East Before The West

short name full name google hits AKA Born middle Field
age 999
al-Khwārizmi Abū Abdullah 2910000 Algorithmus 780 815 mathematics,

Muhammad ibn Mūsa al- 890 astronomy
Abū Kāmil Abū Kāmil Shujā 490000 The 850 mathematics
al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūni 2170000 Egyptian 973 1011 mathematics
Ibn al-Haytham Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- 291000 Alhacen, 965 1003 physics
Ibn al-Haytham Haytham
Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- 291000 Alhazen
Alhacen, 965 1003 physics
Haytham 34300 Alhazen
al-Uqlīdisi Abū al-Hassan al-Uqlīdisi 920 950 mathematics
al-Qalasādi Abū al-Hasan ibn al- 16000 1412 1449 mathematics
Qalasādi
al-Farghāni Abū al-Abbās Ahmed ibn 71600 Alfraganus 800 831 geography
Muhammad ibnal-Uqlīdisi
Kathīr al-
al-Uqlīdisi Abū al-Hassan 34300 920 950 mathematics
Abū Ma'shar al- Abū Ma'shar Ja'far ibn 194000 Albumasar 787 837 astronomy
Balkhi Muhammad
Muhammad ibn ibn Umar al-
al-Tūsi 3810000 1201 601 astronomy
ibn al-Nafīs Muhammad ibnal-Hassan
Ala' al-Dīn Abū Hasan al- 258000 1213 1251 medicine
Omar Khayyām Ali
Abūibn Abi al-Hazm
al-Fatah al-
Umar ibn 500000 1048 1090 mathematics
Ibrahīm al-Khayyāmi
Ibn al-Haytham
Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- 291000 Alhacen, 965 1003 physics
Ibn Bājja Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Avempace 1095 1117 astronomy
ibn al-Nafīs Yahya
Ala' al-Dīn Abū al-Hassan 258000 1213 1251 medicine
Ali ibn Abi al-Hazm al-
al-Kāshī Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd 9540000 1380 1405 mathematics
Mas’ūd al-Kāshī
ibn Sahl Abu Sa'ad al-'Alā' ibn 417000 940 970 physics
Sahl
al-Samaw'al Haytham
al-Samaw'al Ibn Yahyā 78600 Alhazen 1130 1155 mathematics
Ibn al-Haytham al-Maghribī
Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- 291000 Alhacen, 965 1003 physics
al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūni 973 1011 mathematics
Jābir ibn HayyāAbū Mūsa Jābir ibn 143000 al-Sufi (the 721 768 chemistry
Jābir ibn HayyāHayyān
Abū Mūsaal-Azdī
Jābir ibn 143000 Mystic),
al-Sufi (the 721 768 chemistry
Abbās ibn Hayyān al-Azdī
Abū al-Qāsim Abbās Ibn 113000 Mystic),
Leonardo 810 849 engineering
Firnās Firnas 245000 da Vinci of
ibn Zakariyya a Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Rhazes 854 890 medicine
ibn Zakariyya a Zakariyya al-Rāzi
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn 245000 Rhazes 854 890 medicine
Zakariyya al-Rāzi
al-Jāhith Abū Uthmān al-Jāhith 193000 776 822 literature,
ibn Mūsa Abū Ja‘far Muhammad 449000 803 838 biology
engineering,
Jābir ibn Hayyāibn
AbūMūsa
Mūsa Jābir ibn 143000 al-Sufi (the 721 768 mathematics,
chemistry
Abū al-Qāsim Hayyān al-AzdīKhalaf ibn
Abū al-Qāsim 158000 Mystic), 936 975 inhaled
al-Zahrāwi Abbās al-Zahrāwi 822 anesthesia
al-Jāhith Abū Uthmān al-Jāhith 193000 776 literature,
ibn Zakariyya a Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn 245000 Rhazes 854 890 biology
chemistry
Zakariyya al-Rāzi ibn
ibn Sīna Abu Ali al-Hussein 2180000 Aristotle of 980 1009 physics
ibn Zuhr Abdullah
Abū Marwānibn Abd
Sinaal-Malik Islam, Galen
84300 Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn Zuhr ibn
Abūabi-l-'Ala'
Marwān Abd Zuhral-Malik Avenzoar
84300 Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn abi-l-'Ala' Zuhr Avenzoar
al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūni 973 1011 polymath
ibn al-Shātir Ala' al-Dīn Abu'l-Hassan 81000 1304 1340 astronomy
Ali
Abūibn IbrahīmAhmed
ibn al- ibn
al-Farghāni al-Abbās 71600 Alfraganus 800 831 astronomy
Muhammad ibn Kathīr
al- al-
al-Zarqāli Abū Ishāq Ibrahīm 65400 Arzachel 1029 1058 astronomy
al-Khwārizmi Zarqāli
Abū Abdullah 2910000 Algorithmus 780 815 mathematics,
Omar Khayyām Muhammad
Abū al-Fatahibn Mūsa
Umar ibnal- 500000 1048 1090 astronomy
mathematics
Ibrahīm
Ghiyāth al-Khayyāmi
al-Kāshī al-Dīn Jamshīd 9540000 1380 1405 mathematics
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn 700000 Alkindus, 800 837 polymath
Ishāq
Abū Zayd 'Abd al- al-
ibn al-Sabbāh 499000 The
ibn Khaldūn 1332 1369 economics
Rahmān ibn
ibn Mūsa Abū Ja‘far Muhammad 449000 803 838 engineering,
ibn Mūsa 1369 mathematics,
ibn Khaldūn Abū Zayd 'Abd al- 499000 1332 economics
Rahmān ibn
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein ibn 2180000 Aristotle of 980 1009 medicines
Abdullah ibn Sīna 2180000 Islam, Galen 980 1009 medicine
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein ibn Aristotle of
Abdullah
Abū Yūsufibn Sīna ibn 700000 Islam, Galen
al-Kindi Ya'qūb Alkindus, 800 837 astronomy
Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh al- 88800 The
al-Battāni Abū Abdallah Albategnus, 856 893 mathematics,
Muhammad
Abū Rayhānibn Jābir ibn
al-Bīrūni 2170000 Albategni, 973 1011 astronomy
geography
al-Bīrūni
quick Specific contributions gap when?
summary 623 1621
Hindu With Al-Kindi, introduced Hindu numerals to the Arab 161 976
numerals
several world (usingmathematician
First Arabic characters representing 0-9, that can be
to solve indeterminate 312 1202
cubic problems,
Developedfirst to work freely
mathematic with irrational
techniques coefficients,
for solving cubic 192 1202
equations
the moon equations and extracting numerical roots.
Described the motion of the planets. First to explain the 265 1267
illusion
refraction & moon
One ofillusion
the first(the way we seewith
to experiment the the
moon as larger
colours when
in light, 265 1267
dispersion
decimal of shadows, rainbows and
First mathematician eclipses.
known to useDescribed the
decimal fractions 400 1350
fractions
algebraic (although
Developedsome suggest
algebraic he didn'tbyrecognise
symbolism their
using short Arabic 40 1489
symbolism
circumference words or letters as mathematical symbols.
Estimated the circumference of the earth far more 661 1491
of the Earth
decimal point accurately than
Credited with thePtolemy's
inventionfigure.
of a symbol for the decimal 580 1530
point.
heliocentricity Created a new planetary model, suggesting that all 707 1543
heliocentric planets
Reformedexcept earth planetary
Ptolemy's orbit the sun. At the
models, time it wasa
advocating 943 1543
pulmonary heliocentric model
First to correctly (sun-centered)
describe rather
pulmonary than a
transit. 309 1559
transit
solar year Measured the solar year to within 6 decimal places of 493 1582
experimental our modern
Wrote valueof(which
'The Book would be slightly different
Optics'. 602 1604
approach
light & the eye First to correctly describe sight as a function of light 602 1604
pinhole from
Madeobjects entering our eyes
major contributions to theradially
solutionin to
straight lines,
the 'billiard- 602 1604
camera
milky way ball problem',
Realised or 'Alhazen's
the Milky Way wasproblem'
made up- to
of do with finding
numerous 493 1610
metabolism individual stars.the
Came up with (n.b. there of
concept is metabolism.
debate over whether al- 364 1614
pi Calculated π to 9 sexagesimal places and translated 217 1621
law of this
Firstinto 16 study
major decimal places.for
of lenses The first to achieve
focusing such
light. Described 667 1637
refraction
least time the Law of Refraction
Discovered in 984.
the principle of least time (the path taken 648 1650
mathematical between
Developed the concept ofray
two points by a of light
proof is the path that can
by mathematical 510 1665
inductive
momentum logic induction
Discovered& contributed
the conceptto
ofthe binomial theorum.
momentum. 685 1687
inertia Discovered the law of inertia (An object at rest will 685 1687
early calculus remain at rest
Developed unless
early acted
calculus on by an
methods forunbalanced force.
the first time in 677 1687
sulphuric & his 'Mas-udi Canon ' (completed around 1031). Used
Credited with discovery of sulphuric acid & hydrochloric 968 1736
hydrochloric
evaporation & acid, and possibly
Developed severalwith the creation
chemical of aqua
techniques, inc.regia, 971 1739
other chemical
controlled crystallization,
The world's firstdistillation, evaporation,
aviator. Attempted calcination,
controlled flight in a 903 1751
aviation
clinical trial hand-glider typeearliest
Conducted the deviceknown
aged 65.
example of a clinical trial 910 1799
psychiatry using a control group.
Father of psychology and psychotherapy'. Ran the 912 1801
evolution psychiatric
Argued thatward at Baghdad
animals adapt to hospital while his Christian
their environments, a 980 1802
break from Aristotle, who believed species were
programmable With his brothers Ahmed and Hassan Mūsa, wrote the fixed 966 1804
machine
compounded 'Book of Ingenious
May have been theDevices' (850),
first to have where theyether.
compounded recorded 1074 1842
ether Pioneered the use of inhaled anaesthesia (sponges 868 1842
common soaked in narcotics).
Argued that animals with similar features must share 1037 1859
ancestry
classification common ancestry.
Building on Jābir ibn Hayyān's work, classified all 980 1869
of elements known substances into groupsofinparticles.
light = particles Believed light was composed 'The Book of Secrets'. 897 1905
cataracts Developed surgical procedures for cataracts 621 1747
kidneys Developed surgical procedures for kidney stones. 850 1976
atmospheric Introduced the study of atmospheric refraction. 809 1811
refraction
circumference Introduced triangulation methods – calculated the 607 1617
& radius of the circumference
planetary of the earth
Removed the eccentric from the
deferent height of
& equant of the
a 204 1543
models
martian year Ptolemaic
Calculatedmodels, using
a martian yearsecondary epicycles
- the Martian instead.
year part is 642 1472
cited again
Figured out and again
that the in of
path published books
the center of theonprimary
Dante,
zero epicycle of Mercury
Placed zero is not of
at the centre circular, but oval.
mathematics byHowever,
working 387 1202
cubic out what it means and how it can be used (the
Classified 13 types of cubic equation and provided concept
a 113 1202
equations
decimal general
The firsttheory
to writeforabout,
solving them. He developed
comprehend, and thoroughly 181 1585
fractions
code-making use decimal fractions. Made important
Developed new methods of code-making contributions to
and breaking, 638 1474
economic and createdmainstream
Developed the frequency analysisconcepts
economic method.centuries 293 1662
theory
as above so before
The firstthey were 'officially'
to suggest that thedescribed. e.g. labour
laws of physics value,
on earth 849 1687
below
sociology also
Fathergoverned celestial
of sociology'. bodies.
Wrote a treatise on the nature of 469 1838
splints the state and society, called
First to suggest the technique 'Muqaddima' (literally for
of delayed splintage 874 1882
eye diseases fractures,
Discovered and offered a new
& explained technique
contagious eyefor dealing with
diseases. 878 1886
time Argued that time can only have come into existence at 1095 1931
trigonometrical the beginning
Discovered of the universe,
trigonometrical not before.
ratios, & replaced
ratios geometrical methods with trigonometry
The Americas New research suggests Al-Biruni proposed for astronomical
the 482 1492
existence of the Americas in 1037. Based on
Western equivalent discovery -where possible quality of link
The first record of numerals in the west are found in the Codex direct
Vigilanus
Abu Kamilof 976. Pope
Shuja's workSylvester
was a majorII tried to spread
source knowledge of
for Fibonacci's direct
treatment
Fibonacci of algebraain
provided Liber abbaci,
positive solutionDe
to practica
the cubicgeometrie
equation inand
1202, direct
which was 3 thrillionths off the correct value. Scipione del Ferro
Building on Alhazen's work, Roger Bacon was the first to explain the direct
moon
Roger illusion
Bacon through
theorizedthe enlarged
(but couldn'tapparent distance
prove) that of the
rainbows horizon
were a direct
function of reflection & refraction of sunlight through raindrops.
Immanuel Bonfils used decimal fractions in 1350, but did not create associative
a symbol
The + & - to represent them.
mathematical Simon
symbols firstStevin was thought
appeared toJohannes
in print in be the first direct
Widman's
Columbus 1489 text. Michael
(incorrectly - failed Stifel's
to convertArithmetica integra
Arabic miles (1544)
to Roman direct
miles) usedPellos
Francesco al-Farghani's valuewas
or Pellizzati for the
the first
earth's circumference
to use the decimaltopoint direct
in a printed
Nicolaus work, although
Copernicus he did
published hisnot recognisemodel
heliocentric its significance.
of the direct
universe
Nicolaus in 1543, describing
Copernicus thehis
published sunheliocentric
as a motionless
modelbody
of thethat earth direct
universe in 1543, (aka
Realdo Columbo describing the sun
Columbus), as a motionless
described body
pulmonary that in
transit earth direct
1559. This laidXIII
Pope Gregory the introduced
foundationsthe forGregorian
William Harvey's discovery
calendar, still usedof direct
today in most
The Book of the isworld,
of Optics in 1582.
regarded It contains
as equal an appox.toerror
in significance of 27
Newton's direct
'Principa Mathematica'
Kepler (directly (1687).
influenced Alhazen's
by Alhazen) empiricalthe
presented method inspired
first theory of direct
the retinal image.
Kepler's theory of retinal images stemmed from comparing the eye direct
to the camera
Galileo obscura.
discovered that the Milky Way was made up of individual direct
stars in 1610.
Santorio Sanctorius produced the first controlled experiments in direct
human metabolism
The German (1614).
Ludolph In the 19th
Van Ceulen c, the works
calculated π to 35ofdecimal
Louis Pasteur
places direct
(published posthumously). π was known as the Leudolphine number
Harriot rediscovered the Law of Refraction in 1602. Snell advanced direct
the theory
Fermat in 1621,
stated but did
that light not publish
travelling from them in his lifetime.
A-B always takes theDescartes
quickest direct
route, a notion that became known as Fermat's Principle.
The first explicit description of mathematical induction was given by direct
Pasal in Traité
The concept ofdu triangle arithmétique
momentum was part of (1665).
Newton's second law of direct
motion.
The law of inertia was later described by Newton (1686), became direct
known
Newtonas Newton'sthe
developed firstLaws
law of
ofmotion.
Motion in Philosophiæ Naturalis direct
Principia Mathematica.
In the seventeenth century, the German-Dutch chemist Johann direct
Glauber prepared
Nils Wallerius sulfuric acid
is considered theby burning
first sulfur
to study together with
& document direct
evaporation. He was
Andrea Grimaldi awarded
reportedly flewa from
placeCalais
as theto26th member
London in a of the
large direct
bird-shaped glider.
James Lind is thought to have conducted the first proper clinical trial direct
in 1747, when he split
Moral management of his patientsdisorders
psychiatric into groups, each
began in of
thewhich
early 19th direct
century, with the
Jean-Baptiste use of comfortable
Lamarck surroundings,
is often credited with beingwork therapy,
the first &
to argue associative
for
Thethe inheritability
Jacquard loom,ofinvented
acquiredbycharacteristics, an idea known
Joseph Marie Jacquard as
in 1804, associative
used punched
Raymond Lullycards to program
is thought to have&created
automate weaving. Charles
compounded ether in the direct
13th
Raymond Lully is thought to have created compounded ether that
c. In the 16th c. Valerius Cordus & Paracelsus observed in the direct
13th c. In
Darwin the 16thcommon
proposed c. Valerius Cordus
descent in &
OnParacelsus
the Originobserved
of Speciesthat
. direct
Mendeleev's 1869 Periodic Table grouped substances with similar associative
properties & by atomic
Newton particle theory weight. Thispublished
of light was kind of classification
in 1704. His(i.e. by
theory direct
dominated for 100
Jacques Daviel years, losing
successfully favour cataracts
extracted when it failed to explain
in 1747. associative
Fernstrom & Johansson conducted kidney stone removal associative
surgery in 1976.
Friedrich Bessel produced tables of atmospheric refraction. Won the direct
Lalande
Snel usedPrize for this work
triangulation in 1811.
methods to calculate the circumference of direct
the earth, which
al-Shātir's he theories
plantary published
are his Eratosthenes
inidentical to many ofBatavus in 1617.
Copernicus'. direct
This
Dantewas
used only discovered writings
al-Farghani's in the 1950s, it had
to inform hispreviously been For
Divine Comedy. direct
example, Dante
when did the gives
west Cacciaguida's
discover age asThe
this? - unclear. 580book
martian years
(and –
other -
sources)
Fibonaccistate that people
introduced zero towrongly
the westclaim
in hishis findings
Liber Abaci.pre-empted
The direct
concept
Fibonacciofprovided
zero wasavital to the
positive work oftoDescartes
solution the cubic & Newton,inand
equation 1202, direct
which was 3 thrillionths off the correct value. Scipione del Ferro
Immanuel Bonfils used decimal fractions in 1350, but did not create direct
a symbol
Cicco to represent
Simonetta wrotethem. Simon
a manual forStevin was thought
deciphering to be in
encryptions the first direct
1474.
These economic theories have been credited to various western direct
thinkers:
Being the(e.g.
first Benjamin
to provideFranklin,
a glimpseJohn
into Locke, Thomas Aquinas),
the universality of the lawsbut
of associative
nature, his work could be said to underscore Newton's Law
Auguste Comte is known as the 'Father of Sociology'. He defined of direct
the
Thescientific studyofoffracture
specific type societyinasthe
'sociology'.
thumb that Ibn Sina derived a direct
technique for solving is known as 'Bennett's
Robert Koch discovered two types of bacteria Fracture',
in 1883; after
Johnthe
E. man direct
Weeks
Georgeslinked thoseisbacteria
Lamaître creditedwith
withpink-eye
being theinfirst
1886; Henri Perinaud
to suggest that "the direct
beginning of the world happened a little before
find Western equivalents? - I had no luck with this the beginning of -
Columbus first landed in The Americas in 1492 while searching out a direct
new route between Europe and the East Indies. He has been
Extras/general Died Location Sources
The word algebra is derived from the title of 850 Possibly from Uzbekistan.
his book, 'Kitab al-Jebr'. 930 Egypt
1048 Uzbekistan
1040 Born Basra, spent his
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
The 'al-Uqlidisi' part of his name refers to 980 productive

Damascus years in Egypt.
Euclid. 1486 Born Bastah, died Tunisia
861
980 Damascus
886 Persia
1288
1131
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1139 productive
Spain years in Egypt.
1288 Born Damascus, lived in

1429 Cairo.
1000
1180 productive years in Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1048 productive
Uzbekistanyears in Egypt.
815
Origin of 'gibberish' comes from this guy – 815 Born in Khurasan in Persia,
his works were obscure & hard to follow. 887 moved to Kufa.
Andalucia
925 Born in Rayy
Challenged quacks and charlatans. 925 Born in Rayy
Jahith translates as 'goggle-eyes' – he had 868 Born Basra, spent life in
famously huge eyes. Ruler al-Ma'mum 873 Baghdad.
815
1013
868
925 Born in Rayy
1037 Uzbekistan
1162
1162
1048 productive
1375 Syria
861
1087
850
1131
1429
First of the Abbasid polymaths. 873 His tribe was Yemeni. He
1406 was born in Basra but spent
873
1406
1037 Uzbekistan
1037 Uzbekistan
873
929 Born Syria, died Samarra
1048 Uzbekistan History Today, T
The House of Wisd
Lost History' by Michael Hamilton http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Zuhr
https://www.britannica.com/biography
http://www.historytoday.com/s-frederick-starr/so-who-did-discover-america
https://tribune.com.pk/story/657163/new-research-al-biruni-may-have-discovered-america/
://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Battani
ered-america/
BRIEF
A scrolling timeline revealing how the Middle East has culturally and intellectually influenced the west:
: Arabic words in European Languages

: Scientific discoveries of the great sages (medicine, physics, chemistry, astronomy)
: Philosophers & Great thinkers
I need some flesh on the bones of this idea. Ideally it will be some kind of timeline showing how Arab and
Islamic scientists & thinkers came up with a load of stuff before or at the same time as the West.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_scientists_and_scholars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers
http://bigthink.com/scotty-hendricks/ten-islamic-philosophers-you-dont-know-and-why-you-shoud
NOTES
Languages
Between the 9th and the 14th centuries Portuguese acquired about 800 words from Arabic by influence of
Moorish
The Arabic Iberia.
language influence is noticeable in around 500 Sicilian words, most of which relate to agriculture
and related
It is estimatedactivities
that there are over 2000 Arabic loanwords and three thousand derivatives in the Spanish
dictionary.
hundreds of words
Therefore, the from many
list of words fields
that are (including
used Arabic inventions)
or incorporated have been
into the French adapted
spoken in this into Catalan
region is potentially
endless.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages#French
Summary - there are LOADS of Arabic words in European languages
General
the standard for the scientific method for hundreds of years. It is impossible to fully understand western
thought without understanding the ideas of these thinkers.
http://bigthink.com/scotty-hendricks/ten-islamic-philosophers-you-dont-know-and-why-you-shoud
The House of Wisdom (book)

Thinkers
approach.mentioned include
For timesaving, I'vethose who were
dispensed withunder the rule
all symbols forofthese
the Abbasids,
notes, butthose whosewhen
can adjust official language was Arabic, o
we've
chosen what/who we're including.
cial language was Arabic, or who wrote their texts in Arabic.
title buy
The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved https://www.amazon.co.uk/House-Wisdom-Science-Knowledg
Ancient Knowledge
Pathfinders: and Gave
The Golden Age ofUs the Renaissance
Arabic Science https://www.amazon.co.uk/Pathfinders-Golden-Age-Arabic-Sci
Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lost-History-Enduring-Scientists-T
Thinkers and
Origin And ArtistsOf Oriental Words In European
Spread https://www.amazon.co.uk/Origin-Spread-Oriental-European-
Languages
notes
s://www.amazon.co.uk/House-Wisdom-Science-Knowledge-Renaissance/dp/0143120565/ref=pd_bxgy_14_2?_encoding=UTF8&ps
s://www.amazon.co.uk/Pathfinders-Golden-Age-Arabic-Science-x/dp/0141038365/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1500544618&sr=8-2
s://www.amazon.co.uk/Lost-History-Enduring-Scientists-Thinkers/dp/1426202806/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1500544489&sr=8-
Old text (1960s) & can't find a description for it, but keywords for the book
sound promising 'Near East, Language, Arabic, Near East, Middle East'
pd_bxgy_14_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=AN93EPW8RBRSVJHVMBB3
e=UTF8&qid=1500544618&sr=8-2&keywords=scientific+discoveries+islamic
?ie=UTF8&qid=1500544489&sr=8-4&keywords=islamic+thinkers
Major Name Location
importance
* Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani Baghdad, Iraq
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī -
* Al-Battani Harran, Turkey, Qasr al-
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) Farab, Turkistan, Bagh
* Al-Farghani -
* Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi'i Khorasan, Iran, Baghda
* al-Ghazali
Al-Idrisi (Algazel) Ceuta, Cordova, Pale
* Abu Yousuf Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi Kufa, Baghdad, Iraq
* Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di Spain, Russia, India,
* Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) Basra, Iraq
* Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) Cordoba, Spain
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari -
* Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi Baghdad
* Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen) -
* Ibn al-Nafis Damascus, Syria, Cai
* Ibn Battuta -
* Ibn Khaldun Tunis, Cairo, Egypt
* Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina Bukhara, Ray, Hamada
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) Seville, Spain
* Jabir ibn Hayyan -
* Ghiyath al-Din Abul Fateh Omar Ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapur, Samarqand
* Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Ray, Iran
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Persia
* Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkh (now Afghanista
* Thābit ibn Qurra Harran, Turkey
* Fethullah Gülen Pasinler, Turkey
* Ibn Al-Baitar -
* Fakhr al-Din al-Razi -
* Saadia Gaon -
* Yahya ibn Adi Tikrit, Iraq
* Sohrevardi Persia
* -
* Kâtip Çelebi
Dara Shikoh India
* Muhammad Abduh Egypt
* Fatema Mernissi Morrocco
‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani -
Abbas Ibn Firnas -
Abd al-Hamid al-Katib -
Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk -
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi -
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi -
Abd el-Latif el-Baghdadi Baghdad, Iraq
Abdul Kalam -
Abdul Qadeer Khan Pakistan
Abdus Salam Pakistan
Abhari -
Abolfadl Harawi -
Abu 'Ali al-Khayyat -
Abu Ahmad Monajjem -
Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, -
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari -
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī -
Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri -
Abu al-Jud -
Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam -
Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri -
Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari Yemen
Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari -
Abu Dawood -
Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi -
Abu Hafsa Yazid -
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man -
Abu Hanifa Dinawari -
Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi -
Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani -
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel) -
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), -
Abu Ja'far ibn Habash -
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam -
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE) -
Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Baghdad, Iraq
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi -
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani Sanaa, Yemen
Abu Nasr Mansur -
Abu Nu`aym -
Abu Sa'id Gorgani -
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī Kuhi, India
Abu Sulayman Sijistani -
Abu ul-Ala Shirazi -
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, -
Abu Yusuf -
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 850
Abu Zayn Kahhal -
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi -
Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi -
Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, -
Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami -
Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi -
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi Damascus, Syria
Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi -
Abubakr Esfarayeni -
Abul Ala Maududi -
Adud al-Dawla -
Ahmad al-Qalqashandi Nile Delta, Egypt
Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din -
Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi -
Ahmad ibn Fadlan Baghdad, Iraq
Ahmad ibn Farrokh -
Ahmad ibn Mājid Oman
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi -
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir -
Ahmad ibn Yusuf Baghdad, Iraq, Egypt
Ahmad Khani -
Ahmad Nahavandi -
Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi -
Akhtar Hameed Khan Pakistan
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī -
Al-Asma'i Basra, Iraq
Al-Baghawi -
Al-Bakri -
Al-Baladhuri -
Al-Baqillani Basra, Iraq
Al-Bayhaqi -
al-Birjandi -
Al-Dakhwar -
Al-Dimashqi -
Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar -
Al-Harith ibn Kalada -
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir -
Al-Isfizari -
Al-Jahiz Basra, Iraq
Al-Jayyani -
Al-Jazari -
Al-Jubba'i -
Al-Karaji -
Al-Kaŝkarī -
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi Oman
Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician -
Al-Khazini -
Al-Mahani -
Al-Majriti -
Al-Maqrizi -
Al-Marrakushi -
Al-Marwazi -
Al-Masihi -
Al-Maʿarri Syria
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud -
Al-Nasa'i, -
Al-Nasawi -
Al-Nayrizi -
Al-Quda'i Fatimid, Egypt
Al-Ruhawi -
Al-Saghani -
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi -
Al-Sijzi -
Al-Tamimi -
Al-Wabkanawi -
Al-Zarqali Spain
Al-Zuhri -
Alavi Shirazi -
Albubather -
Ali al-Qari -
Ali Ben Isa -
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas) -
Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi -
Ali ibn Ridwan Giza, Egypt
Ali Javan Iran
Ali Musharafa Egypt
Ali Qushji -
Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat -
Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud -
Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah -
Anvari -
Aqa-Kermani -
Aqsara'i -
Arzani, Muqim -
Astarabadi -
Atta ur Rahman -
Aufi, Muhammad -
Averroes -
Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani -
Aziz Sancar Turkey
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie Indonesia
Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī Sheikh Baalbek, Lebanon, Isfah
Bahmanyār -
Balkhi, Ibn, -
bin Musa, Ahmad -
bin Musa, Hasan -
Borzuya, a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib -
Bukhtishu -
Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn -
Bukhtishu, Yuhanna -
Cahit Arf 1910 Selanik Thessaloniki, Istanbul
Cumrun Vafa, Iranian -
Domiyat -
Estakhr -
Evliya Çelebi -
Farghani a.k.a. Alfraganus -
Farouk El-Baz -
Fazari, Ibrahim -
Fazari, Mohammad -
Fazl b. Ruzbihan Khunji -
Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi -
Feyz Kashani, Mohsen -
Firishta -
Gamal Hamdan -
Gardezi, Abu Said -
Gilani, Hakim -
Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi -
Haji Bektash Veli -
Hakim Ghulam Imam -
Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi -
Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan -
Hakim Nishaburi -
Hallaj -
Haly Abenragel Kairouan, Tunisia
Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali -
Hamdallah Mustawfi -
Hammam ibn Munabbih -
Hamza al-Isfahani -
Hanbal, Ahmad Ibn -
Harawi, Abolfadl -
Harawi, Ali -
Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf -
Harawi, Muwaffak -
Hasan al-Turabi -
Hasani, Qavameddin -
Haseb Tabari -
Hassan al-Banna -
Hassan Hanafi Cairo, Egypt
Hayat Sindi Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi -
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel) -
Hunayn ibn Ishaq -
Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath -
Ibn Abi Ishaq -
Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi -
Ibn Abi Sadiq -
Ibn Abi Usaibia Damascus, Syria
Ibn al-Banna' -
Ibn al-Durayhim -
Ibn al-Faqih -
Ibn al-Jazzar Qairwan, Tunis
Ibn al-Muqaffa' -
Ibn al-Quff -
Ibn al-Shatir Damascus, Syria
Ibn Al-Thahabi Valencia, Spain
Ibn al-Wardi -
Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili -
Ibn Arabi -
Ibn Babawayh -
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) -
Ibn Bibi -
Ibn Duraid Basra, Baghdad, Iraq
Ibn Hawqal Baghdad, Iraq
Ibn Hindu -
Ibn Hubal Baghdad, Iraq
Ibn Jazla -
Ibn Jubayr Valencia, Spain, Egyp
Ibn Jumay‘ -
Ibn Khordadbeh -
Ibn Manda -
Ibn Miskawayh -
Ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī Cordoba, Jaen, Spain
Ibn Qutaybah -
Ibn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes) Andalucia, Spain
Ibn Rustah -
Ibn Sahl -
Ibn Sirin -
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi -
Ibn Taymiyyah -
Ibn Tufail Marrakech, Morocco
Ibn Uthal -
Ibn Yunus -
Ibrahim al-Fazari -
Ikhwan al-Safa Basra, Iraq
Ilaqi, Yusef -
Iranshahri -
Isfahani Abol-fath -
Isfahani, Husayn -
Isfahani, Jalaleddin -
Ismail al-Jazari -
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) -
Jabril ibn Bukhtishu -
Jafar al-Sadiq -
Jaghmini -
Jaldaki -
Jamal al-Din, astronomer -
Jamasp, philosopher -
Jami -
Jamshid-i Kashani -
Javed Ahmed Ghamdi -
Juvayni -
Juwayni -
Juzjani, Abu Ubaid -
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī -
Karaji -
Kashfi, Jafar -
Kerim Kerimov -
Kermani, Iwad -
Kermani, Shams-ud-Din -
Khalid ibn Barmak -
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) -
Khorasani, Sultan Ali -
Kubra, Najmeddin -
Kushyar Gilani -
Lagari Hasan Çelebi -
M. A. Muqtedar Khan -
Ma Yize China
Mahani -
Mahbub ul Haq Pakistan
Mahmoud Hessaby Iran
Majusi, Ibn Abbas -
Mansur ibn Ilyas -
Marvazi, Abu Taher -
Masarjawaih -
Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda Tokyo, Ankara
Masawaiyh, or Masuya -
Maslama al-Majriti Spain
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -
Mehran Kardar Iran
Mimar Sinan also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ -
Mir Damad -
Mirza Ali Hakim -
Miskawayh -
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi -
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal -
Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr -
Mohammad Samir Hossain -
Mostafa El-Sayed -
Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi -
Muhammad al-Bukhari -
Muhammad al-Fazari -
Muhammad al-Idrisi -
Muhammad Al-Muqaddasi Jerusalem, Palestine
Muhammad Bal'ami -
Muhammad Baqir Behbahani -
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi -
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi -
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi -
Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi -
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi) -
Muhammad Iqbal -
Muhammad Tamimi Palestine
Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh
Muhammad Zarrindast -
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī -
Mulla Sadra -
Munir Ahmed Khan Pakistan
Munir Nayfeh Palestinian/American
Muqatil ibn Sulayman, -
Mūsā ibn Shākir -
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj -
Nafi ibn al-Harith -
Nagawri -
Nahavandi, Ahmad -
Nahavandi, Benjamin -
Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī -
Nakhshabi -
Naqshband, Baha ud-Din -
Nasavi -
Nasir Khusraw -
Natili Tabari -
Naubakht -
Naubakht, Fadhl ibn -
Nawbakhti, Ruh -
Nawbakhty -
Nayef Al-Rodhan -
Nazif ibn Yumn -
Nizam al-Din Nishapuri -
Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) Morocco, Seville, Spain
Nurbakhshi -
Omar M. Yaghi Amman, Jordan
Paul the Persian -
Piri Reis -
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī -
Quassim Cassam -
Qumi, Qazi Sa’id -
Qumri -
Qushayri, Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin -
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi -
Rashid al-Ghannushi -
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani -
Rashidun al-Suri -
Razi, Amin -
Razi, Najmeddin -
Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) -
Riazuddin Pakistan
Rostam Gorgani -
Rufaida Al-Aslamia -
Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi -
Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni -
Safi al-Din al-Urmawi -
Saghani Ostorlabi -
Sahl ibn Bishr -
Sahl, Fadl ibn -
Sahl, Shapur ibn -
Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century -
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb -
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui -
Samar Mubarakmand Pakistan
Samarqandi, Najibeddin -
Sameera Moussa Egypt
Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad -
Shah Abdul Hannan South Asia
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi -
Shahid Hussain Bokhari Pakistan
Shahrastani -
Shahrazuri -
Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah -
Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī Damascus, Syria
Shams al-Din al-Khafri -
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī -
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) -
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī -
Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi -
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb -
Shaykh Tusi -
Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi -
Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud -
Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas -
Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani -
Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas -
Shirazi, Qurayshi -
Shirazi, Sultan Waezin -
Sibawayh -
Sibt al-Maridini -
Sijzi -
Sijzi, Mas'ud -
Sind ibn Ali -
Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din -
Sulaiman Al Mahri -
Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood Pakistan
Syed Qutb -
Syed Ziaur Rahman -
Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim -
Tabari Amoli -
Tabari, Abul Hasan -
Tabari, ibn Farrukhan -
Tabari, Ibn Sahl -
Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali -
Taftazani -
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf -
Taqiuddin al-Nabhani -
Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir -
Tirmidhi -
Tughra'i -
Tunakabuni -
Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk -
Tusi, Sharafeddin -
Ulugh Beg -
Usama ibn Munqidh Damascus, Syria
Waddah al-Yaman Yemen? Damascus, Syr
Waqidi -
Wassaf -
Ya'qubi -
Yahya ibn Abi Mansur -
Yahya ibn Ma'in -
Yaqut al-Hamawi -
Yaʿīsh ibn Ibrāhīm al-Umawī Damascus, Syria
Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq -
Yunus Al-Katib Al-Mughanni -
Yunus ibn Habib -
Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud -
Zakariya al-Qazwini -
Zamakhshari -
Zarir Jurjani -
Zayn al-Din Gorgani -
Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji -
Zayn-e-Attar -
Zeynalabdin Shirvani -
-
Born Died Field
940 997 mathematician
973 1048 anthropologist
858 929 astronomer, mathematician
872 950 polymath
800/805 870 astronomer
1058 1128 theologian
1099 1166 geographer, cartographer
801 873 philosopher, mathematician, astronomer,
- 957 physician, geographer philosopher
historian, geographer,
972 1058 judge, diplomat
936 1013 surgeon
838 870 physician
9th century 840? mathematician, astronomer,
965 1040
geographer
physicist
1213 1288 physician, author
1304 1369 geographer/earth scientist
1332 1395 philosopher
980 1037 physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, m
1091 1161 physician
821/721 915/815 Polymath
1044 1123 poet, mathematician, astronomer
864 930 Hakim, alchemist, philosopher
1201 1274 polymath
1207 1273 mystic
826 901 mathematician, physician, astronomer,
1941 - translator
preacher, imam, writer
1197 1248 physician, botanist, scientist
1149 1209 scientist, philosopher, theologian
882 942 rabbi, linguist, theologian
893 974 Logician, physician
1154 1191 philosopher, mystic.
1609 1657 historian, geographer
1849 1905 scholar, jurist, reformer, philosopher
1940 2015 sociologist
- - Islamic scholar
810 887 chemist/alchemist
- 756 writer
- - mathematician
- - geographer/earth scientist
903 986 astronomer
1162 1231 physician, historian, Egyptologist
- - aeronautical engineer, nuclear
1936 - scientist
metallurgist, nuclear scientist
- - physicist
- - mathematician
10th century 10th century astronomer
770 835 astrologer
855/56 912 music theorist, literary historian
- - mathematician, astronomer
874 936 Shafi'i scholar, theologian
- - theologian, philosopher
- - mathematician
- 1174 physician, musician, astrologer
18th century 18th century physician
- - physician
817 889 Islamic scholar
- - theologian, mufassir, muhaddith,
- - historian
physician
699 - Islamic jurisprudence scholar
815 896 polymath
- - Ismaili philosopher
1029 1087 astronomer
900 971 mathematician, astronomer
- - -
787 886 astronomer
980 1037 arithmetic
- - Islamic scholar
893 945 geographer, historian, astronomer
970 1036 astronomer
- - Islamic scholar
- - philosopher
- 1001 physician
- - Ismaili philosopher
731 798 Islamic jurisprudence scholar
934 - geographer, mathematician
940 1000 physician
940 1000 astronomer
12th century 12th century traveler, merchant, sailor
- - astrologer
- - -
- - historian
- - historian, Islamic scholar
13th century? 13th century? physician
- - political scientist
936 983 scientific patron
1355/1356 1418 writer, mathematician
11th century 11th century physician, chemist
- - historian, traveller
10th century 10th century writer, traveler
1432 1500? navigator, poet
- - Islamic scholar
- - -
8th-9th century 8th-9th century astronomer
- - psychologist
- - social scientist
800 860 geometer
739 831 zoology, botany, animal husbandry
1014 1094 geographer, historian
- 892 historian
- 1013 theologian, scholar, Maliki lawyer
- - faqih, muhadith
- 1528 astronomer, mathematician
1170 1230 physician
1256 1327 geographer
- 634-35 physician
- - mathematician
11th-12th centur11th-12th centurmathematician, astronomer
776 869 historian, biologist, author
- - mathematician
- 915 Mu'tazili theologian, philosopher
10th century 10th century mathematician
930? - physician
718 791 writer, philologist
- - astronomer

- 1007/1008 astronomer
1364 1442 economist
- - mathematician
- 999 geographer/earth scientist
973 1057 Arab philosopher, poet, writer
- - mathematician
- - hadith collector
- - mathematician
865 922 astronomer
- 1062 judge, preacher, historian
- 990 historian
- - mathematician
- - astronomer
1028 1087 mathematician, astronomer, instrument
- 897/8 maker
geographer
1670 1747 physician
- - physician, astrologer
- - Islamic scholar
9th century 9th century -
- - scientist
- - jurist, Shia scholar
988 1061 astronomer, geometer
20th century 20th century physicist
- - nuclear physicist
1403 1474 mathematician, astronomer, physician
13th century 13th century scholar, physician
1300 1352 physician
- 1379 physician
- - chemist/alchemist
1171 1242 scientist, historian
1126 1198 -
- - jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet,
- - mathematician
biochemist
- - aerospace engineer
1547 1621 poet, mathematician, astronomer,
- - engineer,
philosopherdesigner, faghih (religious
- - geographer
8th century? 8th century? -
940 1058 -
- - theoretical physicist, string theorist
11th century 11th century explorer
- 957 geographer
- 880 astronomer
- - scientist
- 777 mathematician, astronomer
1455 1521 religious scholar, historian, political
20th century 20th century writer
Structural Engineer
- 1680 theologian
1560 1620 historian
- 1061 geographer, historian
- 1609 physician
- - mathematician, astronomer,
- - geographer
mystic
- - physician
858 922 mystic-philosopher
- 1037 astrologer
1314 1384 poet, philosopher
- - Islamic scholar
893 961? philologist, historian
- 1215 traveller
- 1542 physician
10th century 10th century pharmacologist
- - astronomer
1935 - philosopher
1991 - medical scientist
- - mathematician
- - physician
- 735 grammarian
1203 1270 physician, historian
- - mathematician
1312 1359/62 cryptologist
- - historian, geographer
10th century 10th century physician, author
- 756 -
1233 1286 physician
1304 1375 astronomer, mathematician, engineer,
- 1033 inventor
physician
1292 1342 historian
1213? - astronomer, mathematician
1165 1240 Islamic scholar, philosopher
923 991 theologian
1085 1138 polymath
13th century 13th century historian
837 934 geographer, genealogist, poet, philologist
943 969? writer, geographer, chronicler
1019 1032 physician
1122 1213 physician, scientist
1145 1217 geographer, traveller, poet
- 1198 physician
820 912 geographer
Hadith scholar
1030 - economist
989 1079 mathematician, author
828 885 historian
12th century 12th century mathematician, philosopher, medical
9th century 9th century expert
explorer, geographer
10th century 10th century mathematician, physicist
654 728 -
- - mathematician
1263 1328 economist
1105 1185 Andalusian writer, novelist, Islamic
7th century 7th century philosopher,
physician Islamic theologian,
950 1009 mathematician, astronomer

- 777 astronomer
10th century 10th century philosophers
9th century 9th century philosopher
12 century 12 century polymath, mathematician, inventor
- - mathematician
- 1342 physician
- - astronomer
- - philosopher
- - philosopher
- - philosopher
1226 1283 historian
1028 1085 philosopher, theologian
- 1070 physician
1775/6 1850/1 theologian
- - scientist
- - physician
705 782 -
- 404 chemist/alchemist
1145 1220 -
971 1029 mathematician, geographer,
-
910? 1005 astronomer, astrologist
- - economist
20th century 20th century physicist
- 890 physician
777 857 -
- 1008/1007 Arab Muslim scholar, astronomer
- - theoretical physicist
1489 1888 -
- - philosopher
- 1566 astronomer
- - theorist
1933 - chemist/alchemist
1100 1165 geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist
946? - medieval Arab geographer
- - historian
- 1278/9 -
780 850 mathematician and astronomer
- - philosopher
- - economist
11th century 11th century oculist
- - mathematician
- - nuclear scientist
- - particle physicist
- - mufassir of Quran
- - astronomer
- 634-35 physician
- - Jewish scholar
- - logician, philosopher
1004 1088 scientist, Ismaili scholar,
10th century 10th century mathematician, philosopher, traveler,
physician
9th century 9th century architect
4th century 4th century Islamic scholar, philosopher
1959 - -
- 990 mathematician
- - mathematician, astronomer, jurist,
- 1204 exegete, poet
astronomer, philosopher
1965 - chemistry
- - mathematician
- - philosopher
1247 1318 historian, physician, politician
1177 1241 physician, botanist
16th century 16th century geographer
1177 1256 mystic
854 932 chemist, physicist
- - theoretical physicist
620 - physician
1797 1873 poet, philosopher
1216 1294 musician
- 990 astronomer
786 845? astrologer, mathematician
- 818 astronomer
- 869 physician
1897 1994 chemist
nuclear scientist
1917 1952 nuclear physicist
- 1096 Islamic scholar
- - economist
- - parallel and distributed computing
1086 1153 historian of religions
13th century 13th century philosopher, physician
- - astrologer
- 1012 economist
- - physician
- - physician
- - historian, biographer
- 1330 physician
- - linguist, grammarian
1423 1506 astronomer, mathematician
- 864 astronomer
- - nuclear engineer, nuclear physicist
- - -
839 970 historian
- 815 astrologer, architect
783 858 physician
1322 1390 theologian, linguist
819 893 linguist
1061 1122 physician
1018 1092 -
- 1213/14 mathematician
1095 1188 Arab historian, politician, diplomat
- 709 poet
748 822 historian
- - historian
- 897/898 geographer
- 830 astronomer
- - Islamic scholar
1179 1229 biographer, geographer
- - musician
- - linguist
1203 1283 physician, astronomer, geographer
1074/5 1143/4 scholar, geographer
9th century 9th century mathematician, astronomer
1041 1136 royal physician
- - philosopher, logician
- 1403 physician
- - geographer, philosopher, poet
-
Detail https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-mode
Major contributions in geometry and trigonometry. One of
the last Arabic translators of Greek works.
considered the "first anthropologist" and father of
Indology
Determined the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46
minutes & 24 seconds, close to modern estimates.
Pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies.
Divided'Elements
Wrote the studyofofAstronomy'.
logic into 'idea' and 'proof'.
Determined Invented
the diameter
of the earth and other planets.
Known as one of the greatest ever theologians of Islam.
Compiled all known data on medicinal plants, and translated
them in 6foundation
Laid the labguages.forContributed to economics
much of modern & geography.
arithmetic. Refuted
alchemy. Contributed to geometrical optics. Created a dosage
the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical
geography.
author of influential works on governance and ethics, expert in
political science.medieval surgeon, wrote comprehensive
Islam's greatest
medical texts combining Middle-Eastern, Indian and Greco-
Pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical
psychology. TutoredInvented
flourished 813-833. Zakariyasystematic
al-Razi. Wrote a medical
algebra.
Developed astronomical tables. Developed the decimal
founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics,
phenomenology
the first to describeand visual perception
pulmonary circulation, compiled a medical
encyclopedia and wrote
Wrote the Rihlah numerous
- famous works on other subjects
travel book.
forerunner of social sciences such as demography,
culturalthe
Cured history,
King ofhistoriography,
Bukhhara fromphilosophy of history,
an illness after many
prominent physicians had failed. Wrote al'Qanun (The
pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology
considered the father of chemistry; emphasized systematic
experimentation, and did much
Classified most algebraic to free created
equations, alchemyafrom
solar
calendar more
Contributed accurate
major thaninthe
findings later Georgian
medicine. calendar.
First treatise on
smallpox and chickenpox. Wrote a complete medical
Translated Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Autolycus, and
Theodosius of Bithynia.
Major contributions Wrote over
to Islamic 150 works
philosophy, of prose
largely in
through
poetry.
Studied under the Banu Musa brothers. Translated body of
works
Authorfrom Greek
of over 60tobooks.
Arabic. Extended
Voted understandings
the world's of
top intellectual
in a surveymedieval
Recorded by Prospect magazine
discoveries (over
made by500k votes cast).
Islamic
physicians.
Proposed models of the cosmos, wrote The Great
Commentary
Worked on Hebrew(Tafsirlinguisitcs,
Al-Kabeer)translation
on the Qur'an.
of Hebrew texts,
preventing a schism in Judaism. First foreign head of an
Translated Greek philosophy into Arabic, defended
Christian
Founder of theology.
Islamic school of Illuminationism.
Wrote a bibliographic encyclopaedia, responsible for major
social change
Translated in Ottoman
classic SanskritEmpire.
texts, established a library still
used today, contributed to understanding
Founder of the school of Islamic Modernism, of Hindu and
theorised
application
studied the of Islamic
role liberal
of women in thought to Islamic
Islamic thought, nations.
argued the
condition of women in Islamic countries is counter to
founder of Arabic prose along with fellow Persian Ibn

Muqaffa
invented the meridian ring
President of India
winner of Nobel Prize in 1979

flourished 1262-1265
pioneer of symbolic algebra
pioneer of neurosurgery
wrote two works on arithmetic, may have anticipated the
invention of decimals
member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the Volga

Bulgars
1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive
psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and
pioneer of microcredit
pioneer in his fields

compiled the first dictionary of the Arabic language, the Kitab
al-Ayn
flourished 1115-1130
Avicenn'a master
he was blind
one of the earliest historians of science
contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo
royal physician to Mughal Empire of South Asia
pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and

neurophysiology
with Khalid Ben Abdulmelik
pioneer of Parkinson's disease
the first Muslim biologist awarded the Nobel Prize

President of Indonesia
physician of Academy of Gundishapur

Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
Christian physician in Persia
Christian physician
gives the earliest known account of windmills
NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with

the Apollo program
Royal physician
best known for his Kitāb al-bāri' fi ahkām an-nujūm
astronomer of Buyid dynasty
professor and chair of philosophy at Cairo University

known for making major contributions to point-of-care medical
testing and biotechnology
earliest known grammarian of the Arabic language
"The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple

wrote Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba (Lives of the
Physicians)
founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
worked at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria,

developed
author of ananencyclopedia
original astronomical model
of medicine
historian of the Seljuks of Rum
author of a medical compendium
known for his detailed travel journals
author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
The Brethren of Purity, a group of neo-Platonic Arabic

philosophers
Avicenna's pupil
teacher of Muhammad Zakaria Razi
founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind
first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect
Buddhist from Khorasan in the court of al-Mansur,

initiated the Greek translation movement of the Abbasid
worked as the chief official of the astronomical observatory of

the Song dynasty
developer of Human Development Index and founder of

Human Development Report
author and one of the few Muslim scientists in the field of

death anxiety research
author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best
Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions)
he gave the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and

9,437,056
creator of algorithm and algebra
Nobel Prize winner, pioneer of microfinance
designer of the city of Baghdad
the Alpetragius crater on the Moon is named after him
chemistry professor at the University of California, Berkeley

known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and
experimental development of the linear accelerator
pioneer of Islamic banking
compiled extensive tables for astronomical use

pioneer of Environmental Pharmacovigilance
Jewish convert, master of Rhazes
the great vizier
famous for his erotic and romantic poems

wrote works on mensuration and arithmetic
https://en.wikiped https://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/scholars.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists
s://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/scholars.html
yes short name full name google hits AKA Born middle Field
1 Jābir ibn HayyāAbū Mūsa Jābir ibn 131000 al-Sufi (the 721 age 768 chemistry
1 Jābir ibn HayyāHayyān
Abū Mūsaal-Azdī
Jābir ibn Mystic),
1 Hayyān al-Azdī Mystic),
Jābir ibn HayyāAbū Mūsa Jābir ibn al-Sufi (the 721 768 chemistry
al-Khwārizmi Hayyān
1 al-Azdī
Abū Abdullah Mystic),
Algorithmus 780 815 mathematics,
1 Muhammad
Abū Uthmānibn Mūsa al- 822 astronomy
al-Jāhith al-Jāhith 776 literature,
1 al-Jāhith Abū Uthmān al-Jāhith 776 822 biology
literature,
1 al-Farghāni Abū al-Abbās Ahmed ibn Alfraganus 800 831 biology
geography
1 Muhammad ibn Kathīribn
al-
al-Farghāni Abū al-Abbās Ahmed Alfraganus 800 831 astronomy
1 Muhammad ibn Kathīr
ibn al-
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb Alkindus, 800 837 astronomy
1 Abū Ma'shar al- Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh
Abū Ma'shar al-
Ja'far ibn The
Albumasar 787 837 astronomy
1 Balkhi Muhammad ibn Umar
ibn al-
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb Alkindus, 800 837 polymath
1 Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh al- The
ibn Mūsa Abū Ja‘far Muhammad 803 838 engineering,
1 ibn
AbūMūsa 803 838 mathematics,
ibn Mūsa Ja‘far Muhammad engineering,
1 Abbās ibn ibn
AbūMūsa
al-Qāsim Abbās Ibn Leonardo 810 849 mathematics,
engineering
1 Firnās Firnas da Vinci of
ibn Zakariyya a Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Rhazes 854 890 chemistry
ibn Zakariyya a Zakariyya
1 al-Rāzi
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Rhazes 854 890 chemistry,
1 Zakariyya al-Rāzi 890 medicine
ibn Zakariyya a Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Rhazes 854 chemistry,
1 Zakariyya
Abū Kāmilal-Rāzi 890 medicine
Abū Kāmil Shujā The 850 mathematics
1 Egyptian
al-Battāni Abū Abdallah Albategnus, 856 893 mathematics,
1 Muhammad ibnal-Uqlīdisi
Jābir ibn Albategni, 950 astronomy
al-Uqlīdisi Abū al-Hassan 920 mathematics
1 al-Uqlīdisi Abū al-Hassan al-Uqlīdisi 920 950 mathematics
1 ibn Sahl Abu Sa'ad al-'Alā' ibn 940 970 mathematics
1 Abū al-Qāsim Sahl
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn 936 975 inhaled
1 al-Zahrāwi Abbās
Abū Alial-Zahrāwi 1003 anesthesia
Ibn al-Haytham al-Hassan Ibn al- Alhacen, 965 physics,
1 Ibn al-Haytham Haytham
Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- Alhazen
Alhacen, 965 1003 astronomy
physics,
1 Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- Alhazen
physics,
physics,
physics,
physics,
physics,
physics,
physics,
1 Haytham Alhazen 1009 astronomy
ibn Sīna Abu Ali al-Hussein ibn Aristotle of 980 physics,
1 Abdullah ibn al-Bīrūni
Sina Islam, Galen 1011 philosophy
al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān 973 polymath
1 al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūni 973 1011 polymath
1 al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūni 973 1011 polymath
1 al-Zarqāli Abū Ishāq Ibrahīm al- Arzachel 1029 1058 astronomy
1 Omar Khayyām Zarqāli
Abū al-Fatah Umar ibn 1048 1090 mathematics
1 Ibrahīm al-Khayyāmi
Ibn Bājja Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Avempace 1095 1117 astronomy
1 ibn Zuhr Yahya
Abū Marwān Abd al-Malik Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn abi-l-'Ala' Zuhr Avenzoar
1 al-Samaw'al al-Samaw'al Ibn Yahyā 1130 1155 mathematics
1 ibn al-Nafīs al-Maghribī
Ala' al-Dīn Abū al-Hassan 1213 1251 medicine
1 ibn al-Nafīs Ali
Ala'ibn Abi Abū
al-Dīn al-Hazm al-
al-Hassan 1213 1251 medicine
1 Ali
Abūibn Abi'Abd
al-Hazm
al- al-
ibn Khaldūn Zayd 1332 1369 economics
1 Rahmān
Abū Zaydibn
ibn Khaldūn 'Abd al- 1332 1369 economics
1 Rahmān ibn
al-Kāshī Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd 1380 1405 mathematics
1 Mas’ūd al-Kāshī
al-Qalasādi Abū al-Hasan ibn al- 1412 1449 mathematics
m Qalasādi
al-Tūsi Muhammad ibn 1201 601 astronomy,
m Muhammad ibn Hasan al- 815 mathematics
al-Khwārizmi Abū Abdullah Algorithmus 780 mathematics,
m Muhammad ibn Mūsa
ibnal- 1009 astronomy
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein Aristotle of 980 medicine
m Abdullah ibn Sīna ibn Islam, Galen
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein Aristotle of 980 1009 medicines
m Omar Khayyām Abdullah ibn Sīna
Abū al-Fatah Umar ibn Islam, Galen 1048 1090 mathematics
m Ibrahīm al-Khayyāmi
ibn al-ShātirAla' al-Dīn Abu'l-Hassan 1304 1340 astronomy
m Ali ibn Ibrahīm ibn al- 1380 1405 mathematics
al-Kāshī Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd
Mūsa ibn MaymMas’ūd al-Kāshī
Abū 'Imran Mūsa ibn Moses 1135 568 philosophy,
Maymūn ibn Abdallah al- Maimonides 601 medicine
al-Tūsi Muhammad ibn 1201 astronomy,
Muhammad
Muhammad ibn ibn Hasan al- 1201 601 mathematics
al-Tūsi astronomy,
Muhammad
Muhammad ibn ibn Hasan al- 601 mathematics
al-Tūsi 1201 astronomy,
Jābir ibn HayyāMuhammad
Abū Mūsa Jābir ibn Hasan
ibn al- al-Sufi (the 721 768 mathematics
chemistry
Abū Mūsa al-Azdī
Jābir ibn Mystic),
Hayyān al-Azdī Mystic),
Jābir ibn HayyāAbū Mūsa Jābir ibn al-Sufi (the 721 768 chemistry
Abū Mūsa al-Azdī
Jābir ibn Mystic),
Hayyān al-Azdī Mystic),
al-Khwārizmi Abū Abdullah Algorithmus 780 815 mathematics,
al-Khwārizmi Muhammad
Abū Abdullah ibn Mūsa al- Algorithmus 780 815 astronomy
mathematics,
Muhammad ibn Mūsa ibn
al- 831 astronomy
al-Farghāni Abū al-Abbās Ahmed Alfraganus 800 geography
Muhammad ibn Kathīribnal-
al-Farghāni Abū al-Abbās Ahmed Alfraganus 800 831 geography
Muhammad ibn Kathīr
ibn al-
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb Alkindus, 800 837 medicine,
Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh al- The 837 psychology
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn Alkindus, 800 polymath
Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh al- The
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn Alkindus, 800 837 polymath
Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh al- The
al-Kindi Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn Alkindus, 800 837 polymath
ibn Zakariyya a Ishāq ibn al-Sabbāh
Abū Bakr Muhammad al-ibn The
Rhazes 854 890 chemistry,
ibn Zakariyya a Zakariyya al-Rāzi
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Rhazes 854 890 medicine
chemistry,
Zakariyya al-Rāzi 893 medicine
al-Battāni Abū Abdallah Albategnus, 856 astronomy
Muhammad ibn Jābir ibn Albategni,
al-Battāni Abū Abdallah Albategnus, 856 893 astronomy
al-Battāni Abū Abdallah Albategnus, 856 893 astronomy
al-Farābi Abū Nasr al-Farābi 870 910 philiosophy
Abū al-Qāsim Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn 936 975 medicine
al-Zahrāwi
Abū al-Qāsim Abbās al-Zahrāwi
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn 936 975 medicine
al-Zahrāwi
Abū al-Qāsim Abbās al-Zahrāwi
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn 936 975 medicine
al-Zahrāwi Abbās al-Zahrāwi
Ibn al-Haytham Abū Ali al-Hassan Ibn al- Alhacen, 965 1003 physics,
Haytham Alhazen 1009 astronomy
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein ibn Aristotle of 980 physics,
Abdullah ibn Sīna Islam, Galen philosophy
ibn Sīna Abū Ali al-Hussein ibn Aristotle of 980 1009 physics,
Abdullah ibn al-Bīrūni
Sīna Islam, Galen 1011 philosophy
al-Bīrūni Abū Rayhān 973 polymath
al-Zarqāli Abū Ishāq Ibrahīm al- Arzachel 1029 1058 astronomy
ibn Zuhr Zarqāli
Abū Marwān Abd al-Malik Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn Zuhr ibn
Abūabi-l-'Ala'
Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn Zuhr ibn
Abūabi-l-'Ala'
Abumeron, 1091 1127 medicine
ibn
Abūabi-l-'Ala' Zuhr Avenzoar
ibn Rushd al-Walīd Muhammd Averroes 1126 1162 philosophy
ibn
AbūAhmed ibn Rushd
ibn Rushd al-Walīd Muhammd Averroes 1126 1162 philosophy
ibn Ahmed ibn Jamshīd
Rushd
al-Kāshī Ghiyāth al-Dīn 1380 1405 mathematics
Mas’ūd
Ghiyāthal-Kāshī
al-Kāshī al-Dīn Jamshīd 1380 1405 mathematics
quick Specific contributions gap when?
summary
compounded May have been the first to have compounded ether. 1074 1842
ether
evaporation & Developed several chemical techniques, inc. 971 1739
other chemical
sulphuric & crystallization, distillation,
Credited with discovery of evaporation,
sulphuric acidcalcination,
& hydrochloric 968 1736
hydrochloric
Hindu acid, and possibly
With Al-Kindi, with the
introduced creation
Hindu of aqua
numerals to regia,
the Arab 161 976
numerals
common world
Argued(using characters
that animals withrepresenting 0-9, must
similar features that can be
share 1037 1859
ancestry
evolution common ancestry.
Argued that animals adapt to their environments, a 980 1802
circumference break fromthe
Estimated Aristotle, who believed
circumference of thespecies were
earth far fixed
more 661 1491
of the Earth
martian year accurately
Calculated than Ptolemy's
a martian year figure.
- check 642 1472
time Argued that time can only have come into existence at 1095 1931
heliocentricity the beginning
Created a newofplanetary
the universe,
model,notsuggesting
before. that all 707 1543
frequency planets except
Developed newearth orbit of
methods the sun. At the time
code-making it was
and breaking, 638 1474
analysis
programmable and
Withcreated the frequency
his brothers Ahmed andanalysis
Hassanmethod.
Mūsa, wrote the 966 1804
machine
as above so 'Book of Ingenious Devices' (850), where they
The first to suggest that the laws of physics on recorded
earth 849 1687
below
controlled also governed
The world's firstcelestial
aviator.bodies.
Attempted controlled flight in a 903 1751
aviation
classification hand-glider
Building on Jābir ibn Hayyān's65.
type device aged work, classified all 980 1869
of elements
psychiatry known substances
Father of psychologyinto groups
and in 'The Book
psychotherapy'. of Secrets'.
Ran the 912 1801
clinical trial psychiatric ward at Baghdad hospital while his Christian
Conducted the earliest known example of a clinical trial 910 1799
several using a control
First Arabic group.
mathematician to solve indeterminate 312 1202
trigonometrical problems,
Discoveredfirst to work freelyratios,
trigonometrical with irrational
& replacedcoefficients,
ratios
decimal point geometrical
Credited withmethods with trigonometry
the invention of a symbol for
for astronomical
the decimal 580 1530
decimal point.
First mathematician known to use decimal fractions 400 1350
fractions
law of (although
First majorsome
studysuggest hefor
of lenses didn't recognise
focusing light. their
Described 667 1637
refraction the Law of the
Pioneered Refraction in 984. anaesthesia (sponges
use of inhaled 868 1842
atmospheric soaked in narcotics).
Introduced the study of atmospheric refraction. 809 1811
refraction
momentum Discovered the concept of momentum. 685 1687
inertia Discovered the law of inertia (An object at rest will 685 1687
least time remain at rest
Discovered theunless acted
principle on bytime
of least an unbalanced force.
(the path taken 648 1650
experimental between two
Wrote 'The points
Book by a ray of light is the path that can
of Optics'. 602 1604
approach
light & the eye First to correctly describe sight as a function of light 602 1604
pinhole from
Madeobjects entering our eyes
major contributions to theradially
solutionin to
straight lines,
the 'billiard- 602 1604
camera
the moon ball problem',
Described theor 'Alhazen's
motion of theproblem'
planets. -First
to dotowith finding
explain the 265 1267
illusion
refraction & moon illusion (the way we see the moon as larger
One of the first to experiment with the colours in light,when 265 1267
dispersion of shadows,
light = particles rainbows
Believed light and eclipses.
was composed Described the
of particles. 897 1905
circumference Calculated the circumference of the earth from the date
& radius
early of the height
calculus of a mountain
Developed - a new
early calculus & much
methods formore efficient
the first time in 677 1687
his 'Mas-udi Canon ' (completed around 1031).
solving cubic Developed mathematic techniques for solving cubic Used 192 1202
equations equations
Figured outand
thatextracting
Mercury isnumerical
oval, notroots.
circular.
solar year Measured the solar year to within 6 decimal places of 493 1582
milky way our modern
Realised thevalue
Milky(which would
Way was madebe up
slightly different
of numerous 493 1610
cataracts - individual
Developedstars. (n.b.procedures
surgical there is debate over whether
for cataracts al-
& kidney why 1546
break into stones, discussed pupil miosis and mydriasis, and 1546?
mathematical Developed the concept of proof by mathematical 510 1665
inductive
metabolismlogic induction
Came up & contributed
with to the
the concept binomial theorum.
of metabolism. 364 1614
pulmonary First to correctly describe pulmonary transit. 309 1559
transit
sociology Father of sociology'. Wrote a treatise on the nature of 469 1838
economic the state and
Developed society, called
mainstream 'Muqaddima'
economic (literally
concepts centuries 293 1662
theory
pi before theyπwere
Calculated to 9 'officially'
sexagesimal described.
places e.g.
and labour value,
translated this 217 1621
algebraic Developed algebraic symbolism by using short Arabic 40 1489
symbolism
heliocentric words or letters
Reformed as mathematical
Ptolemy's symbols.
planetary models, advocating a 943 1543
zero heliocentric
Placed zero model
at the (sun-centered) rather than
centre of mathematics a
by working 387 1202
eye diseases out what it means
Discovered and how
& explained it can beeye
contagious used (the concept
diseases. 878 1886
splints First to suggest the technique of delayed splintage for 874 1882
cubic fractures,
Classified and offered
13 types of a newequation
cubic technique forprovided
and dealing with
a 113 1202
equations general
Created theory for solving
new solar them.
and lunar He developed
theories. Regarded as the
decimal last great Islamic astronomer of the Maragha school.
The first to write about, comprehend, and thoroughly -55 1350
fractions use
Laiddecimal fractions.for
the foundations Made important
subsequent contributions to
Jewish
philosophical
Wrote the firstthought in his
book that 'Guide
posited for the Perplexed'.
trigonometry as an 1804
independence branch observatory,
Created the Maragha of mathematics. Developed
the world's greatest
at the time.
With his team, wrote the Ilkhani Tables.
Used his knowledge practically, e.g. preventing rust, -
organic tanning leather,use
First recorded glass-making, furnaces,
of applied organic metalwork,
chemistry (via his 1060 1828
chemistry use of sal
Father ammoniac).
of Chemistry' – his work marked the beginning 1789
of chemistry as an empirical (i.e. not mystical)
Developed a vessel used in distilling – a modernscience.
version
Creditediswith
still writing
used for distilling
'Surat whiskey.
al-Arth' (Picture of the
Earth), a book containing precise coordinates
Groundbreaking work on algebra removed mathematics for over
from thewith
Expert physical to the abstract,
astronomical allowing
instruments. the the
Provided 642 1472
mathematical
Associated withbasis
the for buildingaastrolabes.
Nilometer, Calculated
device used to
music therapy measure thethe
Recognised Nile's water level.
therapeutic potential of music – 953 1789
attempted
With al-Khwārizmi, introducedquadriplegia
to cure a boy with usingtomusic.
Hindu decimals the 976
Arab world.music theorist in the Arab world. Used the
First major
alphabetical annotation
First to introduce Greek for one eighth.
philosophy to the Arab world.
Fused
First toitmake
with Islamic theology,
the distinction creating
between a platform
curable and for
incurable
Catalogued illnesses.
all medical knowledge, assembled after his
death into
Refined the 'al-Kitab
known al-Hawi',
values for which
the length of was usedand
the year across
seasons,
Replaced the
the precession
use of Greek of chords
the equinoxes, and the
with sines.
Demonstrated that the position of the sun's apogee
(farthest point
The first to from earth)
distinguish is variable
'idea' andinthat
from 'proof' the study of
logic.
Published the first illustrated work on surgery. 572 1546
Successfully treated
Invented loads a girl instruments,
of surgical who had cut her own throat,
including
forceps, the text,
His medical surgical
'Thehook, spoon,
Method rod, speculum
of Medicine', and
was up
there in significance
First stated withknown
what is now 'al-Hawi'
as and 'The theorem
Wilson's Canon'. (If 1770
p is a prime,
Created then (p-1)!+1
the 'floating is a multiple
man' thought of p, that is
experiment, 1739
asserting the existence of the self beyond the body.
His 'Canon of Medicine' was the most influential
textbook in the
Discovered thatworld
India for 600yrs.
used to be Synthesized Greek,
an ocean (although 1915
thought
Known asit was
first because alluvium
anthropologist for had built on
his work up,Asian
rather 1240
cultures.
Solved the 'qibla' problem – determining the direction of
Mecca with
Built first each new
universal mosque.
astrolabe.
First to correctly describe the tracheotomy operation for 1546
asphyxiation.
First to describe pericarditis (inflammation of the sac
surrounding the heart).
First to describe mediastinal abscesses.
Challenged several mainstream interpretations of god 1517
(including Asharite,
Argued against Mutazilite,view
the common Sufi,that
andphilosophy
literalist had
no base tables
Created in scripture, offeringecliptic
that allowed philosophy as a 'path
coordinates to
to be
transformed into
Calculated the equatorial
sine coordinates.
of 1 degree correct to 10
sexagesimal places.
Western equivalent discovery -where possible quality of link
Raymond Lully is thought to have created compounded ether in the direct
13th c. In the 16th
Nils Wallerius c. Valeriusthe
is considered Cordus
first to&study
Paracelsus observed that
& document direct
evaporation. He was
In the seventeenth awarded
century, theaGerman-Dutch
place as the 26th member
chemist of the
Johann direct
Glauber
The first prepared sulfuric acid
record of numerals by burning
in the west aresulfur
foundtogether with
in the Codex direct
Vigilanus of 976. common
Darwin proposed Pope Sylvester
descentII tried
in Ontothe
spread
Originknowledge
of Speciesof
. direct
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is often credited with being the first to argue associative
for the inheritability
Columbus of acquired
(incorrectly - failed tocharacteristics,
convert Arabic an idea
miles to known
Romanas direct
miles)
Dante used
used al-Farghani's
al-Farghani's value fortothe
writings earth's
inform hiscircumference
Divine Comedy.to For direct
example, Dante gives
Georges Lamaître Cacciaguida's
is credited with beingagethe
as first
580 to
martian years
suggest that–"the direct
beginning of the worldpublished
Nicolaus Copernicus happened hisa heliocentric
little before the beginning
model of the of direct
universe in 1543,wrote
Cicco Simonetta describing the sun
a manual as a motionless
for deciphering body that
encryptions in earth direct
1474.
The Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, associative
used
Beingpunched cards
the first to to program
provide & automate
a glimpse weaving. Charles
into the universality of the laws of associative
nature,
Andrea his work could
Grimaldi be said
reportedly flewtofrom
underscore Newton's
Calais to London Law of
in a large direct
bird-shaped
Mendeleev'sglider.
1869 Periodic Table grouped substances with similar associative
properties & by atomic
Moral management weight. This
of psychiatric kind of classification
disorders began in the (i.e.
earlyby19th direct
century, with the use of comfortable surroundings, work therapy,
James Lind is thought to have conducted the first proper clinical trial& direct
in
Abu1747, when
Kamil he split
Shuja's work hiswas
patients into
a major groups,
source foreach of which
Fibonacci's direct
treatment of algebra
find Western in Liber abbaci, De practica geometrie and
equivalents? -
Francesco Pellos or Pellizzati was the first to use the decimal point direct
in a printedBonfils
Immanuel work, although he did
used decimal not recognise
fractions in 1350,itsbut
significance.
did not create associative
a symbol
Harriot to representthe
rediscovered them.
LawSimon Stevin was
of Refraction thought
in 1602. toadvanced
Snell be the first direct
the theory Lully
Raymond in 1621, but didtonot
is thought publish
have them
created in his lifetime.
compounded Descartes
ether in the direct
13th c. In Bessel
Friedrich the 16th c. Valerius
produced Cordus
tables & Paracelsus
of atmospheric observed
refraction. thatthe
Won direct
Lalande Prizeoffor
The concept this work in
momentum 1811.
was part of Newton's second law of direct
motion.
The law of inertia was later described by Newton (1686), became direct
known
Fermatas Newton's
stated first travelling
that light law of motion.
from A-B always takes the quickest direct
route, a notion
The Book that became
of Optics known
is regarded as Fermat's
as equal Principle.
in significance to Newton's direct
'Principa Mathematica' (1687). Alhazen's empirical method inspired
Kepler (directly influenced by Alhazen) presented the first theory of direct
the retinal
Kepler's image.
theory of retinal images stemmed from comparing the eye direct
to the camera obscura.
Building on Alhazen's work, Roger Bacon was the first to explain the direct
moon
Roger illusion
Bacon through
theorizedthe enlarged
(but couldn'tapparent distance
prove) that of the
rainbows horizon
were a direct
function of reflection & refraction of sunlight through raindrops.
Newton particle theory of light was published in 1704. His theory direct
dominated forthe
His value for 100 years,radius
earth's losingwasn't
favourarrived
when itatfailed
in thetowest
explain
until the direct
16th century.
Newton developed the Laws of Motion in Philosophiæ Naturalis direct
Principia
Fibonacci Mathematica.
provided a positive solution to the cubic equation in 1202, direct
which wasthe
when did 3 thrillionths off the
west discover correct value. Scipione del Ferro
this? -
Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, still used direct
today
Galileoindiscovered
most of thethat
world,
the in 1582.
Milky It contains
Way was madeanup
appox. error of 27
of individual direct
stars in 1610.
Jacques Daviel successfully extracted cataracts in 1747. Fernstrom associative
& Johansson conducted kidney stone removal surgery in 1976.
The first explicit description of mathematical induction was given by direct
Pasal in Traité
Santorio du triangle
Sanctorius arithmétique
produced (1665). experiments in
the first controlled direct
human
Realdo metabolism
Columbo (aka (1614). In the 19th
Columbus), c, the works
described of Louis
pulmonary Pasteur
transit in direct
1559. This laid the foundations for William Harvey's discovery
Auguste Comte is known as the 'Father of Sociology'. He defined of direct
the scientific
These economicstudy of society
theories haveasbeen
'sociology'.
credited to various western direct
thinkers: (e.g. Benjamin Franklin, John
The German Ludolph Van Ceulen calculated Locke,πThomas Aquinas),
to 35 decimal but
places direct
(published posthumously).
The + & - mathematical π wasfirst
symbols known as the in
appeared Leudolphine number
print in Johannes direct
Widman's 1489 text. Michael
Nicolaus Copernicus Stifel's
published Arithmetica
his heliocentric integra
model (1544)
of the direct
universe
Fibonacciinintroduced
1543, describing
zero to the
the sun
westasinahis
motionless body
Liber Abaci that earth
. The direct
concept of zero
Robert Koch was vitaltwo
discovered to the work
types of of Descartes
bacteria & Newton,
in 1883; John E.and direct
Weeks linkedtype
The specific those bacteria in
of fracture with
thepink-eye in 1886;
thumb that Henri
Ibn Sina Perinaud
derived a direct
technique for solving is known as 'Bennett's Fracture', after the
Fibonacci provided a positive solution to the cubic equation in 1202,man direct
which was 3 thrillionths
any specifics we can map?off the correct value. Scipione del Ferro -
Immanuel Bonfils used decimal fractions in 1350, but did not create direct
a
- symbol to represent them. Simon Stevin was thought to be the first -
Fibonacci provided a positive solution to the cubic equation in 1202, direct
which
- was 3 thrillionths off the correct value. Scipione del Ferro -
- -
- -
Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea from inorganic associative
materials in 1828.deRegarded
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier,as a pioneer
known of'father
as the organicofchemistry.
modern direct
chemistry',
- is credited with his changing chemistry from a qualitative -
- -
- -
Dante used al-Farghani's writings to inform his Divine Comedy. For direct
example,
- Dante gives Cacciaguida's age as 580 martian years – -
Some consider an unsigned article in Columbian Magazine in 1789 associative
to
Thebefirst
therecord
earliestofknown reference
numerals to music
in the west therapy.
are found Edwin
in the Atlee
Codex direct
Vigilanus
- of 976. Pope Sylvester II tried to spread knowledge of -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Antonio Musa Brasavola performed the first documented successful associative
tracheotomy
- on a patient with a laryngeal abscess. -
- -
John Wilson stated the theorem, which was announced by his tutor direct
Edward Waring
Descartes' in 1770.
notions Lagrange
of mind/body was the
dualism first to ergo
(Cogito, provesum)
it in 1771.
run very direct
close to those of Ibn Sina, although it is not known whether he
-
Alred Wegener came up with the idea of continental drift in 1915, associative
concluding thatCarpini
John of Plano there had once
wrote been a description
a detailed supercontinent,
of anwhich
'other'he direct
culture
- (the Mongols) in the 1240s. Marco Polo is known as the -
- -
Antonio Musa Brasavola performed the first documented successful associative
tracheotomy
- on a patient with a laryngeal abscess. -
- -
Reformers such as Martin Luther & John Calvin proposed the first associative
serious
- challenge to Roman Catholic notions of god and religion in -
- -
- -
Extras/general Died Location Sources
815
Origin of 'gibberish' comes from this guy – 815 Born in Khurasan in Persia,
his works were obscure & hard to follow. 815 moved to Kufa.
The word algebra is derived from the title of 850 Possibly from Uzbekistan.
his book, 'Kitab al-Jebr'. 868
Jahith translates as 'goggle-eyes' – he had 868 Born Basra, spent life in
famously huge eyes. Ruler al-Ma'mum 861 Baghdad.
861
873
886 Persia
First of the Abbasid polymaths. 873 His tribe was Yemeni. He
873 was born in Basra but spent
873
887 Andalucia
925 Born in Rayy
Challenged quacks and charlatans. 925 Born in Rayy
925 Born in Rayy
930 Egypt
980 Damascus
The 'al-Uqlidisi' part of his name refers to 980 Damascus
Euclid. 1000
1013
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1040 productive
Born Basra,years
spentinhis
Egypt.
1037 productive
1048 Uzbekistan
1048 Uzbekistan
1048 Uzbekistan
1087
1131
1139 Spain
1162
1180
1288 Born Damascus, lived in
1288 Cairo.
1406
1406
1429
1486 Born Bastah, died Tunisia
850
1037 Uzbekistan
1037 Uzbekistan
1131
1375 Syria
1429
Cordoba
Tus, Persia
Introduced the word 'Alkali' via 'al-qali', 815

meaning 'from ashes'. 815
815
815
Considered the first geographer in Islam. 850
850
861
861
873
873
873
873
925 Born in Rayy
925 Born in Rayy
Known as the 'Second Master' (of 950 Born Farab, moved to
philosophy) after Aristotle. 1013 Baghdad, then Syria and
1013
1013
1037 productive
1037 Uzbekistan
1048 Uzbekistan
1048 Uzbekistan
1048 Uzbekistan
1087
1162
1162 Seville
1162
Father of secular thought in Europe. 1198
Considered the 'final' Muslim philosopher 1198
1429
1429 Uzbekistan
The House of Wisd
Lost History' by http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/
http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Zuhr
https://www.britannica.com/biography
://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Battani

East Before The West

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short name full name google hits AKA Born middle Field

al-Khwārizmi Abū Abdullah 2910000 Algorithmus 780 815 mathematics,

The 'al-Uqlidisi' part of his name refers to 980 productive

1288 Born Damascus, lived in

: Arabic words in European Languages

The House of Wisdom (book)

8th century 8th century astronomer

950 1009 mathematician, astronomer

founder of Arabic prose along with fellow Persian Ibn

winner of Nobel Prize in 1979

pioneer of symbolic algebra

member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the Volga

1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

pioneer in his fields

one of the earliest historians of science

contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo

royal physician to Mughal Empire of South Asia

pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and

the first Muslim biologist awarded the Nobel Prize

physician of Academy of Gundishapur

gives the earliest known account of windmills

NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with

astronomer of Buyid dynasty

professor and chair of philosophy at Cairo University

earliest known grammarian of the Arabic language

"The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple

founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid

worked at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria,

author of a medical compendium

known for his detailed travel journals

author of work on dreams and dream interpretation

The Brethren of Purity, a group of neo-Platonic Arabic

Buddhist from Khorasan in the court of al-Mansur,

worked as the chief official of the astronomical observatory of

developer of Human Development Index and founder of

author and one of the few Muslim scientists in the field of

he gave the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and

creator of algorithm and algebra

Nobel Prize winner, pioneer of microfinance

designer of the city of Baghdad

the Alpetragius crater on the Moon is named after him

chemistry professor at the University of California, Berkeley

pioneer of Islamic banking

compiled extensive tables for astronomical use

Jewish convert, master of Rhazes

the great vizier

famous for his erotic and romantic poems

Introduced the word 'Alkali' via 'al-qali', 815

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