Transport Engineering Introduction PDF

Dr.
Shaker Mahadeen Page 1 Osama Azmi
INTRODUCTION :
I.T.E : Institute of Transportation Engineering .
Transportation Engineering :
The application of technological and scientific principles to planning

operations and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in
order to provide for the safe , rapid , comfortable , convenient ,
economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and
goods .
Functions of Transportation :
1- Links residents with employments .
2- Links producers of goods with their users .
3- Provides the options for work , shopping and recreation , and give access to
health , education , and other facilities .
1- Airways :
Is used in small shipment of light and expensive goods .
( Speed of delivery is a controlling factor ) .
Factors Affecting the Design of a Location of Airports :

1- Satisfactory accommodation for arriving and departing passengers .
2- Efficient handling of cargos .
3- Sufficient parking space .
4- Good surface transportation service between the airport and the center of
departure destination .
2- Highways :
Affecting Factors to Design a Highway :

1- Curvature .
2- Gradient .
3- Drainage .
4- Soil conditions .
5- Safety .
6- Sight distance .
7-
8- Surfaces .
9- Traffic impact .
Dr. Shaker Mahadeen Page 2 Osama Azmi
1- Origin destination and delay studies (OD) .

2- Traffic senses .
3- The expected traffic load within the lifetime of the highway pavement .
4- The relation of the highway itself and the future development of the system
.
5- Enough right of the way .
3- Pipelines :
Provide direct low cost dependable movement of petroleum products and water .
Advantages :
1- There are no empty vehicles .
2- Delivery is continuous and the amounts to be delivered can be predicted
accurately .
3- The system is in the ground and the maintenance is low .
4- Theft is almost impossible and the labor required for operation is
comparatively small .
4- Railways :
5- Waterways :
Is used when a low cost cargo needed and the time is not a controlling factor .
Transportation :
From land use and traveling demands .
Transportation Cycle :
Land Use :
It is described in terms of characteristics intensity and the location of land use
activity .
Accessibility :
Is a function of zonal attraction and ease of access , or a relative measurement
depends on:
a) Activity type .
b) Transportation mode and sense .
c) Location of a zone .
d) Time of the day .
Demand of function depends on :

a) Ease of travel .
b) Attraction of an area .
c) Accessibility of an area .
Travel Demands :
Is the number of trips based on some basis ( year, day , etc ).
Ease of Travel depends on :

a) Travel time .
b) Travel cost .
c) Comfort , safety , … , etc .
Travel Impedance :
1- Travel time .
2- Travel cost .
Attraction of an Area Depends on :

a) Type of activity opportunities .
b) Number of activities .
c) Quality of the area .
Accessibility of an Area : ( More accessible more attractive ) .
Development Alternations :
1- Density :
a) Low b) High .
2- Development Patterns :
a) Dispersed b) Concentrated .
3- Arrangement of Activity :
a) Segregated b) Mixed .
Planning Operations :
1-The tremendous dependence on the automobile and the reaction of this
dependency to from and the location of people and their jobs .
2- The evolution of the public transportation system capable of serving the

entire area effectively .
3- The capability of government and its policies to provide a transportation
system that is equitable to both car owners and careless .
4- The combination of new technologies and efforts to design a more
satisfying system in a long run .
5- Complexities of new problems due to the uncertainty of energy supplies.
6- Solving transportation problems through the public and private sectors
and the cost implications of alternative federal policies .
Traffic Signals :
Types of Traffic Signals :
1- Pretimed traffic signals .
2- Semi-actuated traffic signals .
3- Fully traffic signals .
Geometric Design Concepts :

Is a design of visible dimensions of the highway with the objective of forming or
shaping the facility to the characteristics and the behavior of driver , vehicle , and
traffic .
1-Highway Engineer 2-Traffic Engineer
Planning Planning and

Design Design
Construction Operation
Maintenance Research
Research
Geometric design deals with :

Features of the location alignments profile , cross-section , intersections , highway
type , aspect of control of access and system .
Reflects : Safety , driver desire , and driver comfort , and convenience .
Geometric design controls :

1- Primary Controls :
a) Highway system and classification .
b) Topography and environment .
c) Traffic .
2- Dependent Controls :
a)Design speed .
b)Design vehicle .
c)Level of Service ( L.O.S ) .
Classification of Highways :
1- By design ( freeway , arterial , … ) .
2- By root numbering .
3- By administrative ( government responsibility ) .
4- By functional classification .
Trip Steps :
1- Primary movement .
2- Transition .
3- Distribution .
4- Collection .
5- Access .
6- Termination .
Highway Classification :
A:
1- Principal Arterials .
2- Minors Arterials .
3- Major and Minor Collections .
4- Local Roads .
B:
1- Freeways .
2- Major Highways .
3- Local Roads .
Topography and Environment :
Factors Affect the Design of Highways :

1- Topography .
2- Physical features .
3- Land use encountered .
4- Geological conditions .
5- Soil conditions .
6- Ground water .
Traffic :
Characteristics of Traffic :
1- Volume ( Design Hour Volume DHV ) .

2- Composition .
3- Speed .
Composition :
a) Size and weight .
b) Operating characteristics .
c) Slower and occupying more space .
Passenger Car Equivalent ( PCE ) :

Factors :
1-
2- Sight distance .
Example :
1000 v.p.h
90 % Passenger Cars ( PC ) .
5 % Trucks . PCE = 5 PC .
5 % Buses . PCE = 3 PC .
Volume = ( 1000 x 0.9 x 1 ) + ( 1000 x 0.05 x 5 ) + ( 1000x 0.05 x 3 )

Volume = 1300 PC.p.h
Speed :
Factors Affect Speed :
1- Capability of drivers and their vehicles .
2- The physical characteristics of the highway and its road side .
3- Weather .
4- Presence of other vehicles ( density ) .
5- Speed limitation :
- By law . - Traffic devices .
Speed : Rate of motion .
Operating Speed :
Is the highest overall speed at which a prevailing driver can on a given
highway under four able weather conditions , and under traffic conditions without
at any time exceeding the safe speed as determined by the design speed on a
section by section bases .
Factors Affect Operating Speed :

1- Physical characteristics of the highway .
2- Volume or density of the traffic .

3- Climate or weather conditions .
V\C = 1 The speed will decreases .
Design Speed :
Is the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over specific section of the
highway when the conditions are so far that the designed features of the highway
govern .
Factors determining design speed :

1- Safety .
2- Mobility .
3- Efficiency .
Factors affecting design speed :

1- Characteristics of terrain .
2- Extend of man made features .
3- Economical considerations .
Advantages :
1- Increases safety and capacity .
2- Lower fuel consumption and operating cost .
3- More comfortable driving conditions .
4- Better provision for future growth .
Design Vehicle :
Selected motor vehicle with the weight , dimension , and operating characteristics
of which are used to establish highway design controls to accommodate vehicles
of detected type .
Categories :
1- Passenger Cars PC :
- Small cars .
- Pickups .
- Vans .
2- Trucks :
- Single Unit Truck SU .
- WB 40 , Semi Truck Combination ( Medium ) .
- WB 50 , Semi Trailer Combination ( Large ) .
Level of Service ( L.O.V ) :

Reflects :
1- Speed and travel time .
2- Traffic interruptions .
3- Freedom to movement .
4- Comfort , convenience , and safety .
5- Economy .
A F
Parameters of Level of Service :

1- Operating Speed .
2- Volume to Capacity Ration ( V / C ) .
Level of Service in Uninterrupted Flow :

Depends on :
1- Profile grade .
2- Sequence and arrangement of entrances and exits .
3- Number and arrangement of lanes .
4- The quality of alignments as reflected by design speed .
Weaving Area .
Level of Service at Intersections :

Depends on :
1- The design of the intersection .
2- Their sequence and the type of control utilized .
R.T.O.R : Right Turn on Red .
Highway Types :
Elements of Design :
1- Sight Distance :
The length of the highway ahead visible to the driver :
a) The distance required for stopping on all of the highway .
b) The distance required for passing an overtaken vehicle , acceleration , only
in two – lanes highways .
c) The distance needed at complex locations .
d) The distance criteria for measuring these distances for use in designing .
2- Stopping Sight Distance ( SSD ) :
Is the sum of two distances :
a) The distance through by the vehicle from the instant the driver sights an
object necessary to stop to the instant the brakes are applied .
b) The distance required to stop the vehicle from the brakes application
begins.
SSD = 1.47 vt+ v2 /30 ( f + g )
Friction Factor :
1- Dry Conditions .
2- Wet Conditions .
- g : Grade 4 % .
- Reaction time = 1.57 sec if not given .
- G if straight = 0 .
a) Air pressure of tires .

b) Composition of tires .
c) Tire tread pattern .
d) Depth of treads .
e) Type of the conditions of the pavement surface .
f) Pressure of moisture , wind , snow , etc .
g) Braking system .
3- Decision Sight Distance ( DSD ) :

Is the distance required for the driver to detect an expected or otherwise difficulty
to perceive information source or a danger on the roadway environment that may
visually cluttered , recognized the hazard or its strip potential select an
appropriate, initiate and complete the required safety lane , and safe efficiency .
- Premaneuver Time :
Is the time required for the driver to process information relative to the hazard ,
and composed of :
a) Detecting or recognizing the hazard .
b) Deciding on proper maneuver an initiate required action ( 3.5 – 4.5 ) sec .
4- Passing Sight Distance ( PSD ) :

Assumptions :
a) The overtaken vehicle travels on uniform speed .
b) The passing vehicle has reduced speed and trails the overtaken vehicle as it
enters the passing section .
c) When the passing section is reached the driver requires a short period of
time to perceive passing section and to react start .
d) Passing is accomplished under what may be termed a dilate start and a

harried retermed in the face of traffic .
Horizontal and Vertical Alignments :
Safety :
Stages of establishing a project :

1- Concept formulation .
2- Planning .
3- Preliminary design .
4- Engineering design .
5- Testing or protyped development .
6- Construction .
7- Operation .
Safety Envelope or Safety Project :

Goals :
1- Prevent death .
2- Prevent injuries .
3- Reducing accidents .
4-
Identification of Hazard :
Is any condition , device design , feature , or situation which can either : a)
contribute the occurrence of accident , b) contribute to the signally of an injuring
to a human being involved in an accident or c) both .
How to identify a hazard :

1- By inspection ( analysis ) investigation surveys .
2- By accident or incident analysis .
Factors Affect the Occurrence of Accidents :

1- Psychological attitude .
2- Experience .
3- Training .
4- Inadequate education .
5- Inadequate vision .
6- Inadequate reaction time .
7- Complication of driving task .
Methods for Improving Traffic Safety :

A- Reduction of Accidents Occurrence :
1- Provide designs that minimize the risk of driver error .
2- Proper signing and marking .
3- Highway design that avoid sudden change in geometry , good side in a
distance , smooth size .
4- Proper implementation of control to remove conflux .
5- Improve lighting .
B- Reducing the Severity of Accidents ( Forgiving Highway ) :

Enough space and time to recover from error and minimize the severity .
1- Grade rail .
2- Impact reducers .
3- Break away sign post .
4- Light stand .
C- Improve Crash Survivability :
D- Programmatic Safety Efforts :

1- Vehicle inspection programs .
2- National speed limit .
3- National 21-year drinking age .
4- National driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) programs .

5- National vehicle design standard .
E- Design Aspects of Safety :

1- Horizontal and vertical alignments .
2- Roadside design :
- Clear shoulders .
- Gentle side slope .
- Absence of solid objects .
- Sign posts or other objects must be protected by guardrail or breakaway
type .
3- Median barriers .
4- Gore area .
Accident Data Collection and Record System :

1- Identification of the locations at which unusually high number of accidents
occurs.
2- Detailed functional evaluation of high accident locations to determine the
contributing causes of accidents at the locations .
3- Development of general statistical measurements of various accident-
related factors to give insight into general trend , common causes , driven
profile , and similar information .
4- Development of procedures that allow the identification of hazards before
large number accidents occurs .
Traffic Control Devices ( TCD ) :

Are all signs , signals , markings , and devices placed on , over , or next to a street
or highway by authority of public body or official having jurisdiction to regulate ,
warn , or guide traffic .
Traffic control devices help the driver by the following :

1- Warning of potential hazards .
2- Assigning the vehicle the right of the way at the intersections .
3- Providing guidance in navigation the chosen root .
4- Informing the driver of regulations such as speed limit , no parking , height
limit , weight limit , etc .
Manual Uniform on Traffic Control Devices ( MUTCD ) .
Conditions of effective traffic control devices :

1- Fulfill a need .
2- Command attention of drivers .
3- Respect of drivers .
4- Convey a clear simple message to drivers .
5- Give adequate time for proper response by drivers .
To satisfy these conditions :
1- Design : Size , color , shape , reflectorization , and message .
2- Placement : Proper position to the situation .
3- Maintenance .
4- Uniformity or Consistency .
Signals :
Types of Signals :
1- Regulatory : Stop yield , give notice to traffic laws , and regulation .
2- Warning : Call attention to the conditions that are potentially hazardous to
traffic operations .
3- Guide : Show route designations , destinations , directions , distances ,
services and information .
Three Principles Related to Good Practice on Roads :

1- Driver Expectancy :
- Experience .
- Type of the road .
2- Positive Guidance :
The driver can be give sufficient information when he needs it and in a form he
can best use it to safely avoid a hazard . ( e. g : Tapering which is a yellow colored
line at the edges of the road ) .
3- Consistency :
The sameness of the nature of the road from one section to another section .
Subtasks of Basic Driving Tasks :

1- Control :
Is the interaction between the driver and the vehicle ( steering wheel , accelerator ,
brakes , or the mechanism used in control ) .
2- Navigation :
Is the ability of the driver to plan and execute a trip from one point to another
using maps , ground marks , etc .
3- Guidance :
Is the ability of the driver to follow a safe path on the highway from the
information obtained directly from the highway traffic control devices .
Traffic Engineering :
Is that phase of transportation engineering deals with the planning , geometric
design , and traffic operations of roads , streets , and highways , their network
terminals and the relationship with other modes of transportation .
Areas of Traffic Engineering :

1- Traffic studies .
2- Traffic planning .
3- Installation and maintenance of traffic control devices .
4- Traffic administration .
Importance of Traffic Engineering in Community Life :

1- Safety :
- Improve visibility .
- Proper use of traffic control devices .
- Proper placement of traffic control devices .
- Minimize complex maneuver at intersections .
2- Economic Factors :
- Faster .
- Increased employment opportunities .
- Use less gas .
- Safer roads mean cheaper insurance cost .
3- Environmental Aspects :
- Noise .
- Water and air pollution .
- Aesthetic .
- Ecological ( effects on animals and plants ) .
- Energy consumption .
Traffic Measures :
1- Uninterrupted Flow :
Exists on the facilities when there is no external causes fpr periodic interruption to
movement ( i.e highways ) .
2- Interrupted Flow :
Exists on all other types of facilities on which signals , stop sign , or other external
devices causes periodic interruption to traffic flow .
Classification :
1- Macroscopic Parameters :
Describes the traffic as a whole :
a) Volume .
b) Speed .
c) Density .
1 - Volume :
The number of vehicles which pass a point on a highway or a given highway or
the direction of the highway during specified time interval which is conveniently
taken to be an hour ( vph , vphpl ) .
v.p.h.p.l : Vehicle Per Hour Per Lane .
Volume = 0 , when :
- There are no vehicles passing .
- There is a traffic load so that vehicles can not move .
Types of Volume :
1- Average Annual Daily Traffic ( AADT ) :
AADT = Total traffic within a year

365
2- Average Daily Traffic ( ADT ) :
ADT = Traffic within less than a year

Number of the days
3- Average Annual Weekdays Traffic ( AAWT ) :
AAWT = Total traffic within weekdays

260
4- Average Weekdays Traffic ( AWT ) :
AWT = Total traffic within weekdays for less than a year

Number of the weekdays
Directional Design Hour Volume ( DDHV ) :
DDHV = AADT x K x D
K= Traffic within peak

Total traffic annually
D= traffic to the peak direction

Total traffic
Rate of Flow :
Same as volume but in less than an hour , also described as in an hour .
Example :
Time Vehicles
8:00 – 8:15 100
8:15 – 8:30 200
8:30 – 8:45 300
8:45 – 9:00 400
Volume = 1000
400 x 4 = 1600 vph ( Peak rate of flow ) .
Peak Hour Factor ( PHF ) = Peak Hour Volume = 1000

Peak Rate of Flow 1600
PHF interrupted = Peak Hour Volume

4 x Peak 15 minutes
PHF uninterrupted = Peak Hour Volume

12x Peak 5 minutes
2 - Speed ( Rate of Motion ) :

Expressed as a distance per unit time ( m.p.h , k.p.h , f.p.s , m.p.s ) .
1 m.p.h = 1.47 f.p.s
1 k.p.h = 0.278 m/sec
Traffic as a Whole :
1- Time Mean Speed ( TMS ) :

The average speed of all vehicles passing a point on a highway or a lane during
specified time interval .
TMS =
d : distance .
ti : time for each vehicle to complete the distance .
n : number of vehicles .
2- Space Mean Speed ( SMS ) :

The average speed of all vehicles occupying the given length of a highway or a
lane during specified time interval .
SMS =
3 – Density :
Is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of a roadway, foreway or a
lane of a highway .
v.p.m : Vehicle Per Mile .

v.p.m.p.l : Vehicle Per Mile Per Lane .
Parameters Describe Density :
1- Spacing : Is the distance between two vehicles in traveling stream

measured from the front of the lead vehicle to the front of the
following vehicle ( in ft ) . ( ft \ veh ) .
2- Headway : is the time between the lead vehicle to pass a point and
the front of the following vehicle to pass the same point ( in seconds). (
sec \ veh ) .
Urban Transportation Planning ( UTP ) :

Is a process that leads to decisions on transportation policies and programs . Its
objective is to develop information about the impacts of implementing alternative
courses of action involving transportation services such as new highways , bus
root changes , and parking restrictions .
Urban Transportation Planning is a Process of :

1- Understanding the type of decision that is needed to be made .
2- Assessing opportunities and limitations of future .
3- Identifying the shunt and long term consequences of alternative devices
disguard to take the advantages of these opportunities or spread to these
limitations .
4- Relating alternative decisions to the goals and the objectives established for
an urban area agency or firm .
5- Presenting these information to decision makers in readily , understandable
and useful form .
Characteristics and Measures of Person Travel in Urban Area :
Person Travel Characteristics :
1- Travel Demand :
Measured by :
- Number of trips .
- The amount of usage made of the transportation network .
Number of Trips :
Trip :
Is one way movement from the point where the trip begins to the point where the
trip ends .
Types of Trips :
1- Person Trips ( PT ) :
PT = R x n
R : Trip rate , n : Number of persons in the group .
2- Vehicle Trip .
Example :
Vehicle trips = 500 v.p.d .

Person trips = 500 x 2 = 1000 p.p.d . Two persons in each vehicle .
VT and PT are related by the vehicle occupancy .
Amount of travel = total trips made x their traveled distance .

= 1000 x 100 = 100 000 VMT .
VMT : Vehicle Mile Travel .
If the number of persons in each vehicle = 2
PMT = 2000 x 100 = 200 000 PMT .
PMT : Person Mile Travel .
Example :
Number of Vehicles Vehicle Occupancy Distance Traveled

(mile)
500 1.5 500
300 2.0 700
200 3.0 800
VMT = [ 500 x 500 ] + [ 300 x 700 ] + [ 200 x 800 ]

VMT = 620 000
PMT = [ 500 x 1.5 x 500 ] + [ 300 x 2 x 700 ] + [ 200 x 3 x 800 ]

PMT = 1 275 000
Example :
Occupancy Before ( % Vehicles ) After ( % Vehicles )

1 60 50
2 30 35
3 10 15
Distance traveled = 20 000 km .

Find percentage change in VkmT ( n = 1000 ) .
PkmT before :
1 x 0.6 x 1000 x 20 000 = 12 000 000
2 x 0.3 x 1000 x 20 000 = 12 000 000
3 x 0.1 x 1000 x 20 000 = 6 000 000
PkmT before = 30 000 000
PkmT after :
1 x 0.5 x V x 20 000 = 10 000 V
2 x 0.35 x V x 20 000 = 14 000 V
3 x 0.15 x V x 20 000 = 9000 V
PkmT after = 33 000 V
PkmT before = PkmT after

33 000 V = 30 000 000
V = 909 vehicle .
Basic Parameters of Travel Demand :
1- Its Purpose ( Why ? ) :

a- Home – Base Work ( HBW ) .
b- Home – Base Other ( HBO ) .
c- Non – Home Base ( NHB ) .
d- Internal – External Trip .

e- External – Internal Trip .
f- Through Trip .
Rules to Identify Trips :

1- Trips that either begin or end at the traveler’s home are produced at the
home end .
2- Trips that either begin or end at the traveler’s home are attracted to the non
– home end .
3- Trips that begin at a non – home location and end at another home location
are produced at the origin and attracted at the destination .
Factors affect the trip type :
a- Sex , or tender ( male or female ) .

b- Age .
c- Income and vehicle ownership .
2- Its Amount ( How much ? ) :
a- Size and density of urban area .

- Low density and higher vehicle ownership , higher trip rate .
- High density and low vehicle ownership , lower trip rate .
b- Place and type of residence .
c- Income and car ownership .
Size of Household :
5000 Person
5 Persons per family
500 family
-
5000
4 Persons per family
1250 family
3- Its Temporal Distribution ( When ? ) :

4- Its Modal Requirements ( How ? ) :
Transit , PC , walk , etc .
5- Its Geographical and Directional Distribution ( Where ? ) :
Travel Demand Forecasting ( TDF ) :

Quantify the land activity .
Travel Demand Forecasting ( TDF ) :
1- Micro Analysis Tool .

2- Sketch Tool .
3- Rational Method .
Four – step Procedure :

Predicts :
1 2 3
a- When people will live . 1 10 30 20
b- When businesses are located . 2 20 15 35
c- Intensity .
Trip Condition :
Forecasts the number of trips that will be made .
3 30 56 74
- Trips that begin from zone 1 and
end at zone 1 are 10 .
- The summation of all trips that
begin from zone 1 and end at all zones is 60 .
Trip distribution depends on :

The relative attractive and accessibilities of the zone .
Zone 1 is more attractive and more accessible than zone 2 .
Mode Usage :
Predicts two trips will be divided among the available modern travel . Trip
assignment predicts the routine that the trip will take .
Considerable Characteristics to Choose Transportation Means :

1- Characteristics of the trip maker .
2- Characteristics of the trip .
3- Characteristics of the transportation system .
Information Needed for Travel Demand Forecasting :

1- Studied area ( developed and undeveloped area ) .
2- Urban activation .
3- Transportation system .
4- Travel .
Contour Line :
- Future growth .
- Political restrictions .
- Causes area boundary .
- National boundary .
- Cross minimum .
Urban Activation :
Provides intensity and characteristics of activities in each zone .
Residential Area :
Population : 1200 .
Household : 400 .
Average income : 1200 JD .
Shopping Center :
Employed : 120 .
Parking :
Transportation System :
Describes the transportation system in terms of its geometry ( what is connected
with what ) , and its travel service ( two well points are connected ) .
Level of Service ( L.O.S ) :

Quantifies the ease with which these conditions are made , time and cost .
( Time and cost are travel impedance ) .
Travel Information :
Information on how , when , where and why people are currently traveling .
Public Transportation :
1- Low Capacity Modes :
a- Taxies :
- Longer waiting time .
- No parking problems .
- Higher out of pocket money .
b- Dial – A ride – or Dial a Bus , Vans ( Minibuses ) :
- Lower cost service .
- More comfortable right .
- Slower than direct travel .
- Less personalized service .
- Service with a limited area only .
c- Jitneys :
- High frequency service .
- Higher travel speed .
- Lower reliability , safety , and comfort .
2- Medium Capacity Modes :
a- Regular Buses ( Fixed Root and Fixed Schedule ) :

- Higher reliability .
- Lower cost per passenger .

- Less personal ride service .
- Less frequent service .
b- Express Buses :
- Higher speed .
- Higher firm .
- Move comfortably .
- Serve few points .
c- Trolley Buses :
- Higher righting quality .
- Ability to operate on
- Excellent in varmint feature .
d- Street Cars :
- Better vehicle performance .
- More comfortable .
- Higher line capacity .
3- High Capacity Modes :
a- Semi Rapid Transit ( SRT ) buses .

b- Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) .
c- Rapid Transit .
b and c are trains with :

- High construction cost .
- Large number of passengers .
- Low operation cost .
Aspects of Transit System Operations :
1- Headway ( h ) :
Is the time interval ( in minutes ) between two successive departure of transit

vehicles on a line .
2- Frequency of Service ( f ) :
The number of transit vehicles passing a point on the line during one hour .
3- Vehicle Capacity ( Cv ) :
Is the total number of passengers space on the vehicle . ( Cv =
number of seats + number of standers ) .
4- Passenger Volume ( P ) :
Is the number of passengers traveling on a line passing a fixed point during one
hour .
5- Design Hour Volume ( DHV ) :

Highest passenger volume for all sections along the line .
6- Line Capacity Afford ( C ) :

The total number of passengers space offer at a fixed point of transit line during
one hour .
C= f x Cv
7- Operating Time ( To ) :
Is the scheduled time interval between departure of a vehicle from one terminal
and its arrival at another terminal on a root in minutes .
8- Operating Speed ( Vo ) :
The average speed of transit vehicle including stopping time at stations.
9- Terminal Time ( tt ) :
Is the time of vehicles spent at a terminal or into line stop in excess on the interval
required for boarding and alighting .
10- Cycle Time ( T ) :

Is the total around trip time for a vehicle .
T = 2 ( To + tt ) .
11- Commercial Speed ( Vc ) :

Is the average speed of transit vehicle to complete around trip .
12- Fleet Size ( Nf ) :

The total number of vehicles where transit agency owns .
Nf = N + Nr + Nm
Nr : reserve .
Nm : maintained .
13- Load Factor ( α ) :

Is the ratio of the number of passengers in the vehicle to the vehicle capacity .
Bus Priority Measures :

Public transport service less effective :
1- Land use changes have increased a less centrally oriented patterns of
travel .
2- The increasing availability of cars has decreased the demand for
public transport .
3- Traffic conjunction caused by increased car usage has interfered for
efficient operation of bus service .
Conditions of Effective Bus Service :

1- Concentration of bus operation .
2- High degree of bus and car conjunction .
3- Community will be able to support transportation .
Aims of Bus Priority Measures :

1- Provide good operating environment .
2- Save passengers travel time and cost .
3- Conserve energy .
4- Improving the environment .
Bus Priority Includes :

1- With – flow bus lane .
2- Contra – flow bus lane .
3- Bus – only streets .
4- Priority at traffic signals .
HOV : High Occupancy Vehicle .
Types of Bus Stop Locations :

1- Near side bus stop .
2- For side bus stop .
3- Mid block bus stop .
Rush Hour Cost :

- Spreading the peak ( staged work ) .
- Increasing schedule speed by :
a- Making the duration of stops as short as possible by letting passengers off
and on the bus quickly .
b- Making few stops as possible for passengers .
c- Making few stops as possible for traffic delay .

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Transport Engineering Introduction PDF

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Dr.

Shaker Mahadeen Page 1 Osama Azmi

I.T.E : Institute of Transportation Engineering .

The application of technological and scientific principles to planning

Factors Affecting the Design of a Location of Airports :

Affecting Factors to Design a Highway :

1- Origin destination and delay studies (OD) .

Demand of function depends on :

Ease of Travel depends on :

Attraction of an Area Depends on :

Accessibility of an Area : ( More accessible more attractive ) .

2- The evolution of the public transportation system capable of serving the

Geometric Design Concepts :

1-Highway Engineer 2-Traffic Engineer

Planning Planning and

Geometric design deals with :

Geometric design controls :

Topography and Environment :

Factors Affect the Design of Highways :

1- Volume ( Design Hour Volume DHV ) .

Passenger Car Equivalent ( PCE ) :

Volume = ( 1000 x 0.9 x 1 ) + ( 1000 x 0.05 x 5 ) + ( 1000x 0.05 x 3 )

Speed : Rate of motion .

Factors Affect Operating Speed :

2- Volume or density of the traffic .

V\C = 1 The speed will decreases .

Factors determining design speed :

Factors affecting design speed :

Level of Service ( L.O.V ) :

Parameters of Level of Service :

Level of Service in Uninterrupted Flow :

Level of Service at Intersections :

a) Air pressure of tires .

3- Decision Sight Distance ( DSD ) :

4- Passing Sight Distance ( PSD ) :

d) Passing is accomplished under what may be termed a dilate start and a

Horizontal and Vertical Alignments :

Stages of establishing a project :

Safety Envelope or Safety Project :

How to identify a hazard :

Factors Affect the Occurrence of Accidents :

Methods for Improving Traffic Safety :

B- Reducing the Severity of Accidents ( Forgiving Highway ) :

C- Improve Crash Survivability :

D- Programmatic Safety Efforts :

4- National driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) programs .

E- Design Aspects of Safety :

Accident Data Collection and Record System :

Traffic Control Devices ( TCD ) :

Traffic control devices help the driver by the following :

Manual Uniform on Traffic Control Devices ( MUTCD ) .

Conditions of effective traffic control devices :

Three Principles Related to Good Practice on Roads :

Subtasks of Basic Driving Tasks :

Areas of Traffic Engineering :

Importance of Traffic Engineering in Community Life :

v.p.h.p.l : Vehicle Per Hour Per Lane .

AADT = Total traffic within a year

2- Average Daily Traffic ( ADT ) :

ADT = Traffic within less than a year

3- Average Annual Weekdays Traffic ( AAWT ) :

AAWT = Total traffic within weekdays

4- Average Weekdays Traffic ( AWT ) :