4 Lect 4 H&S 91302 HSHF W2018 30JAN18 X6

91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF) Content Outline
Lecture 4
The Engineer’s Responsibility for Health and Safety.  The Engineer’s Responsibility for Health & Safety
Accidents and their Effects.  Accidents and their Effects
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).  Common work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders
HMI as an Emerging Risk. (MSDs)
Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

 HMI as an Emerging Risk
Professor, Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering (IMSE)
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering
 References
30 January 2018
 Discussion
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018
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Modern Safety and Health Teams
The issues that concern modern safety and

The Engineer’s Responsibility for
health managers include:
Health and Safety.  Stress; explosives; laws, standards, and codes.
 Radiation; AIDS; product safety and liability.
 Ergonomics; ethics; automation; workers'
compensation.
 An ever-changing multitude of other issues.
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction.../Ergonomics_PPT_v-03-01-17.pptx 3 Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 4
Modern Safety and Health Teams Safety and health manager job description
Companies committed to a safe & healthy workplace

Safety Manager Responsibilities Include:
employ a safety & health manager at an appropriate level
in the corporate hierarchy.  Developing and executing health and safety plans in the
workplace according to legal guidelines
 Preparing and enforcing policies to establish a culture of
health and safety
 Evaluating practices, procedures and facilities to assess
risk and adherence to the law
Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 5 https://resources.workable.com/safety-manager-job-description 6
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Safety and health manager job description Safety and health manager Responsibilities
We are looking for a reliable Safety Manager to ensure everyone in  Develop and execute health and safety plans in the workplace according to legal
the company complies with health and safety laws. You will also be guidelines
responsible for establishing policies that will create and maintain a safe  Prepare and enforce policies to establish a culture of health and safety
workplace.  Evaluate practices, procedures and facilities to assess risk and adherence to the law
 Conduct training and presentations for health and safety matters and accident
As a safety manager you must have excellent attention to detail to
prevention
identify hazards. You will also be able to discover opportunities for  Monitor compliance to policies and laws by inspecting employees and operations
improving conditions and execute various safety programs.  Inspect equipment and machinery to observe possible unsafe conditions
The ability to communicate guidelines to a multidisciplinary workforce  Investigate accidents or incidents to discover causes and handle worker’s
is essential. compensation claims
 Recommend solutions to issues, improvement opportunities or new prevention
The goal is to ensure the workplace meets all legal expectations and
measures
actively supports occupational health and safety.  Report on health and safety awareness, issues and statistics
https://resources.workable.com/safety-manager-job-description 7 https://resources.workable.com/safety-manager-job-description 8
Safety and health manager job Requirements Engineers and Safety
 Proven experience as safety manager

 Engineers can make a contributions to safety, or cause,
 Deep understanding of legal health and safety guidelines inadvertently or by incompetence, accidents that result in
 Ability in producing reports and developing relevant policies serious injury & property damage.
 Good knowledge of data analysis and risk assessment  Opportunity for good & bad comes during design.
 Excellent organizational and motivational skills Engineers involved in design are usually in the aerospace,
 Outstanding attention to detail and observation ability electrical, mechanical & nuclear fields.
 Exceptional communication and interpersonal abilities  Safety & health professionals should be familiar with the
 BSc/BA in safety management or relevant field is preferred design process to more fully understand the role of
 Valid qualification in occupational health and safety engineers concerning workplace safety.
https://resources.workable.com/safety-manager-job-description 9 Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 10
Industrial Engineers and Safety Certified Safety Professional
Industrial engineers are the most likely candidates To qualify for the Certified Safety Professional title,
from among the various engineering disciplines to applicants must follow these steps:
work as safety engineers.
 Apply to the BCSP.
 Knowledge of industrial systems can make them
valuable members of a design team.  Meet an academic requirement.
 They can also contribute as a member of a company's  Meet a professional safety experience requirement.
safety team by helping design job & plant layouts for  Pass the Safety Fundamentals Examination.
efficiency & safety.
 Pass the Comprehensive Practice Examination.
 They are more likely to have safety courses as a
required part of their program of study.
Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 11 Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 12
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Certified Safety Professional Certified Safety Professional
The model educational background for a Certified CSP candidates must have four years professional
Safety Professional (CSP) candidate is a bachelor's safety experience in addition to any experience used to
degree in safety. meet the academic requirement.
 From a program accredited by the Accreditation Board  The professional safety function must be the primary
for Engineering and Technology (ABET). function of the position.
 Collateral safety duties are not considered primary function.
A CSP candidate must meet one of the following
minimum educational qualifications:  Professional safety function must be at least 50% of the
position duties, full time (at least 35 hours per week).
 Associate degree in safety & health, or Bachelor's
degree in any field.  The position must be at the professional level and have
breadth of duties.
Certified Safety Professional Certified Professional Ergonomist

CSP designation involves two examinations: Examination for Certified Professional Ergonomist
 Safety Fundamentals Examination - covers basic (CPE) is administered by the BCPE to individuals meeting
knowledge appropriate to professional safety practice. the following requirements:
 One work sample must be submitted, which demonstrates a
 On passing this examination, candidates receive Associate Safety
breadth of knowledge and ability to use ergonomic methods
Professional (ASP) title to denote progress toward CSP.
successfully.
 All CSP candidates must acquire 96 points and pass the
Comprehensive Practice Examination. The Associate Ergonomics Professional (AEP) category
is a precursor to the CPE designation.
 On passing this examination, candidate receives the CSP title.
 Meets the education requirements for BCPE certification.
The intended purpose of the examination for Certified  Has passed Part 1 of the examination (on basic knowledge of human
Industrial Hygienist (CIH) is to ensure professionals in the factors ergonomics)
field have skills and knowledge needed in the practice of  Is currently working toward fulfilling BCPE requirement of four years'
industrial hygiene. practical experience as a human factors and ergonomics professional.
CPE Bachelor’s Degree Certification
A credential that recognizes a candidate for the following

levels of knowledge, skills & experience:
 A bachelor's degree from a recognized university Accidents and Their Effects
 At least 200 hours of ergonomics training
 At least two full years practicing ergonomics
 A satisfactory score on the examination on ergonomics
foundations and ergonomics practice methods
Being an expert in a specific safety & health-related
discipline—still necessary—is no longer sufficient.
 Safety professionals will have to become
transformational leaders in their organizations.

Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 17 https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction.../Ergonomics_PPT_v-03-01-17.pptx 18
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Accidents and Their Effects Costs of Accidents
A proper perspective on
Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in the USA
economics of workplace
after heart disease, cancer, and strokes.
accidents can be gained by
There is a long history of debate on the effect of accidents on
viewing them in the overall
industry (workers and companies).
context of all accidents.
 Historically, the prevailing view was that accident
prevention programs were too costly.

There is a long history of debate on the effect of accidents on
 Overall cost of
industry (workers and companies).
accidents in the US is
 The contemporary view is that accidents are too costly and
about $150 billion.
accident prevention makes sense economically.
Accident prevention, which had been advocated on a moral
basis, is now justified in economic terms.
Causes of Accidents (age 25 – 44 years, typical year)

Accidental Deaths in the United States
US accidental deaths result from many causes:

 Motor vehicle accidents.
 Falls, poisoning, drowning, fire-related injuries.
 Suffocation (ingested object), firearms (non-combat).
 Medical complications.
 Air transport accidents, interaction with machinery.
 Mechanical suffocation, impact of falling objects.
 In a typical year, there are over 14,000 deaths in
these subcategories.
Accidental vs Other Causes of Death Accidental vs Other Causes of Death

Occupations that typically have the highest rate Occupations that typically have the highest rate
of fatalities on the job are (not necessarily in of fatalities on the job are (not necessarily in
order since the order changes from year to order since the order changes from year to
year): year):
 Fishing  Transportation and warehousing  Law enforcement
 Professional and business services
 Logging  Manufacturing
 Retail
 Mining/quarrying Aircraft pilots, flight engineers,

 Public administration/government
 Agriculture and maintenance
 Construction  Refuse and recycling collectors
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Work Accident Costs
Work Accident Costs and Rates and Rates
Workplace accidents cost employers millions yearly. In 1998, a workforce more
 Arco Chemical Co. was fined $3.48 for failing to protect than triple that of 1912
workers from an explosion at a Channelview, Texas plant. produced 11 times the
 USX paid a $3.25 million fine to settle numerous health and goods & services, with
safety violation citations. approximately 10,000 work
deaths Accident costs by accident type
 BASF Corporation agreed to pay a fine of $1.06 million to (in billion, in a typical year).
 Cost of the work deaths
associated with an explosion at a Cincinnati chemical plant that
caused two deaths and 17 injuries. and injuries was $48.5
billion.
The trend in the rate of accidents is downward, A cost of $420 per worker in the US, computed as the value-add
evidence of success of the US safety movement. required per worker to offset cost of work injuries.
 According to the NSC, Between 1912 &1998, accidental work Translates further into $610,000 per death and $18,000 per disabling
deaths per 100,000 reduced 81%, from 21 to 4. injury.
Death Rates in Work

Work Injuries by Type of Accident Accidents
Work injuries can be classified by the type of accident Deaths on the job have
from which they resulted. decreased markedly.
 But still occur, with causes that vary.
 Overexertion; Impact accidents; Falls; Compression.
Highest to lowest:
 Exposure to radiation/caustics; Bodily reaction (to chemicals).  Mining/quarrying - including oil & gas
drilling/extraction.
 Rubbing or abrasions; Exposure to extreme temperatures.
 Agriculture - including farming, forestry,
 Motor vehicle accidents. and fishing.
 Construction; Transportation/public
Overexertion, the result of working beyond physical limits, utilities.
Federal, state, and local government
is the leading cause, at 31% of work injuries. 
 Manufacturing.
 The next most prominent cause of work injuries is falls.  Services - including finance, insurance &
real estate. Work deaths by cause for a typical year.
 Trade - both wholesale and retail.
Parts of the Body Injured on the Job Chemical Burn Injuries
To develop/maintain an effective safety & health program, it The greatest incidence of chemical burns,
is also necessary to know the parts of the body most
frequently injured. about one-third, occurs in manufacturing,
 1998 disabling work injuries totaled about 1.75 million. with the rest in services, trade, and construction.
 10,400 fatal & 60,000 resulted in some permanent  Acids & alkalis; soaps, detergents, cleaning compounds.
impairment.
 Solvents and degreasers.
Injuries to the back occurred most frequently.
 Followed by thumb & finger injuries and leg injuries.  Calcium hydroxide (used in cement & plaster).
Frequent injury rankings show that a fundamental  Potassium hydroxide (drain cleaners, etc.).
component of a safety & health program should be
instruction on how to lift without hurting the back.  Sulfuric acid (battery acid).
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Heat Burn Injuries Repetitive Strain/Soft Tissue Injuries
Almost 40% of heat burn injuries occur in manufacturing every year.
 Most frequent causes are flame (also smoke inhalation), molten
metal, petroleum asphalts, steam & water. Repetitive strain injury (RSI) are typically associated with
Employees should be familiar with hazards, know the appropriate
soft tissues of hands, arms, neck & shoulders.=
safety precautions, and have & use the proper personal protection
equipment. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most widely known,
Factors contributing to workplace heat burn injuries: but there are several other RSIs also.
 Employer has no health & safety policy regarding heat hazards.  CTS is typically caused by repeated and cumulative
 Employer fails to enforce safety procedures & practices. stress on the median nerve.
Employees are not familiar with the employer's safety policy and procedures
 Symptoms of CTS include numbness, a tingling

concerning heat hazards.

 Employees fail to use, or improperly use personal protection equipment. sensation, and pain in the fingers, hand, and/ or wrist.
 Employees have inadequate or worn personal protection equipment and/or
poorly maintained tools and equipment.
 Employees work in a limited space, attempt to work too fast, or carelessly.
Global Impact of Accidents and Injuries

Common work-related
Occupational safety & health must be seen as a strategy for
sustaining economic growth & social development in
emerging countries.
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
The ILO reports record-keeping & reporting systems in  Identify common work-related musculoskeletal
developing countries are deteriorating instead of improving. disorders (MSDs).
 Only a fraction of the real toll is being reported.
 Recognize risk factors associated with work-
Occupational injuries in developing countries are more related MSDs.
prevalent in such high-risk industries as mining,
construction, and agriculture.
 Identify ergonomic control methods for
 Men tend to die as the result of accidents, lung diseases, & work-
eliminating/reducing work-related MSDs.
related cancers such as caused by asbestos.
Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). 33 https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction.../Ergonomics_PPT_v-03-01-17.pptx 34
Rates of musculoskeletal disorders for selected industries
This chart
shows how
MSDs compare
to other hazards
based on
percentage of
injuries and
illnesses using
statistics from
the Bureau of
Labor Statistics,
FY2014.
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction.../Ergonomics_PPT_v-03-01-17.pptx 35 36
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Common Work-Related Carpal Tunnel Syndrome


Tennis Elbow
MSDs 
Bursitis

Ischemia
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) 
De Quervain’s
• Affect the muscles, nerves, 
Sciatica
blood vessels, ligaments, and 
Herniated Discs
tendons 
Neck strain/disability
Symptoms  Tendinitis

Rotator Cuff
− Discomfort − Burning 
Neuritis
− Pain − Swelling 
Reynaud’s Syndrome
− Numbness − Tingling 
Trigger Finger
− Loss of motion/flexibility− Inflammation 
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
− Spasticity − Throbbing Epicondylitis

− Stiff joints − Paralysis


Back strain/disability
Source: OSHA 37 38
Common Work-
Related MSDs
Most commonly
affected areas:
 Back
 Arms, Elbows,
and Shoulders
 Neck
 Hands, Wrists,
and Fingers
 Knees, Ankles,
and Feet
39 40
Risk Factors Associated with MSDs

Common Work-Related MSDs
Highest rate of missed days Dependent upon:

Highest incident rate
 Work positions and postures
 How often task is performed
 Level of required effort and duration of task
Examples of risk factors include:

 Exerting excessive force
 Lifting heavy objects/people
 Pushing or pulling heavy loads
 Manual pouring materials
 Maintaining control of equipment
or tools
 Performing same/similar tasks repetitively
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 41 Source: OSHA 42
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Risk Factors Associated with MSDs Risk Factors Associated with MSDs
 Working in awkward postures or  Cold temperatures

same postures for long periods (in combination with other risk factors)
 Prolonged/repetitive reaching above shoulder height  Vibration (Whole body / Hand-arm)
 Kneeling Both whole body and hand-arm, can cause a number of health
effects. Hand-arm vibration can damage small capillaries that
 Squatting
supply nutrients and can make hand tools more difficult to control.
 Leaning over a counter/bending Hand-arm vibration may cause a worker to lose feeling in the
 Using a knife with wrists bent hands and arms resulting in increased force exertion to control
 Twisting the torso while lifting hand-powered tools (e.g. hammer drills, portable grinders,
chainsaws) in much the same way gloves limit feeling in the hands.
 Localized pressure into the body part
The effects of vibration can damage the body and greatly increase
 Pressing the body/part of the body against hard or the force which must be exerted for a task.
sharp edges
 Combined exposure to several risk factors
 Using the hand as a hammer
Source: OSHA 43 Source: Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workplace (n.d.), OSHA Safety and Health Topics, https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/identifyprobs.html 44
Ergonomic Control Methods – Methods of protection Ergonomic Control Methods – Examples of engineering
against MSDs controls
Establish ergonomics program: Training & Feedback from all levels  Work station design and setup
• Learn the principles of ergonomics and their applications.  Ergonomically designed tools
• Learn about the proper use of equipment, tools, and machine controls.  Ergonomically designed equipment
• Use good work practices, including proper lifting techniques.  Load weight reduction
• Become more aware of work tasks that may lead to pain or injury.
• Recognize early symptoms of MSDs.
• Understand the importance of reporting and addressing early indications of MSDs
before serious injuries develop.
• Understand procedures for reporting work-related injuries and illnesses, as required
by OSHA's injury and illness recording and reporting regulation (29 CFR Part 1904).
Conduct job hazard analysis (JHAs)
Early recognition and reporting of potential MSDs
45 Source: OSHA (International Labor Organization) 46
Correct & Incorrect

Ergonomic Control Methods – Proper work practices
Techniques
 Proper lifting techniques (NIOSH)  Work rotation
 Team lift heavy/bulky/awkward loads  Task variety
 Stretch  Increase rest breaks
Source: OSHA 47 48
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Ergonomic Control Methods – Examples of Personal Ergonomic Control Methods - Physical ergonomic
Protective Equipment (PPE) hazards and solutions:
Reaching above the head/shoulders - hazards
 Gripping gloves
 Working with the hands above head for more than 2 hours per day
 Knee pads  Working with the elbows above shoulders for more than 2 hours
 Vibration gloves per day
 Thermal gloves
 Lifting straps
 Shoulder harness
 Lifting braces
Source: OSHA 49 Source of graphics: OSHA 50
Ergonomic Control Methods - Physical ergonomic solutions: Ergonomic Control Methods - Physical ergonomic solutions:
Reaching above the
Reaching above the head/shoulders -
head/shoulders - solutions
solutions
 Keep items within close reach
 Keep items within close reach
 Elevate work areas
 Elevate work areas
 Utilize equipment to raise and
lower items or move items closer
to worker, such as:
 Use gravity feed racks
 Small portable forklift
 “Provide “pick sticks” or “bow

peep” hooks to pull small, light-
weight items closer to edge prior
to lifting.” Source: OSHA eTool:
Grocery Warehousing: Ergonomics https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electricalcontractors/index.html
Source: NIOSH and Source: OSHA 51 Source: NIOSH and OSHA Source: Ergonomics eTool: Solutions for Electrical Contractors (2003), OSHA eTool, 52
Body Posture - Awkward body postures - hazards Body Posture - Awkward body postures - hazards
 Working with the neck or back bent forward more than 30° for more than 2 hours
 Squatting for more than 2 hours per day (If the location of your
per day; Your head weighs 10 to 12 pounds, so it can be quite a strain to work with
work is too low, you’re going to have to get into an awkward
your neck bent.
posture to get to it)
 Neck posture is only covered by the rule if the worker is not able to vary his or her
 Kneeling for more than 2 hours per day
posture. Like neck posture, back posture is only covered if the worker is not able to
vary his or her posture. Kneeling is a risk factor
for knee injuries, since
it creates pressure
both in front of and
behind the knee cap.
Ergonomics eTool:
Solutions for Electrical
Contractors, OSHA
eTool
Source of graphics: OSHA 53 Source of graphics: OSHA https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electricalcontractors/index.html 54
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Ergonomic Control Methods – Body Posture solutions: Body Posture - Awkward grips - hazards
 Gripping 10 or more pounds or force for 2 or
 Raise and/or tilt the work for better access more hours per day
 Use a stool for ground-level work  Using a lot of hand force increases the risk for hand, wrist and elbow
 Use tools with longer handles injuries, and in some cases shoulder injuries.
 Alternate between bending, kneeling, sitting, and squatting  Holding something between the tips of the fingers and the thumb is
called a pinch grip. This type of grip uses very small muscles in the
hand and wrist, so even holding something that weighs only 2 pounds
can be a risk for injury if it’s done for more than 2 hours per day.
 Jobs involving pinch force of 4 pounds are also covered, even if the
weight being handled is really low. An example would be an
assembly job where one of the parts inserted are spring clips that
require a pinch force of 4 pounds to open.
 When you grip something with your whole hand you’re able to use the
larger muscles in your forearm, and this gives you a grip that’s five
times stronger than a pinch grip.
Source: NIOSH and OSHA 55 Source: OSHA 56
Ergonomic Control Methods - Awkward grips Ergonomic Control Methods – Repetitive motions - hazards
- solutions:
 Design work layout to reduce hand-carrying  Repeating same motion for more than two hours per day with hands, wrists,
elbows, shoulders, or neck
 Reduce amount of items carried at one time  Repetitive lifting can be just as hazardous [as heavy lifting] because of the
 Use non-pinch grip postures fatigue it causes. When you lift frequently you can tire out the muscles,
making them more prone to injury.
 Use ergonomically designed tools/aids
 If your muscles can’t handle the load, the strain can be shifted to your joints
 Use job/task rotation and the disks in your spine, placing them at risk for injury, too.
 Intense keying for more than

4 hours per day.
 Computer Workstations eTool,
OSHA eTool:
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computer
“C” shaped posture workstations/index.html
Source: OSHA 57 Source: OSHA 58
Ergonomic Control Methods – Repetitive motions - solutions: Ergonomic Control Methods – Localized
pressure on body part - hazards
 Arrange work to avoid unnecessary motions
 Pressing the body/part of the body against hard or
 Let power tools and machinery do the work
sharp edges
 Spread repetitive work out during the day
 Standing/kneeling for prolonged periods on hard surfaces
 Take stretch pauses
 Using tools with hard handle surfaces or short handles
 Rotate task with co-workers if possible
 Using hands/knees as a hammer more than 10 times in 1
 Change hands or motions frequently
hour or more than 2 times per day (long-term)
 Repetitive motions may be
required by your job.
 However, a lot of times
you have some control
over what motions you
make and how often you
make them.
Source: OSHA 59 Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computerworkstations/components_desk.html 60
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Ergonomic Control Methods – Localized Ergonomic Control Methods – Localized
pressure on body part - solutions: pressure on body part - solutions:
 Use tools with longer handles  Pad table edges or use tables/desktops with rounded edges
 Use tools with padded grips
 Use wrist rests, anti-fatigue mats, knee pads, shoe inserts or
 Alternate between bending, kneeling, sitting, and
squatting; use sit/stand stools or tables other items that reduce stress on body parts
Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electricalcontractors/installation/using.html 61 Source: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/shipyard-guidelines.html 62
Ergonomic Control Methods – Lifting objects - hazards Ergonomic Control Methods – Lifting - solutions:
 Managing for safer lifting
 Heavy, frequent, and awkward lifting  Plan lifts
 Minimize lifting distances
 Position materials to power zone levels
 Avoid manually lifting/lowering loads to/from floor
 Identify/reduce unstable or heavy loads
 Reduce frequency of lifting and duration of lifting tasks
 Provide clear access
 For loads that are unstable and/or heavy:
 Tag the load to alert workers.
 Test the load for stability and weight before carrying the load.
 Use mechanical devices or equipment to lift the load.
 Reduce the weight of the load by:
 Putting fewer items in the container; Using a smaller and/or lighter-weight

 Lifting even moderate loads while bent over or reaching up or out can also place you at risk container.
of injury, to either your back or your shoulders.  Repack containers so contents will not shift and the weight is balanced.
 Keep in mind, the same stresses are there when you lower something as when you lift it.  Reduce the frequency of lifting and the amount of time employees
 Refer to the NIOSH lifting equation but explain that it only works in controlled situations. perform lifting tasks by: Rotating workers in lifting tasks with other workers.
63 Source: Ergonomic Guidelines for Manual Material Handling (2007), NIOSH, DHHS Publication No. 2007-131, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-131/pdfs/2007-131.pdf 64
Ergonomic Control Methods – Lifting - solutions: Ergonomic Control Methods – Lifting - solutions:
 Employee guidelines for safer lifting  Use proper lifting techniques
 Stretch before lifting Keep the load close to your body and
lift by pushing up with your legs.
 Check for tags on loads
Caution: This technique may be effective
 Test load for stability and weight only if loads are small, light-weight, and
 Plan the lift can easily fit between the knees.
 Use proper lifting techniques –

grip; two hands; smooth, even motions; load close to body;
legs to push up and lift load; avoid twisting; alternate with
less physically demanding tasks;
rest breaks
 Get assistance when necessary
 “Team lifting can reduce the load in half. Discuss your lifting Lean the sack onto Slide the sack up Slide the sack onto the As you stand up, keep the sack
plan so you don’t make surprise movements. .” (pg. 21) your kneeling leg. onto your kneeling other leg while keeping close to your body.
leg. the sack close to your
Source: Ergonomic Guidelines for Manual Material Handling (2007), NIOSH, DHHS Publication No. 2007-131, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-131/pdfs/2007-131.pdf 65 Source: NIOSH body. 66
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Ergonomic Control Methods – Vibration - hazards Ergonomic Control Methods – Vibration - solutions:
 Use low-vibration tools and devices that may reduce

Moderate – more than 2 hours per day vibration (tool balancers, extension handles, vibration
High – more than 30 minutes per day isolators, damping techniques)
Prolonged  Instruct workers not to grip saws too tightly.

 Advise workers to exercise hands and fingers
frequently to increase blood flow.
 Adequate rest periods
 Rotate jobs
 Perform routine chain
saw [tool] maintenance.
Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/vibration.html 67 Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/vibration.html 68
Ergonomic Control Methods - Environmental ergonomic hazards The Ergonomic Triangle

Amplify/increase risk THE GOAL IS TO ELIMINATE AT
of MSDs. Examples: LEAST ONE FROM EVERY TASK
 Hot weather
Cold weather – affects
FORCE FREQUENCY

worker coordination and
dexterity
 High-temperature indoor
(steam rooms, attics)
 Cold-temperature indoor
(walk-in freezers, cold
process rooms) POSTURE
 Low visibility
https://oshwiki.eu/images/3/32/Msd_health3.jpg 69 http://www.whyamiunhealthy.com/10-reasons-why-good-posture-can-improve-your-health/ 70
HMI as an emerging RISK

This report aims to raise awareness of the importance of
adequate HMI as a vital factor for ensuring workers’
occupational safety and health.
HMI as an Emerging Risk The evolution of society and the changing world of work
bring new risks and challenges for workers and employers.
In this context, the European Risk Observatory (ERO) of
the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work (EU-
OSHA) conducted four expert forecasts, based on a Delphi
methodology, to anticipate new and emerging risks related
to occupational safety and health (OSH) risks. One expert
forecast was conducted for physical, one for chemical, one
for biological, and one for psycho-social risks.
Various emerging factors were identified by the expert
forecast on physical risks related to, for example,
musculoskeletal disorders, noise, vibration, thermal risks,
etc.
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction.../Ergonomics_PPT_v-03-01-17.pptx 71 https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 72
12
Human Factors Human Machine Interaction
 Asbjørnsen (1994) cited by Einarsson (1999) explains

Descriptions of HMI can be broad, such as that given by
human factors as: Tutherow in Lipták (2002): “Although it can refer to any type
“the relationships and interactions between a system of interface device, the term HMI usually refers to the
and its human elements and between the human display, computer, and software that serve as the operator’s
interface to a controller or control system.”
elements themselves in a system or its adjacent
organization. The integral of all human factors in a HMI consists of three parts which are:
corporation constitutes the corporate psychology. (1) operating elements,
This makes up the corporate culture and the social (2) displays, and
resources in the corporate competitive position.” (3) an inner structure.
The inner structure compasses hardware and software (electronic
circuits and computer programmes).
https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 73 https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 74
Richer HC Interaction Who is exposed to HMI & risks

 Production technology, particularly manufacturing machines
in the metal industry, is especially affected by increasing
complexity and increasing use of complex machines, processes
or systems.
 An increase in operators’ mental workload and consequently in
the risk of errors, means that HMI is of particular relevance to
high-risk industries, such as the chemical, electric or nuclear
sensors energy industry and transport.
and devices
 Automation and increasing complexity mean that control room
everywhere
operators have to handle complex data and alarms and to take
safety-critical decisions under the pressure of unexpected and
rapidly changing hazardous situations.
75 https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 76
Machine users exposed to OSH risks Machine user’s health complaint vs. all population
https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 77 https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 78
13
Causes of accidents at Machines in Austria (2001) Health Hazards of CRT
X-rays: largely absorbed by screen (but not at rear!)

UV- and IR-radiation from phosphors: insignificant levels
Radio frequency emissions, plus ultrasound (~16kHz)
Electrostatic field - leaks out through tube to user. Intensity dependant on
distance and humidity. Can cause rashes.
Electromagnetic fields (50Hz-0.5MHz). Create induction currents in
conductive materials, including the human body. Two types of effects
attributed to this: visual system - high incidence of cataracts in VDU
operators, and concern over reproductive disorders (miscarriages and birth
defects).
https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 79 80
Liquid Crystal Displays

Special Keyboards
Smaller, lighter, and … no radiation problems.
Found on PDAs, portables and notebooks,
… and increasingly on desktop and even for home TV designs to reduce fatigue
also used in dedicted displays: for RSI
digital watches, mobile phones, HiFi controls
How it works …
for one handed use
 Top plate transparent and polarised, bottom plate reflecting. e.g. the Maltron left-handed
 Light passes through top plate and crystal, and reflects back to eye. keyboard
 Voltage applied to crystal changes polarisation and hence colour
 N.B. light reflected not emitted => less eye strain
81 82
Five Key Points to Remember 10 Reasons why Good Posture Can Be Good For Your Health
1. A Reduction in Back Pain
Ergonomics can help you on your job 2. Decreased Likelihood of Joint Conditions
WMSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors 3. Less Muscle Fatigue
4. An Increased Range of Motion
Risk factors can be reduced and WMSDs prevented 5. A Reduction in Athletic Injuries
Reporting signs and symptoms early is important 6. Better Breathing Capacity
7. More Confidence
You can help your company put ergonomics
8. An Improvement in Circulation
changes into place 9. It Can Break You Out of the Cycle of Bad Posture
10. Fewer Headaches
http://www.whyamiunhealthy.com/10-reasons-why-good-posture-can-improve-your-health/ 83 http://www.whyamiunhealthy.com/10-reasons-why-good-posture-can-improve-your-health/ 84
14
Employer/Employee Requirements Employer/Employee Requirements
General Duty Clause Report signs or symptoms if: Getting involved:

Each Employer:  Pain is persistent, severe or Look at jobs
1. Shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of worsening Come up with solutions
employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing  Pain radiates Work with solutions
or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees;
 Symptoms include numbness or Take part in training
2. Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards tingling
promulgated under the Act. Take responsibility for changing the way
 Symptoms keep you from sleeping at you do your job
Each Employee:
night
1. Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all Help to make sure efforts are successful
rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to the Act which are  Fingers blanch or turning white
applicable to his own actions and conduct.
http://www.whyamiunhealthy.com/10-reasons-why-good-posture-can-improve-your-health/ 85 http://www.whyamiunhealthy.com/10-reasons-why-good-posture-can-improve-your-health/ 86
Systems References
Engineering &
Management [1] Goetsh, David L., 2015, Occupational Safety and Health for
Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th Edition). Pearson (publisher).
ISBN-13: 978-0133484175, ISBN-10: 0133484173.
[2] Eva Flaspöler, Angelika Hauke, Preethy Pappachan, Dietmar Reinert, Tobias
Bleyer, Nathalie Henke, Simon Kaluza, Angela Schieder, Armin Windel,
Waldemar Karwowski, Simo Salminen, Jean-Christophe Blaise, Laurent Claudon,
Joseph Ciccotelli, Lieven Eeckelaert, Marthe Verjans, Karen Muylaert, and RikOp
De Beeck, Literature Review: The Human-Machine Interface As An Emerging
Risk; European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Report Number TE-80-
10-196-EN-N. ISBN-13: 978-92-9191-300-8, DOI:10.2802/21813
[3] ElMaraghy W (2018) Lectures available through Blackboard
[3] Other on-line sources referenced on the slides.
https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools‐and‐publications/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk 87 www.who.int/patientsafety/activities/technical/who_mc_topic-2.ppt 88
91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF)
Lecture 4
The Engineer’s Responsibility for Health and Safety.
Accidents and their Effects.
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).
HMI as an Emerging Risk.
Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

Professor, Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering (IMSE)
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering
30 January 2018
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018
15

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91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF) Content Outline

Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

Modern Safety and Health Teams

The issues that concern modern safety and

Companies committed to a safe & healthy workplace

Safety and health manager job Requirements Engineers and Safety

 Proven experience as safety manager

Industrial Engineers and Safety Certified Safety Professional

Certified Safety Professional Certified Professional Ergonomist

CPE Bachelor’s Degree Certification

A credential that recognizes a candidate for the following

transformational leaders in their organizations.

prevention programs were too costly.

Causes of Accidents (age 25 – 44 years, typical year)

US accidental deaths result from many causes:

Accidental vs Other Causes of Death Accidental vs Other Causes of Death

Death Rates in Work

Parts of the Body Injured on the Job Chemical Burn Injuries

concerning heat hazards.

Global Impact of Accidents and Injuries

Rates of musculoskeletal disorders for selected industries

− Stiff joints − Paralysis

Risk Factors Associated with MSDs

Highest rate of missed days Dependent upon:

Examples of risk factors include:

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 41 Source: OSHA 42

 Working in awkward postures or  Cold temperatures

Correct & Incorrect

Source: OSHA 49 Source of graphics: OSHA 50

 Small portable forklift

 “Provide “pick sticks” or “bow

Source of graphics: OSHA 53 Source of graphics: OSHA https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electricalcontractors/index.html 54

 Intense keying for more than

Source: OSHA 57 Source: OSHA 58

Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electricalcontractors/installation/using.html 61 Source: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/shipyard-guidelines.html 62

 Putting fewer items in the container; Using a smaller and/or lighter-weight

 Use proper lifting techniques –

 Use low-vibration tools and devices that may reduce

Prolonged  Instruct workers not to grip saws too tightly.

Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/vibration.html 67 Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/vibration.html 68

Ergonomic Control Methods - Environmental ergonomic hazards The Ergonomic Triangle

HMI as an emerging RISK

 Asbjørnsen (1994) cited by Einarsson (1999) explains

Richer HC Interaction Who is exposed to HMI & risks

X-rays: largely absorbed by screen (but not at rear!)

Liquid Crystal Displays

General Duty Clause Report signs or symptoms if: Getting involved:

91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF)

Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

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