THEME RHEME ANALYSIS

Summary Assignment
Submitted as partial fulfillment for requirements
Discourse Studies

By

Name : Afit Dwi Jayanti

SRN : 0203515056
Class : Rombel 2 Kelas Khusus

ENGLISH EDUCATION
GRADUATE PROGRAM
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
2016

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 COHESION AND COHERENCE OF A TEXT

A. COHESION
Cohesion refers to the resources within language that provide continuity in a text,
over and above that is provided by clause structure and clause complex.
Hence, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which work to help a text
hang together.
A text is made cohesive by a combination of lexical and grammatical devices.
There are a number of ways that texts are made cohesive:
1. Lexical Cohesion:
a) Repetition (including inflection and derivation) : leave, leaving, left.
b) Synonymy (similarity of meaning) : leave, depart
c) Antonymy (opposite or contrasting meaning): leave, arrive
d) Hyponymy (classes/superordination and subclasses/is a type of): flower- rose
rose-daffodils ( co-hyponyms)
e) Meronymy (whole-part relations): flower, petal petal-stem
f) Words from the same semantic field, lexical chains, and lists.
g) Substitution with one/ones
2. Grammatical Cohesion:
a) Reference: Pronouns (he, we, it, they; this and that; these and those) and
articles.
There are 4 types of reference:
 Anaphoric reference: occurs when the writer refers back to someone or
something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition. For
example: replacing "my father" with the pronoun "he" or "all students"
with "they"
 Cataphoric reference: the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as
opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the
abstract before it is identified. For example: "Here he comes, our award-
winning host... it's John Doe!"
 Exophoric reference: is used to describe generics or abstracts found
within the text or in the context of situation. For example: Generic word
such as "everything".

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  Homophoric reference: is used to refer to something known in the
context of culture. For example: When I woke up this morning, the sun
was shining. (people are supposed to know “the sun” the speaker is
referring to).
The other examples of homophora based on the community:
Community Homophoric Nominal Group
English the sun, the ozone layer, the stars
speakers
nations the prime minister, the president, her majesty

Catholics his holiness

business the manager, the secretary

Family the dog, the cat, the baby

b) Substitution: It happens when a word takes the place of something that is

being discussed.
 Let’s go and see the bears. The polar ones are over on that rock.
 I dropped the ice ice-cream. It was the only one I had.
c) Ellipsis: It is the absence of word(s), or when “something is left unsaid”
 Joan bough some carnations, and Mary some sweet peas.
 The younger child is very outgoing, the older much more reserved.
d) Conjuncts (linkers)
Conjuncts can express a number of different categories of logical relation
between parts of a text. The main categories are:
1) Additive: that is, relations of addition, exemplification, similarity.
(also, too, as well, moreover, what’s more, in addition, for example,
likewise, similarly).
2) Adversative: that is, relations of contrast or alternatives (but, though,
however, on the other hand, in fact, alternatively)
3) Causal: that is, relations of cause and result (this is why, so, therefore,
as a result).
4) Temporal: that is, relations of sequence in time (next, then, finally, in
the meantime, ever since).
e) comparatives: What’s even better, best of all, etc.

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 f) tense: It means if the tense use present, so there is no past and past perfect.
3. Rhetorical Cohesion
a) question-answer
b) parallelism

B. COHERENCE

Coherence results from the interaction between the reader and the text
The issue of coherence is usually approached from two perspectives: the micro level
and the macro level
There are two types of coherence:
1. Micro level coherence
a) Readers have certain expectations of how the proposition of a sentence is
likely to be developed in the sentence or sentences that follow it.
b) When these are met, the text will seem coherent.
2. Macro level coherence
The macro level in enhanced if:
a) the reader can easily discern what the text is about;
b) the text is organized in a way that answers the reader’s likely questions;
c) the text is organized in a way that is familiar to the reader.
At the macro level, texts achieve coherence because they are obviously about
something. Thus, it must have an identifiable topic or topics. Even without a
title, a good text can still be identified as having a topic. There are some clues
that help indicate topical coherence: key words and lexical chain.
a) Keywords
 Key words are those words that occur with a frequency that is significant
when compared to the normal frequency of these same words as determined
by corpus data.
 If a word occurs five times in a text that is a hundred words long, but only 10
times in a general corpus of a million words, it is clearly disproportionately
represented in the text.
 Chances are that the word’s prominence in the text is not accidental.
 It is due to to the fact that the word is intimately related to what that particular
text is about.

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 THEME RHEME ANALYSIS

DON’T HAVE TO BE A SUPERMAN TO SAVE THE WORLD

Climate change and environmental protection have become big issue nowadays. If
we take a look at our surroundings and pay attention to the phenomena around us, we can
feel that the air is not as fresh as some years ago. We can see that the sky is not as br ight as
before. Green scenery has disappeared and replaced by high congrete buildings that people
proudly named them as skycrappers. The earth condition has become worse from time to
time. This is a very miserable condition since earth is the only planet where human can live.
As a human being, it is important to realize this environmental issue and do something to
save our only home, earth.
There are some simple things that we can do to save our environment. The first
thing is related to transportation aspect. As we know that cars and other motor vehicles
have a great contribution to air pollution in big cities. Bad quality of air can harm human’s
respiratory system and lead to respiratory problem in the future. It is important to reduce
the number of motor vehicles by taking public transportation, riding a bike, or taking a
walk. It might be uncomfortable for the first time moreover if we are accustomed to drive
our own car everywhere. However, for the sake of environmental protection, we can try to
do this several days in a week.
The second aspect is related to waste or rubbish management. It is important to
separate organic waste, plastic waste, and paper waste. We can reuse plastic bags and
recycle other plastic equipment, we can use old paper to write drafts. By doing those
things, we contribute to reduce soil pollution.
The third aspect has something to do with lighting. As we know that electricity
consumes a large amount of fossil fuel that can not be renewed. That is why it is essential
to use energy efficient lights such as LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lamps at our school or at
home. We also have to turn off lights when we do not need them.
Those are simple things that we can do to help energy saving. Remember that big
change starts from small actions. By doing simple things, we can contribute to the greater
mission of saving the Earth.

Written by Latifa Ika Sari-0203515090

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 DON’T HAVE TO BE A SUPERMAN TO SAVE THE WORLD

NO THEME (old) RHEME (new)

1. Climate change and have become big issue nowadays.
environmental protection
2. If we take a look at our surroundings and pay
attention to the phenomena around us,
3. we can feel
4. that the air is not as fresh as some years ago.
5. We can see
6. that the sky is not as bright as before.
7. Green scenery has disappeared and replaced by high
congrete buildings
8. that people proudly named them as skycrappers.
9. The earth condition has become worse from time to time.
10. This is a very miserable condition
11. since earth is the only planet
12. where human can live.
13. As a human being, it is important to realize this environmental
issue and do something to save our only
home, earth.
14. There are some simple things
15. that we can do to save our environment.
16. The first thing is related to transportation aspect.
17. As we Know
18. that cars and other motor have a great contribution to air pollution in
vehicles big cities.
19. Bad quality of air can harm human’s respiratory system and
lead to respiratory problem in the future.
20. It is important to reduce the number of
motor vehicles by taking public
transportation, riding a bike, or taking a
walk.
21. It might be uncomfortable for the first time
22. moreover if we are accustomed to drive our own car
everywhere.
23. However, for the sake of can try to do this several days in a week.
environmental protection,
we
24. The second aspect is related to waste or rubbish
management.
25. It is important to separate organic waste,
plastic waste, and paper waste.
26. We can reuse plastic bags and recycle other
plastic equipment,
27. We can use old paper to write drafts.
28. By doing those things, we contribute to reduce soil pollution.
29. The third aspect has something to do with lighting.

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30. As we Know
31. that electricity consumes a large amount of fossil fuel
32. That can not be renewed.
33. That is why
34. It is essential to use energy efficient lights
such as LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lamps at
our school or at home.
35. We also have to turn off lights
36. when we do not need them.
37. Those are simple things
38. that we can do to help energy saving.
39. Remember
40. that big change starts from small actions.
41. By doing simple things, we can contribute to the greater mission of
saving the Earth.

COHESION AND COHERENCE OF A TEXT

A. COHESION
Cohesion refers to the resources within language that provide continuity in a text,
over and above that is provided by clause structure and clause complex.
Hence, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which work to help a text
hang together.
A text is made cohesive by a combination of lexical and grammatical devices.
There are a number of ways that texts are made cohesive:
1. Lexical Cohesion:
a) Direct repetition
The repetition of word condition, human, issue, earth (par. 1), vehicles (par.
2) and waste (par 3) show cohesiveness.
b) Synonymy
The use of air pollution and bad quality of air (par. 2); waste and rubbish (par.
3); important (par. 1) and essential (par. 4)
c) Antonymy
The use of big and small (par. 5) shows the contradiction of the phenomena.
d) Hyponymy
Energy sufficient lights - LED, waste – organic waste, plastic waste, and paper
waste.

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2. Grammatical Cohesion:
a) Reference: Article and Pronouns (he, we, it, they; this and that; these and
those).
1) Article
The use of “the” in the first thing indicates that the thing is one of some
simple things stated in the previous clause.
There are some simple things that we can do to save our environment. The
first thing is…
2) There are 4 types of reference:
 Anaphoric reference
 We also have to turn off lights when we do not need them (3). (par 4)
Pronoun them is used to refer lights in the previous clause.
 Those are simple things that we can do to help energy saving (1). (par
5)
The writer uses pronoun “those” to connect the last paragraph with
the previous paragraphs.
 The earth condition has become worse from time to time (5). This is a
very miserable condition since earth is the only planet where human
can live (6). (par. 1)
Initially, the fifth sentence tells the condition of earth and then the
sixth sentence using pronoun this that refers to the earth condition in
the previous sentence
 Homophoric reference:
The word “The Earth, the air, the sky
b) Substitution
There is no substitution word.
c) Ellipsis
There is no elliptical word.
d) Conjuncts (linkers)
Conjuncts can express a number of different categories of logical relation
between parts of a text. The main categories are:
1) Additive:

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 The use moreover (par. 2) to gives additional information of previous
clause.
It might be uncomfortable for the first time moreover if we are
accustomed to drive our own car everywhere.
2) Adversative:
The use of however (par. 2) shows the contrast of two conditions.
It might be uncomfortable for the first time moreover if we are
accustomed to drive our own car everywhere. However, for the sake of
environmental protection, we can try to do this several days in a week.
3) Causal:
The use of since (par. 1) and that is why (par. 4) shows cause and
effect.
 This is a very miserable condition since earth is the only planet where
human can live.
 As we know that electricity consumes a large amount of fossil fuel
that can not be renewed. That is why it is essential to use energy
efficient lights such as LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lamps at our school
or at home.
The use of since and that is why indicates that the previous sentence
is the reason why something should be done in the next sentence.
4) Temporal:
The use of the first, the second and the third show the relation of
sequence in time
e) comparatives
The use of worse (par. 1) and greater (par. 5) compare the conditions
nowadays and before.
The earth condition has become worse from time to time.
We can contribute to the greater mission of saving the Earth.
f) tense
The tense used mostly in the text above is simple present tense because it is
general phenomena happen in daily life. There is no past tense and past
perfect tense.

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B. COHERENCE

Coherence results from the interaction between the reader and the text
The issue of coherence is usually approached from two perspectives: the micro level
and the macro level
There are two types of coherence:
1. Micro level coherence
The clauses in the text entitled “Do not have to be A Superman to Save the
World” consist of themes and rhemes. The theme contains old information and
the rheme contains “newsworthy” about the topic.

Theme Rheme
Old New
There are some simple things that we can do to save our
environment.
The first thing is related to transportation aspect.
To be able to determine the coherence of the text, it is needed to identify the
logical relations between its sentences to show how each sentence either
anticipates the sentence that follows, or encapsulate some element of the
sentence that preceded it.

No DON’T HAVE TO BE A SUPERMAN TO Statement of the topic

SAVE THE WORLD
The topic of the text does not imply
explicitly. The writer prefers using
“Superman” to show the
one/character who is able to do
something using his power. In this
case, the topic is saving the world.
1 Climate change and environmental The topic (saving the world) is
protection have become big issue stated in the first sentence of the
nowadays. first paragraph using another
phrase (environmental protection).
The new information explains that
nowadays, climate change and

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 environmental protection become
big issues.
2 If we take a look at our surroundings This “If clause” provides example of
and pay attention to the phenomena the climate change phenomena
around us, we can feel that the air is (topic no. 1).
not as fresh as some years ago.
3 We can see that the sky is not as It also provides the other example
bright as before. of topic no 1.
4 Green scenery has disappeared and Again, it gives additional example of
replaced by high congrete buildings topic no 1.
that people proudly named them as
skycrappers.
5 The earth condition has become The theme (the earth condition)
worse from time to time. refers to three examples of climate
change, and the rheme also
emphasizes the examples before.
6 This is a very miserable condition The theme (this) refers to the earth
since earth is the only planet where condition and again the rheme (is a
human can live. very miserable condition) re-state
the bad condition of the Earth.
There is cause and effect. The
former clause is the effect and the
later is the cause.
7 As a human being, it is important to The rheme of this sentence contains
realize this environmental issue and suggestion to realize the issue and
do something to save our only do something to save the earth.
home, earth.
8 There are some simple things that The main topic of second paragraph
we can do to save our environment. is ‘things to save environment’ that
stated in the rheme. This topic is
related to the previous rheme.
9 The first thing is related to “The first thing” relates to the

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 transportation aspect. previous rheme (some simple
things). The rheme brings
newsworthy event about
transportation.
10 As we know that cars and other This sentence gives explanation
motor vehicles have a great about transportation aspect which
contribution to air pollution in big contributes to the air pollution.
cities. The writer uses “as we know” to
start the sentence because the
phenomena often happens around
us. (general)
11 Bad quality of air can harm human’s This sentence is the effect of
respiratory system and lead to sentence 10.
respiratory problem in the future.
12 It is important to reduce the number This is the ways how to solve the
of motor vehicles by taking public problems in sentence 11.
transportation, riding a bike, or
taking a walk.
13 It might be uncomfortable for the This sentence gives certain
first time moreover if we are conditions that maybe happen.
accustomed to drive our own car
everywhere.
14 However, for the sake of This sentence contradicts sentence
environmental protection, we can 13 indicated by conjunction
try to do this several days in a week. “however”
15 The second aspect is related to The use of “the second aspect” is to
waste or rubbish management. show the correlation with the
previous paragraph.
16 It is important to separate organic The rheme shows the suggestion to
waste, plastic waste, and paper separate some types of waste.
waste.
17 We can reuse plastic bags and The rheme shows the ways how to

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 recycle other plastic equipment, we reuse the waste stated in sentence
can use old paper to write drafts. 16.
18 By doing those things, we contribute “By doing those things” refers to
to reduce soil pollution.
the ways how to reuse the waste
and reduce soil pollution.
19 The third aspect has something to The use of “the third aspect” is to
do with lighting. show the correlation with the
previous paragraph.
20 As we know that electricity The use of “as we know” indicates
consumes a large amount of fossil that the sub-clause is known by
fuel that can not be renewed. most people.
21 That is why it is essential to use The use of “that is why” shows
energy efficient lights such as LED cause-effect correlation which the
(Light-Emitting Diode) lamps at our previous sentence is the cause of
school or at home. the next sentence. The effect is in
the form of giving suggestion to use
LED.
22 We also have to turn off lights when The use of “also” is used to
we do not need them. indicates of giving additional
suggestion (using have to).
“When” is used to show that it is “if
clause”.
23 Those are simple things that we can “Those” refers to “things” stated
do to help energy saving. before. It refers to “the first,
second, and third”.
24 Remember that big change starts “Remember” shows a reminder for
from small actions. the readers.
25 By doing simple things, we can At last, “by doing things” is re-
contribute to the greater mission of
stated to emphasize the tips. “We”
saving the Earth.

2. Macro level coherence

Reader Expectations

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 A good text is able to answer the readers’ expectations. From the text above, we
can see the content of each paragraph. In the first paragraph, the description of
Earth nowadays is drawn. The second paragraph starts with the main idea of the
text which leads the reader to question about “doing something to save
environment”. The next sentence and next paragraph give detail information
about the topic. In the last paragraph, conclusion and suggestion is provided to
summarize the elaboration. From the analysis of the text, it can be concluded
that the elaboration drawn answer the readers’ expectation.

Keywords
The coherence of the text above can be seen from some keywords used related
to the topic. The topic is saving energy and the writer uses climate change,
energy, environment, human, pollution, electricity, earth, air, etc.

Conclusion of macro level coherence:

a) the reader can easily discern what the text is about;
b) the text is organized in a way that answers the reader’s likely questions;
c) the text is organized in a way that is familiar to the reader.

C. Conclusion

From the analysis, it can be concluded that the text is cohesive and coherence. It can be
seen from the pronouns, conjunction, repetition word, the flow of the text. The elaboration
answers the readers’ expectation of the topic stated before. In short, the text flows
smoothly.

D. Recommendation

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