Math 213a: Homework 4

Vinh-Kha Le
October 13, 2018

Problem 1. Recall from the proof of Koebe’s distortion theorem that

 00
2r2 

 f (z) 4r
z
 f 0 (z) − ≤ .
1 − r2  1 − r2
By Cauchy-Riemann equations, the derivative of a holomorphic function with respect to a holomorphic
variable equals the derivative with respect to the real part of the variable:
∂log f 0 (z) ∂log f 0 (z) f 00 (z)
= =z 0 .
∂log r ∂log z f (z)
Because the imaginary part of a logarithm is the argument, taking imaginary parts of the left-hand side
gives us
 ∂arg f 0 (z)   ∂log f 0 (z)   00
     
 = Im z f (z)  ≤ 4r .

  = Im
 ∂log r   ∂log r   0
f (z)  1 − r2
We apply chain rule on rd log r = dr:
 ∂arg f 0 (z) 
 
 ≤ 4 .
 ∂r  1 − r2
Because arg f 0 (0) = arg 1 = 0, integrating from the origin with respect to r gives us
1+r
|arg f 0 (z)| ≤ 2 log .
1−r
Problem 2. Let z0 = ρeiθ be the point at which one of the equalities occurs. Recall that
Z ρ Z ρ Z ρ
2r − 4 ∂log|f 0 (z)| 2r + 4
2
dr ≤ ≤ 2
dr.
0 1 − r 0 ∂r 0 1−r

Equality at z0 implies that one of the integral inequalities is an equality, and thus the integrands are equal
for 0 ≤ r ≤ ρ. Letting r → 0 gives us Re[ei θf 00 (0)] = ±4 with the sign depending on whether the equality
was on the left or right. This means that |f 00 (0)| = 2|a2 | ≥ 4. Thus, we have the equality case for the
Bieberbach conjecture. We prove below that this gives us a rotated Koebe function.
Problem 3. We take the Maclaurin expansion

f (z) = z + a2 z 2 + . . .

where a0 = 0 and a1 = 1. Recall in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture that we computed
a2 −1
f (z −2 )−1/2 = z + z + ...
2
as a biholomorphic map from the outside of the unit disc to a neighborhood of ∞. The surface area theorem
gives us |a2 | ≤ 2, where equality causes all the higher-order coefficients in the expansion of f (z −2 )−1/2 to
vanish. This means that the equality condition gives us
a2 −1
f (z −2 )−1/2 = z + z = z + eiα z −1
2

1
for some phase α. Solving for f gives us

1 z −2 z
f (z −2 ) = = and thus f (z) = .
(z + eiα z −1 )2 iα
(1 + e z )−2 2 (1 + eiα z)2

Suppose that f misses a point w. A Möbius transformation sending m to ∞ gives us

wf (z)
= z + (a2 + w−1 )z 2 + . . .
w − f (z)

univalent on ∆. Applying the Bieberbach conjecture a second time gives us

1
|w−1 | ≤ |a2 | + |a2 + w−1 | ≤ 4 so that |w| ≥ .
4
When we have equality for at least one such w, we have

4 = |w−1 | ≤ |a2 | + |a2 + w−1 | ≤ 4 and thus 2 ≤ 4 − |a2 + w−1 | ≤ |a2 | ≤ 2.

Because we have the equality condition for the Bieberbach conjecture, we know that
z
f (z) =
(1 + eiα z)2

for some phase α.

Problem 4. For the sake of clarity, denote by D the disk of radius 1 −  centered at the origin. Cover
M at every point p ∈ M with a coordinate chart {(Up , γp )}p∈M . The Riemann mapping theorem ensures
that these charts can be refined such that γp (Up ) = D. Because {γp−1 (D2 )}p∈M is an open cover of M , the
compactness of M gives us a finite cover {γα−1 (D2 )}α∈A .
Given some k-canonical section ϕ ∈ Γ(M, kKM ), we can represent ϕ = γp∗ (fp (z)(dz)k ) on local coordinate
charts. For our choice of A, let
kϕk = sup sup |fα (z)|.
α∈A z∈D

Suppose that ϕ vanishes at all α ∈ A to order greater than or equal to j.

fα (z)
gα (z) =
supz∈D |fα (z)|

is a holomorphic function that vanishes at z = 0 with order greater than or equal to j and has norm less
than or equal to 1 on D . Let µ(z) = (1 − )z be the scaling map that sends D to D. Then (gα ◦ µ)(z) has
norm less than or equal to 1 on D. The Schwarz lemma tells us that |(gα ◦ µ)(z)| ≤ |z| on D. In other words,

(gα ◦ µ)(z)
z
is a holomorphic function that vanishes at z = 0 with order greater than or equal to j − 1 and has norm
less than or equal to 1 on D. Applying the Schwarz lemma j − 1 more times gives us |(gα ◦ µ)(z)| ≤ |z|j .
Rescaling gives us
 z j
 
|gα (z)| ≤   .
1 − 
In other words,
 z j
 
|fα (z)| ≤   sup |fα (z)|.
1 −   z∈D
Define the constant
1 − 2
η= < 1.
1−

2
Taking the supremum over D2 gives us
 j
1 − 2
sup |fα (z)| ≤ sup |fα (z)| = η j sup |fα (z)|.
z∈D2 1− z∈D z∈D

Because {γα−1 (D2 )}α∈A covers M , we know that {τβ,α (D2 )}β∈A covers D = γα (Uα ). This means that every
zα ∈ D has a zβ ∈ D2 and a transition function τβ,α such that zα = τβ,α (zβ ). Because ϕ transforms like a
k-canonical form, we have
 k  k
k dτβ,α (zβ ) k dτβ,α (zβ )
fα (zα )(dzα ) = fα (τβ,α (zβ )) (dzβ ) = fβ (zβ ) (dzβ )k .
dzβ dzβ

Define the constant  

 dτβ,α (zβ ) 
C = sup sup sup   .
α∈A β∈A z∈D2 dzβ 
Because A is finite and D2 is precompact in D, we know that C is finite. Taking the norm suprema of fα
and fβ over all charts gives us

sup sup |fα (zα )| ≤ C k sup sup |fβ (zβ )|.

α∈A zα ∈D β∈A zβ ∈D2

We relabel and suppress chart indices to get

sup sup |fα (z)| ≤ C k sup sup |fα (z)|.

α∈A z∈D α∈A z∈D2

Combining this with what we had before gets us

kϕk = sup sup |fα (z)| ≤ η j sup sup |fα (z)| ≤ C k η j sup sup |fα (z)| = C k η j kϕk.
α∈A z∈D2 α∈A z∈D α∈A z∈D2

For sufficiently large values of j, C k η j will be less than 1, which forces kϕk and thus ϕ to vanish.
Because ϕ can be specified by its series expansions fα around the points α ∈ A, we can subtract off terms
with order greater than or equal to j so that all fα expansions are polynomials of degree less than j. For the
large values of j specified above, these higher-order terms will not change the value of ϕ. We conclude that

Γ(M, kKM ) ∼
= (C[z]/(z j ))⊕A

is a finite-dimensional vector space over C.

We will also provide an algebraic geometric proof. There exists an embedding γ : M ,→ CPn for some
sufficiently large n. We can choose a global k-meromorphic section ω on CPn whose pullback s = γ ∗ (ω) will
be a global k-meromorphic section. Let X be the pole set of s and Y be the zero set of s. Generically, we
can choose an s whose poles and zeros are simple. Let F be the sheaf of k-meromorphic forms only allowing
for poles at X. We get a short exact sequence of sheaves

Cx

L
0 kKM F CX = x∈X Cx 0

where Cx and CX are the skyscraper sheaves supported at x and X, respectively. We get the map F → Cx
by sending local sections in F to their residues at x. We have a left-exact sequence of global sections

0 Γ(M, kKM ) Γ(M, F)

so it suffices to show that Γ(M, F) is finite-dimensional. Let G be the sheaf of meromorphic functions only
allowing for poles at Y . We have an isomorphism F ∼ = G by multiplying each local section in G by s.
Furthermore, we have a short exact sequence of sheaves

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 Cy

L
0 OM G CY = y∈Y Cy 0

where OM is the structure sheaf of holomorphic functions on M . We have a left-exact sequence of global
sections
L
0 Γ(M, OM ) Γ(M, G) Γ(M, CY ) = y∈Y Γ(M, Cy )

so it suffices to show that both Γ(M, OM ) and Γ(M, CY ) are finite-dimensional. Because M is compact,
Γ(M, OM ) vanishes. Furthermore, Γ(M, CY ) is finite-dimensional because it is the direct sum of finitely
many skyscraper sections, each of which is a copy of C.

Problem 5. Let z0 and z1 be any two points in M . We showed for sufficiently large k that there exists a
global k-canonical section X
σ0 (z) = f0 (z)(dz)k = γ ∗ (g0 (z)(dz)k )
γ∈Γ

such that |f0 (z0 )| < C and |f0 (z1 )| > 2C. Then taking ω0 (z) = (f0 (z) − f0 (z0 ))(dz)k has ω0 (z0 ) = 0 and
ω0 (z1 ) 6= 0. Replacing g0 (z) with g1 (z) = g0 (z)2 gives another k-canonical section because g1 (z) is still
holomorphic and bounded on the unit disk. This gives us
,
f1 (z) σ1 (z) X
∗
X
ω1 (z) = = = k
γ (g1 (z)(dz) ) γ ∗ (g0 (z)(dz)k ) .
f0 (z) σ0 (z)
γ∈Γ γ∈Γ

Recall from the construction of ω that |g(z)| > 4C for z = γ1 (z1 ), g(z) = 0 for z = γj (z1 ) with j ≥ 2, and
Z X Z X
γ ∗ (g0 (z)(dz)k ) ≤ C k−2 2Aπ and γ ∗ (g1 (z)(dz)k ) ≤ C k−2 2A2 π
Ω γ∈Γ−{γ } Ω γ∈Γ−{γ }
j j

for some constant C. This means that locally, we have ω1 (z1 ) = 1 + o(1) 6= 0 for sufficiently large k because
X
f1 (z1 ) = γ ∗ (g1 (z)(dz)k )(z1 )
γ∈Γ

= γ1∗ (g1 (γ1 (z1 ))(dz)k ) + o(1)

= γ1∗ (g0 (γ1 (z1 ))(dz)k ) + o(1)
X
= γ ∗ (g0 (z)(dz)k )(z1 ) + o(1)
γ∈Γ

= f0 (z1 ) + o(1) 6= 0.

Furthermore, ω10 (z1 ) = f00 (z1 ) + o(1) 6= 0 because the polynomial that defines g0 gives a differential that
vanishes on all γj (z1 ) except for j = 1. Alternatively, we can precompose g0 with a homothety to get ω1
with derivative 1 + z 6= 0.
We will create a cover M with a finite number of charts Uα centered at zα ∈ M . For some z0 there exists
an s0 and a t0 such that s0 is nonzero, t0 vanishes, and t0 /s0 is locally holomorphic with nonzero derivative
locally at z0 . We can also choose sα that vanishes at z0 but does not vanish at z and thus does not vanish
around an open neighborhood of z. We can choose finitely many zi such that si does not vanish at z. We
can let t0 and si be the homogeneous coordinates of CPn+2 where n is the number of zi chosen. From the
choice of si it is impossible for all the coordinates to vanish at the same time. Furthermore, the fact that
t0 /s0 has nonvanishing derivative ensures that this map is injective. If this is not enough, we can also choose
ti and s0i such that ti /s0i has nonvanishing derivative locally at zi and embed into CP3n+2 .
Problem 6. The notes already provide a proof of this fact.

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Problem 7. The forward condition is obvious. If ϕ vanishes to order greater than or equal to `ν at Pν ,
hν ϕ has no residue at Pν because hν has pole order less than or equal to `ν . Furthermore, it has no residue
elsewhere because hν is a principal part with poles only allowed at Pν . This means that the sum over ν of
the residues of hν ϕ is zero.
For the backwards condition, it suffices to consider one ν at a time because we sum over ν for all possible
combinations (hν )kν=1 . To be precise, we can consider the particular

(0, 0, . . . , 0, hν , 0, . . . , 0, 0) ∈ P.

If ϕ has a term am zνm in its local series expansion around Pν for m ≤ `ν − 1, we can consider hν =
−(m+1)
cν,m+1 zν . Then hν ϕ has residue am cν,m+1 . Because the residue must be zero, am must be zero for all
m ≤ `ν − 1. This means that ϕ only has terms of order greater than or equal to `ν and thus vanishes at Pν
to order at least `ν .
Consider the following sequence of C-vector spaces:
iB iP πA
0 B Ω1,0 Res
P∗ ∼
=P A Ω0,0 0.

To clarify, the map Ω1,0 → P ∗ sends

" k
#
X
ϕ 7→ (hν )kν=1 7→ ResPν (hν ϕ) ∈ C .
ν=1

It is clear that the sequence is exact at B because we have an inclusion into Ω1,0 . The above shows that the
sequence is exact at Ω1,0 . This is because one-forms ϕ for which the corresponding functional in P ∗ is zero
for all k-tuples in P are precisely those living in B. It is also clear that the sequence is exact at A. This is
because every function in A can be written as the sum of principal parts–whose direct sum lives in P–and
a holomorphic part–which lives in Ω0,0 . By Liouville’s theorem, the holomorphic part is constant, and so
Ω0,0 = C. Furthermore, we calculated previously that dimC Ω1,0 = g.
Because this sequence is exact, we know its Euler characteristic as a chain complex is zero:
k
X
dimC A = dimC Ω0,0 + dimC P − dimC Ω1,0 + dimC B = 1 − g + dimC B + `ν .
ν=1

This is completely analogous to the proof using sheaves and Serre duality.