Math 213a: Homework 3

Vinh-Kha Le
October 3, 2018

Problem 1. Let f denote the function

ϑ1 (2w|2τ ) ϑ4 (2w|2τ )
f (w|τ ) = and g(w|τ ) = .
ϑ1 (w|τ )ϑ2 (w|τ ) ϑ3 (w|τ )ϑ4 (w|τ )

It suffices to show that these functions are constant in w because this would imply that

f (w|τ ) = f (0|τ ) and g(w|τ ) = g(0|τ ).

Expanding and rearranging yield us the desired identities:

ϑ1 (0|2τ ) ϑ4 (0|2τ )
ϑ1 (2w|2τ ) = ϑ1 (w|τ )ϑ2 (w|τ ) and ϑ4 (2w|2τ ) = ϑ3 (w|τ )ϑ4 (w|τ ).
ϑ1 (0|τ )ϑ2 (0|τ ) ϑ3 (0|τ )ϑ4 (0|τ )

Recall that

ϑ1 (w + π) = −ϑ1 (w), ϑ2 (w + π) = −ϑ2 (w), ϑ3 (w + π) = ϑ3 (w), and ϑ4 (w + π) = ϑ4 (w).

This implies that

ϑ1 (2w + 2π|2τ ) ϑ1 (2w|2τ )

f (w + π|τ ) = = = f (w|τ ) and
ϑ1 (w + π|τ )ϑ2 (w + π|τ ) ϑ1 (w|τ )ϑ2 (w|τ )
ϑ4 (2w + 2π|2τ ) ϑ4 (2w|2τ )
g(w + π|τ ) = = = g(w|τ ).
ϑ3 (w + π|τ )ϑ4 (w + π|τ ) ϑ3 (w|τ )ϑ4 (w|τ )

Similarly, we have

ϑ1 (w + πτ ) = −e−2iw−πiτ ϑ1 (w), ϑ2 (w + πτ ) = e−2iw−πiτ ϑ2 (w),

ϑ3 (w + πτ ) = e−2iw−πiτ ϑ3 (w), and ϑ4 (w + πτ ) = −e−2iw−πiτ ϑ4 (w).

This implies that

ϑ1 (2w + 2πτ |2τ ) e−4iw−2πiτ ϑ1 (2w|2τ )

f (w + πτ |τ ) = = −2iw−πiτ = f (w|τ ) and
ϑ1 (w + πτ |τ )ϑ2 (w + πτ |τ ) e ϑ1 (w|τ )e−2iw−πiτ ϑ2 (w|τ )
ϑ4 (2w + 2πτ |2τ ) e−4iw−2πiτ ϑ4 (2w|2τ )
g(w + πτ |τ ) = = −2iw−πiτ = g(w|τ ).
ϑ3 (w + πτ |τ )ϑ4 (w + πτ |τ ) e ϑ3 (w|τ )e−2iw−πiτ ϑ4 (w|τ )

Thus, f and g are both doubly periodic in w with respect to the lattice Zπ +Zπτ . Observe that ϑ1 (2w|2τ )
has simple zeroes at 0 and π/2. Each of these is canceled out by the simple zeros of ϑ2 (w|τ )ϑ1 (w|τ ), which
are precisely 0 and π/2. This implies that f is entire and doubly periodic in w. We can conclude that f is
constant in w.
Similarly, ϑ4 (2w|2τ ) has simple zeroes at πτ /2 and πτ /2 + π/2. Each of these is canceled out by the
simple zeros of ϑ3 (w|τ )ϑ4 (w|τ ), which are precisely πτ /2 and πτ /2 + π/2. This implies that g is entire and
doubly periodic in w. We can conclude that g is constant in w.

1
Problem 2. Given the function
2 1 2
G(x|s) = e−πn s
and its Fourier transform Ĝ(ξ|s) = √ e−πk /s ,
s

we apply the Poisson summation formula:

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X 2 X X X 1 2 1
g(s) = ϑ3 (0|is) = e−πn s
= G(n|s) = Ĝ(k|s) = √ e−πk /s = √ g(1/s).
n=−∞ n=−∞
s s
k=−∞ k=−∞

Now we apply the heat operator

πi ∂ 2 ∂
L= +
4 ∂w2 ∂τ
to the function
r   
τ 2 w  1
F (w, τ ) = ϑ3 (w|τ ) − e−iw /πτ ϑ3 −
i τ τ
∞ ∞
"r # " #
τ X n2 iπτ 2niw −iw2 /πτ
X
−n2 iπ/τ 2niw/τ
= e e − e e e
i n=−∞ n=−∞
∞
"r # " ∞ #
τ X n2 iπτ 2niw X 2
= e e − e−(w−nπ) i/πτ .
i n=−∞ n=−∞

Observe that  
2 πi 2
Len iπτ 2niw
e = (2ni)2 + n2 iπ en iπτ e2niw = 0
4
so that
∞ ∞
"r #   "r X #
τ X n2 iπτ 2niw πi ∂ 2 ∂ τ n2 iπτ 2niw
L e e = + e e
i n=−∞ 4 ∂w2 ∂τ i n=−∞
∞ ∞
"r # "r #
τ X πi ∂ 2 n2 iπτ 2niw ∂ τ X n2 iπτ 2niw
= e e + e e
i n=−∞ 4 ∂w2 ∂τ i n=−∞
∞ 
"r # " r  ∞ #
πi ∂ 2

τ X ∂ 2 ∂ τ X 2
= + en iπτ e2niw + en iπτ e2niw
i n=−∞ 4 ∂w2 ∂τ ∂τ i n=−∞
∞ ∞
"r # " r #
τ X n2 iπτ 2niw 1 1 X n2 iπτ 2niw
= Le e + e e
i n=−∞ 2 iτ n=−∞
r ∞
1 τ X n2 iπτ 2niw
= e e .
2τ i n=−∞

Further observe that

πi (w − nπ)2 (2i)2 (w − nπ)2 i −(w−nπ)2 i/πτ
   
−(w−nπ)2 i/πτ 2i
Le = − + e
4 (πτ )2 πτ πτ 2
(w − nπ)2 i (w − nπ)2 i
 
1 2
= 2
− 2
+ e−(w−nπ) i/πτ
πτ πτ 2τ
1 −(w−n)2 iπ/τ
= e .
2τ

2
Thus, we have
∞
"r # " ∞ #
τ X 2 X 2
LF = Len iπτ e2niw − Le−(w−nπ) i/πτ
i n=−∞ n=−∞
∞
"r # " ∞ #
τ X 1 n2 iπτ 2niw X 1
−(w−nπ)2 i/πτ
= e e − e
i n=−∞ 2τ n=−∞
2τ
1
= F.
2τ
Because the periodicity factors for ϑ3 are given by

ϑ3 (w + π|τ ) = ϑ3 (w|τ ) and ϑ3 (w + πτ |τ ) = e−2iw−πiτ ϑ3 (w|τ ),

we can apply the transformations w → w/τ and τ → −1/τ to obtain

              
w + πτ  1 w  1 w  1 w π  1 −2iw/τ +πi/τ w  1
ϑ3 − τ = ϑ3 τ + π − τ = ϑ3 τ − τ and ϑ3 τ − τ − τ = e ϑ3 − .

τ τ τ

Making the substitution w → w + π in the second equation gives us

        
w + π  1 2i(w+π)/τ −πi/τ w + π π  1 2iw/τ +πi/τ w  1
ϑ3 − =e ϑ3 − − =e ϑ3 − .
τ  τ τ τ τ τ τ

These identities together imply that

2 ϑ3 (w/τ |−1/τ )
f (w|τ ) = e−iw /πτ
ϑ3 (w|τ )

is doubly periodic in w with respect to the lattice Zπ + Zπτ . This is because

2 ϑ3 ((w + π)/τ |−1/τ )

f (w + π|τ ) = e−i(w+π) /πτ
ϑ3 (w + π|τ )
2 e2iw/τ +πi/τ ϑ3 ((w + π)/τ |−1/τ )
= e−iw /πτ −2iw/τ −πi/τ
ϑ3 (w|τ )
2 ϑ 3 (w/τ |−1/τ )
= e−iw /πτ and
ϑ3 (w|τ )
2 ϑ3 ((w + πτ )/τ |−1/τ )
f (w + πτ |τ ) = e−i(w+πτ ) /πτ
ϑ3 (w + πτ |τ )
2 ϑ3 (w/τ |−1/τ )
= e−iw /πτ −2iw−πiτ −2iw−πiτ
e ϑ3 (w|τ )
2 ϑ3 (w/τ |−1/τ )
= e−iw /πτ .
ϑ3 (w|τ )

Recall that the denominator ϑ3 (w|τ ) has a single simple zero, situated at w = π/2+πτ /2 on the fundamental
parallelogram. At this point, the numerator
         
w  1 π π  1 π π 1  1
ϑ3 − = ϑ 3 + − = ϑ 3 − − − =0
τ τ 2τ 2 τ 2 2 τ  τ

also vanishes. Thus, f is both doubly periodic and entire. This implies that f is constant in w. We now
write f (τ ) = f (w|τ ) purely as a function of τ so that
  
2 w  1
f (τ )ϑ3 (w|τ ) − e−iw /πτ ϑ3 − = 0.
τ τ

3
This gives us a first-order ordinary differential equation
       
2 w  1 1 −iw2 /πτ w  1
L f (τ )ϑ3 (w|τ ) − e−iw /πτ ϑ3 − = f (τ )ϑ 3 (w|τ ) − e ϑ 3 − =0
τ τ 2τ τ τ
p
in τ . The solution f (τ ) = τ /i satisfies the differential equation as well as the initial condition for τ = is
because
√
r
τ
ϑ3 (0|τ ) = sg(s) = g(1/s) = ϑ3 (0|i/s) = ϑ3 (0|−1/τ )
i
and thus r
τ ϑ3 (0|−1/τ ) 2 ϑ3 (w/τ |−1/τ )
= = e−iw /πτ .
i ϑ3 (0|τ ) ϑ3 (w|τ )
We conclude that r   
τ 2 w  1
ϑ3 (w|τ ) = e−iw /πτ ϑ3 − .
i τ τ
Problem 3. We directly calculate
4 4 ∞ 4 4
Y Y X 2 X Y 2 X Y
en iπτ 2niwν
enν iπτ e2nν iwν = exp n2ν iπτ + 2nν iwν .
 
ϑ3 (wν ) = e =
ν=1 ν=1 n=−∞ n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1 n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1

Now we complete the square:

4
n2ν (πiτ )2 + 2nν (πiτ )iwν + (iwν )2 − (iwν )2
X Y  
exp .
n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1
πiτ

Collapsing the square and moving the product inside the exponent gives us
" 4
#
X 1 X 2 2
exp ((nν πiτ + iwν ) + wν ) .
n ,n ,n ,n
πiτ ν=1
1 2 3 4

Now we move a term outside:

" 4
# " 4
#
1 X 2 X 1 X
exp w exp (nν πiτ + iwν )2 .
πiτ ν=1 ν n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4
πiτ ν=1

Reindexing nν over even integers gives us the desired identity:

4
" 4
# " 4  2 #
Y 1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ
ϑ3 (wν ) = exp w exp nν + iwν .
ν=1
πiτ ν=1 ν n ,n ,n ,n πiτ ν=1 2
1 2 3 4

Analogously, we have
∞
4 4 4
" 2 #
Y Y X
(2n+1)2 iπτ /4 2niwν
X Y 2nν + 1
ϑ2 (wν ) = e e = exp iπτ + 2nν iwν .
ν=1 ν=1 n=−∞ n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1
2

We reindex nν over half-integers:

X 4
Y
exp n2ν iπτ + 2nν iwν .
 
n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1

Now we complete the square:

4
n2ν (πiτ )2 + 2nν (πiτ )iwν + (iwν )2 − (iwν )2
X Y  
exp .
n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4 ν=1
πiτ

4
Collapsing the square and moving the product inside the exponent gives us
" 4
#
X 1 X
exp ((nν πiτ + iwν )2 + wν2 ) .
n ,n ,n ,n
πiτ ν=1
1 2 3 4

Now we move a term outside:

" 4
# " 4
#
1 X 2 X 1 X 2
exp w exp (nν πiτ + iwν ) .
πiτ ν=1 ν n1 ,n2 ,n3 ,n4
πiτ ν=1

Reindexing nν over odd integers gives us the desired identity:

4
" 4
# " 4  2 #
Y 1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ
ϑ2 (wν ) = exp w exp nν + iwν .
ν=1
πiτ ν=1 ν n ,n ,n ,n πiτ ν=1 2
1 2 3 4

Note that these facts together imply that

4 4
" 4
# " 4  2 #
Y Y 1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ
ϑ2 (wν ) + ϑ3 (wν ) = exp w exp nν + iwν
ν=1 ν=1
πiτ ν=1 ν n ,n ,n ,n πiτ ν=1 2
1 2 3 4

where (n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 ) range over all integer 4-tuples whose components have the same parity.
Problem 4. The matrix  
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 −1 −1
A = AT = 


2 1 −1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
is clearly symmetric. Furthermore, it is orthogonal because
 2  
1 1 1 1 4 0 0 0
1 1 1 −1 −1 1 0 4 0 0
AT A = AAT = 

 =   = I4 .
4 1
 −1 1 −1 4 0 0 4 0
1 −1 −1 1 0 0 0 4

Let n = (n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 )T and m = (m1 , m2 , m3 , m4 )T such that m = An. Then

4
X 4
X
Am = AT m = AT An = n and m2j = hm, mi = hm, AT Ami = hAm, Ami = hn, ni = n2j .
j=1 j=1

Recall from elementary number theory that the quadratic residues of 4 are 0 and 1. If the components of m
are all integers, the sum of their squares will be the number of odd components modulo 4. Because m and
n have the same squared norm, they have the same number of odd components modulo 4. In particular, if
all the components of m have the same parity, all the components of n have the same parity.
Let z = (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 )T and w = (w1 , w2 , w3 , w4 )T such that z = Aw. Then
4 4
" 4
# " 4  2 #
Y Y 1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ
ϑ2 (wν ) + ϑ3 (wν ) = exp w exp nν + iwν
ν=1 ν=1
πiτ ν=1 ν n ,n ,n ,n πiτ ν=1 2
1 2 3 4

where (n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 ) ranges over all integer 4-tuples whose components have the same parity. Because A is
linear and preserves norms, the above equals
" 4
# " 4  2 #
1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ
exp z exp mν + izν
πiτ ν=1 ν n ,n ,n ,n πiτ ν=1 2
1 2 3 4

5
where m = An as before. Because A is invertible and is its own inverse, it is a permutation of the set of all
integer 4-tuples whose components have the same parity, so we can reindex over all 4-tuples (m1 , m2 , m3 , m4 )
whose components have the same parity:
" 4
# " 4  2 # Y 4 4
1 X 2 X 1 X πiτ Y
exp zν exp mν + izν = ϑ2 (zν ) + ϑ3 (zν ).
πiτ ν=1 m ,m ,m ,m
πiτ ν=1 2 ν=1 ν=1
1 2 3 4

Thus, we have the desired quartic identity

4
Y 4
Y 4
Y 4
Y
ϑ2 (wν ) + ϑ3 (wν ) = ϑ2 (zν ) + ϑ3 (zν ).
ν=1 ν=1 ν=1 ν=1

Problem 5. Using the notation

ϑλµνρ (w) = ϑλ (w1 )ϑµ (w2 )ϑν (w3 )ϑρ (w4 ),
the above identity can be written as
(ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 )(w) = ϑ2222 (w) + ϑ3333 (w) = ϑ2222 (z) + ϑ3333 (z) = (ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 )(Aw).
We will write identities in the following point-free style:
ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 = (ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 )A.
Observe that A(1, 1, 1, 1)T = (2, 0, 0, 0)T so that
4 4 4 4
Y Y Y  π Y  π
ϑ1 (wν ) + ϑ4 (wν ) = ϑ 2 wν − + ϑ3 wν −
ν=1 ν=1 ν=1
2 ν=1
2
4
Y 4
Y
= ϑ2 (z1 − π) ϑ2 (zν ) + ϑ3 (z1 − π) ϑ3 (zν )
ν=2 ν=2
4
Y 4
Y
= ϑ3 (zν ) − ϑ2 (zν ).
ν=1 ν=1

Observe that we can do the above computation as follows

h  π π π π i h  π π π π i
(ϑ1111 + ϑ4444 )(w) = (ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 ) w − , , , = (ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 )A w − , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (ϑ2222 + ϑ3333 )[Aw − (π, 0, 0, 0)] = (ϑ3333 − ϑ2222 )(Aw).
Because A is its own inverse, this gives us simultaneously
ϑ3333 − ϑ2222 = (ϑ1111 + ϑ4444 )A and ϑ1111 + ϑ4444 = (ϑ3333 − ϑ2222 )A.
Similarly, we have
h π π i h π π i
(ϑ4433 + ϑ1122 )(w) = (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) w − , , 0, 0 = (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 )A w − , , 0, 0
2 2 h π π i 2 2
= (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) Aw − , , 0, 0 = (ϑ4433 + ϑ1122 )(Aw).
2 2
This gives us
ϑ4433 + ϑ1122 = (ϑ4433 + ϑ1122 )A.
Furthermore, we have
h  π π i h  π π i
(ϑ3344 + ϑ2211 )(w) = (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) w − 0, 0, , = (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 )A w − 0, 0, ,
h π π i 2 2 2 2
= (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) Aw − , − , 0, 0 = (ϑ4433 + ϑ1122 )[Aw + (0, π, 0, 0)] = (ϑ4433 − ϑ1122 )(Aw).
2 2

6
Because A is its own inverse, this gives us

ϑ4433 − ϑ1122 = (ϑ3344 + ϑ2211 )A.

Finally, we have
 
πiτ h  πτ π π πτ i
(ϑ3241 − ϑ2314 )(w) = exp i(w2 + w4 ) + (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) w + 0, − , − , +
2 2 2 2 2
 
πiτ h  πτ π π πτ i
= exp i(w2 + w4 ) + (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 )A w + 0, − , − , +
2 2 2 2 2
 
πiτ h  πτ π π πτ i
= exp i(w2 + w4 ) + (ϑ3333 + ϑ2222 ) Aw + 0, − , − , + = (ϑ3241 − ϑ2314 )(Aw).
2 2 2 2 2

Thus,
ϑ3241 − ϑ2314 = (ϑ3241 − ϑ2314 )A.
Problem 6. Performing similar computations to the above gives us

(ϑ1144 − ϑ4411 )(w) = (ϑ3322 − ϑ2233 )(Aw) = (ϑ1144 − ϑ4411 )(Aw).

Observe that
A(w1 + w2 , w1 − w2 , 0, 0)T = (w1 , w1 , w2 , w2 )
so that

ϑ1 (w1 + w2 )ϑ1 (w1 − w2 )ϑ4 (0)2 = (ϑ1144 + ϑ4411 )(w1 + w2 , w1 − w2 , 0, 0)T

= (ϑ3322 − ϑ2233 )(w1 , w1 , w2 , w2 )
= ϑ3 (w1 )2 ϑ2 (w2 )2 − ϑ2 (w1 )2 ϑ3 (w2 )2
= (ϑ1144 − ϑ4411 )(w1 , w1 , w2 , w2 )
= ϑ1 (w1 )2 ϑ4 (w2 )2 − ϑ4 (w1 )2 ϑ1 (w2 )2 .

Shifting w1 → w1 + π/2 gives us

ϑ2 (w1 + w2 )ϑ2 (w1 − w2 )ϑ4 (0)2 = ϑ4 (w1 )2 ϑ2 (w2 )2 − ϑ1 (w1 )2 ϑ3 (w2 )2

= ϑ2 (w1 )2 ϑ4 (w2 )2 − ϑ3 (w1 )2 ϑ1 (w2 )2 .

Shifting w2 → w2 + πτ /2 and dividing by the multiplicative factor gives us

ϑ3 (w1 + w2 )ϑ3 (w1 − w2 )ϑ4 (0)2 = ϑ4 (w1 )2 ϑ3 (w2 )2 − ϑ1 (w1 )2 ϑ2 (w2 )2 .

On the other hand, shifting w1 → w1 + πτ /2 gives us

ϑ3 (w1 + w2 )ϑ3 (w1 − w2 )ϑ4 (0)2 = ϑ3 (w1 )2 ϑ4 (w2 )2 − ϑ2 (w1 )2 ϑ1 (w2 )2 .

Shifting once again by any number of ways gives us

ϑ4 (w1 + w2 )ϑ4 (w1 − w2 )ϑ4 (0)2 = ϑ3 (w1 )2 ϑ3 (w2 )2 − ϑ2 (w1 )2 ϑ2 (w2 )2

= ϑ4 (w1 )2 ϑ4 (w2 )2 − ϑ1 (w1 )2 ϑ1 (w2 )2 .