sin θ + cos θ ) – 2 sinθ cosθ i
2 2

= cos2θ – sin2θ – i (sin 2θ)

= cos 2θ – i sin 2θ
= cos (–2θ) + i sin (–2θ)
cot θ − i
=1
cot θ + i
 cot θ − i 
arg  = − 2θ
 cot θ + i 
cot θ − i
∴ = e −2θ i
cot θ + i
21 z − 1 − i= 2 z − 2 + 3i
Let z= x + iy
( x + iy − 1 − i=) 2 ( x + iy ) − 2 + 3i
⇒ ( x − 1) + i ( y − 1) = 2 x − 2 + i ( y + 3)

⇒ ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2= 2 ( x − 2)2 + ( y + 3)2

⇒ ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)= 2 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( y + 3) 
2 2 2 2
 
⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 4 [x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9]
⇒ 3x2 – 14x + 3y2 + 26y + 50 = 0
14 26 50
x2 + y 2 − x + + = 0
3 3y 3
14 26 50
x2 − x + y 2 + y + = 0
3 3 3
2 2
 7  13  49 169 50
 x −  +  y +  − − + =
0
3 3 9 9 3
2 2
 7  13  68
x−  +y +  − =
0
 3  3 9
2
68  68 
2 2
 7  13 
 x −  +  y +  = =
3 3 9  3 
 7 13  68
The locus of z is a circle with centre  , −  and radius
3 3 3
22 (1 + cosα + i sinα) n

n
 α  α α
= 2 cos2 + i  2sin cos  
 2  2 2
α  α α
n n

=  2 cos  cos + i sin 
 2  2 2

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α n
α   i 
= 2 cos    e 2 
n n

2  
nα
α  i
= 2n cos n   e 2
2
23 cos 5θ + i sin 5θ
= (cosθ + i sinθ)5
= cos5θ + 5C1 cos4θ (i sinθ) + 5C2 cos3θ (i sinθ)2 + 5C3 cos2θ (i sinθ)3
+ 5C4 cosθ (i sinθ)4 + (i sinθ)5
= cos5θ + i (5 cos4θ sinθ ) – 10 cos3θ sin2θ – i(10 cos2θ sin3θ)
+ 5 cosθ sin4θ + i sin5θ
Equating real parts:
cos 5θ = cos5θ – 10 cos3θ sin2θ + 5 cosθ sin4θ
= cos5θ – 10 cos3θ (1 – cos2θ ) + 5 cosθ (1 – cos2θ)2
= cos5θ – 10 cos3θ + 10 cos5θ + 5 cosθ (1 – 2 cos2θ + cos4θ)
= 16 cos5θ – 20 cos3θ + 5 cosθ
cos 5θ = 0
∴ 16 cos5θ – 20 cos3θ + 5 cosθ = 0
⇒ cosθ (16 cos4θ – 20 cos2θ +5) = 0
⇒ cosθ = 0 or 16 cos4θ – 20 cos2θ + 5 = 0
20 ± 400 − 4(16)(5)
cos2 θ =
32
20 ± 80
=
32
20 ± 4 5
=
32
5± 5
=
8
1 + cos2θ
cos2 θ =
2
1 + cos2θ 5 ± 5
=
2 8
5± 5
1 + cos2θ =
4
5 5 1 5
cos 2θ = ± −1= ±
4 4 4 4
Since cos 5θ = 0
5θ = cos-1(0)
π
5θ =
2
π
θ=
10
π 1 5
⇒ cos 2  = +
 10  4 4
(take the + sign because cos is positive for angles in the first quadrant)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 58 of 58

 π  1+ 5
⇒ cos   =
5 4
Using the double angle formula
1 + cos 2θ
cos 2 θ =
2
 π  1 + cos ( π/5 )
cos 2   =
 10  2
1+ 5
+1
= 4
2
1+ 5 + 4
=
8
5+ 5
=
8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 1 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013