A

Project Report
“FULL WAVE RECTIFIER”

Department of Physics

.
Towards Partial fulfillment of the Recruitment of the
Class (XII) (Medical)
Session: 2008 – 2009

Under the Supervision of: Submitted by:

Mr. Rajesh Atri Ajay
Physics Lecturer Class: XII
Jagadhri - 135003 Roll No.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project entitled FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

& LOGIC GATE is being submitted successfully by HARPREET

KAUR student of XII A Science (2008-09) is the partial fulfillment of

a bonafide record of work done by her under supervision.

Guided by: Mr.Rajesh Atri

Mrs. Parveen Diwan Physics Lecturer
Principal of School

S.D. MODEL SCHOOL

JAGADHRI-135003
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great pleasure to express our grateful thanks to

these whose took who took been interest in completing my project.

I remain grateful thanks to our physics lecturer Mr. Rajesh

Atri and our respected Principal of school Mrs. Parveen Diwan for

having proved their valuable support and guidance to complete this

project.

Harpreet Kaur
XII-A,(Medical)
S.D. Model School,
Jagadhri.
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 WORKING

 COMPONENT USED]

 TRANSISTOR

 DIODE

 RESISTOR

 L.E.D.’S

 INSULATION TERMINAL

 ADVANTAGES

 COSTING
INTRODUCTION:

The electrical power is generally transmitting and distributed

as A.C. for economical reason. As such as alternating voltage is

available at the main. But mot of the electrical circuit need D.C.

voltage for their operation.

Therefore now-a-day almost all electronic equipment include

a circuit A.C. voltage of mains supply into D.C. voltage.

The rectifier circuit is the heart of a power supply. The

following two rectifier circuit are generally used:

1. Half wave rectifier

2. Full wave rectifier

1. Half Wave Rectifier:

In this wave rectifier, we can rectify the positive half of A.C.

2. Full Wave Rectifier:

It is a device which can rectify the positive and negative half

cycle of A.C.
Working of Full-Wave Rectifier:

Rectifier is a device which is used for converting alternating

current/voltage in a direct current voltage.

During the positive half of the input A.C. the upper P-N junction

diode is forward biased. The lower P-N Junction diode is reversed

biased. The forward current flows on account of majority carrier of

upper P-N junction diode in the direction shown.

During the other half cycle in input A.C. the upper P-N junction

diode is reverse biased and the lower P-N junction diode is forward

biased. The forward current flows on account of majority carriers of

lower P-N junction diode. We observe that during both the halves,

current through the rectifier flows in the same direction. The input

and output wave forms are obtained. The output signal voltage is

unidirectional having ripples contents i.e. d.c. components and a.c.

components. It can be made D.C. by filtering it through a filter circuit

before it can be put to any use.

 TRANSFORMER

The transformer is a device which can transfer A.C. electrical

energy from one electrical circuit to another electrical energy. The

special feature of the device is that takes place through magnetic

flux. The magnetic flux links both the electrical circuit.

Transformer:

The simple element of transformer consist of two coil having

mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are

insulated from each other and from the steel are other necessary

part are same suitable container for the assembled core and

windings from its container for suitable beuhing for insulating and

medium for insulating the core and modem out the terminals of the

windings from the tank.

Working Principle of the Transformer:

In the principle of the transformer it has two winding I.J.

primary winding I.J. secondary winding.

When the supply is given to primary winding the alternating

current flow in the coil will establish alternating flux. This

electromagnetic flux can be establish with the help of lung’s law

states that the direction of induced electromagnetic flux is always

opposite to the causes of their direction is applied alternative

voltage.

Types of transformer:

There are mainly two types of transformer:

1. Step-up transformer

2. Step-down transformer

Step-Up Transformer: When the voltage on the output side is more

than the input side then it is called step up transformer.

Step-Down Transformer: When the voltage on the output side is

more less than the input side then it is called step-down transformer.

In this project, we have used step down transformer of 6-

06volt.
 DIODE

Definition:

When a P-type semiconductor is suitable joined to N-type

semiconductor, the connect surface so formed is called P-N

junction.

Formation of P-N Junction:

In actual particle the P-N junction is not formed by the just

bringing a P-type semiconductor block near to N-type

semiconductor loops. Actually P-N junction is fabricated by special

technique namely growing, allowing and diffusion methods.

The most common method of making P-N junction is called

alleging. An alloyed junction is made from n type slide of

semiconductors by meeting a plate of trivalent medium placed on

slide.

This id done by heating system. The indium is observed into

germanium or silica to produce a persion and hence a P-N junction

is formed. However diffusion process is also used to form P-N

junction. In this process the semiconductors wafers of one

conducting are placed in vessel that contains an mode of impurity

to the added. The combination of passed slowly through the furnace

with accurately known and controlled temperature of 800c &1200C

depending upon the junction desired at each a high temperature, a

gas of impurity about atoms diffuses into the semiconductor material

and forms a thin layer of opposite conductivity. Thus resulting the

formation of P-N Junction.

Construction of Diode:

It is a two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction

performed either in germanium and silica. P and N type regions are

referred to an anode and cathode respecting arrow head indicate

the conventional direction of current when forward biased. It is the

same direction in which hole flow takes place. Commercially

available diode have some means to indicate which leads P and

which leads N-type standard notation consist of type number

proceeded.

Application:

The main applications of semi conductor diode northern

electric circuitry are as under:

1. As power of rectifier diode. They convert A.C. current into D.C.

current for the D.C. power supplies of electronic circuits.

2. As signals diode in communication circuits for madulation and

demodulation of small signals.

3. Zeneer diode in voltage stabilizing circuit.

4. As varactor diodes for used in voltage controlled tuning circuit

as any be found in radio T.V. receivers for this purpose. The

diode is deliberating made to have a certain range of junction

capacitance.

The capacitance of reversed biased diode is given by.

C = K

 RESISTOR

INTRODUCTION:

The flow of current through any material experience on

opposite force which is known as resistance of the material.

These are lot of resistance and variable resistance available

in market to different values for resistance colour coding is used

four colour bands are pointed on the outer coding of Resistor. The

values for different colours has been assigned by manufacturing.

The colour with their values in different bands are listed as under.

Therefore mostly of two type of resistor used i.e. fixed resistor and

variable resistor. Resistor are passive component and they are

made of carbon clay composition.

 TABLE FOR COLOUR-CODING FOR RESISTANCE

S.No. Colour Associative Multiplier Tolerance

Digit
1. Black 0 100 --

2. Brown 1 101 --

3. Red 2 102 --

4. Orange 3 103 --

5. Yellow 4 104 --

6. Green 5 105 --

7. Blue 6 106 --

8. Violet 7 107 --

9. Grey 8 108 --

10. White 9 109 --

11. Gold -- 10-1 5%

12. Silver -- 10-2 10%

13. No Colour -- 10-3 20%

These colour are there in first three band of resistance where as

fourth band has the colour of gold, silver or no colour. Golt means

5% and silver 10% less or higher than resistance.

 The value of resistance can be find out by the following

procedure:

1) First of all see the colour in the first band. Let it be red. Then

write it (2).

2) Now see the second band in the first band colour. Let it be

known brown, then write it (1) after first value i.e. (2).

3) Now see third line colour and let it be red. Then the value of

red in the third band is multiply by first founded two values as

21x102.

This value of resistance is in ohm.

A point to be noted that Black colour will be found in the first

band.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

L.E.O. is that which emits light in visible region and emits find

application in the instruments displays panels,indicators,digital

watches,calculators,multimeters inter com, telephone etc.

L.E.D.:

L.E.D.’s have a number of advantages over and ordinary

incondenient camps:

1. They work on low voltage and current.

2. They are very fast in action as fuse required no heating.

3. They are in small size.

4. They are light in weight.

5. They have very long life.

6. They have very high resistance.

L.E.D.’s emits visible radiation are materials such as gallium,

phosphate and gallium phosphate.

L.E.D.’s that emits in visible rotation and made from gallium

and find application in burglur alarm system and other area which

require invisible rotation.

 INSULATION TERMINALS

Insulating terminals are used at the input for giving supply to

the circuit and at the output for taking the supply.

These are made of brass metal form in the form of belt which

is tighten without to insulators from body to instrument. These

terminals are make below 32 ampere current.

A bakelite hand is also produced. So that there is no sine of

shock when we touch the equipment under the lead condition.

These insulating terminals are called as a protective device which

protect from sparking.

ADVANTAGES

1) The center tap transformer is eliminated.

2) The output is double to that of the centre tap full wave rectifier

for the same secondary voltage.

3) The diode having low (half) peak inverse voltage are needed

as the PIV across each diode is on half to that of the centre

tap circuit.
COSTING:

S.NO. COMPONENT QUANTITY COST TOTAL

1. Transformer 1 28 --

2. Diode 2 2

3. L.E.D’s 1 2

4. Terminal 2 2

5. Two Way Switch 1 2

6. Lead Wire 1 1

7. Miscellaneous -- 7 44
 A PROJECT REPORT
OF

PHYSICS

ON

Submitted to:
The Central Board of Secondary Education
(Session 2005-2006)

Under the supervision of: Submitted by:

Mr. RAVINDER KUMAR MANGAL Anil Sharma
M.Sc. B.Ed. XII (Non Medical)
Lecturer in Physics Roll No. …………..

Department of Physics
 CONTENTS

 Bonafide Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Introduction

 Transformer

 Sources of Energy Loss

 Precautions

 Some Terms related to diode

 LED

 Full Wave Rectifier

 Working of Rectifier

 Applications of Rectifier
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project entitled “MUSICAL DOOR BELL” is

being submitted by student Anil Sharma student of XII (Non-

Medical) is the work done under my supervision. This is further to

certify that he had worked sincerely in completing the project in

Physics laboratory of our school..

Mr. Ravinder Kumar Mangal

Lecturer of Physics
S.V.N.P. School
Yamuna Nagar.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, I extent my heartfelt thanks to those whose

help went long way in the completion of this very project. I also

express my gratitude to Mr. Ravinder Kumar Mangal (Lecturer of

Physics) & Mr. Rakesh Sharma (Lab Assistant). Without whose

valuable guidance it would have been impossible to complete my

project work.

I am also thankful to my parents, whole staff of Physics

Department for their timely help. Last but not the least thanks goes

to the Mrs. Manjeet Kaur (Principal) for her cooperation and above

all I thank God who is always there to help me.

(Anil Sharma)
XII (Non Medical)
 INTRODUCTION

RECTIFIER: It is a device which is used for converting alternating

current voltage into direct current/voltage.

Rectifier are two types:

1. Half Wave Rectifier

2. Full Wave Rectifier

But our aim is to discuss about Full Wave Rectifier.

 STEP UP TRANSFORMER

P1

Input
A.C.

P2

Laminated Core

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

P1
S1

Input
A.C. Output

P2 S2

Laminated Core
 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electric device which is used for

changing a.c. current or voltage.

Types of Transformer:

1. Step up transformer

2. Step down transformer

Principal:

A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e.

whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes,

an e.m.f. is induce in the neighbouring coil.

For an ideal transformer we assume that there is no loss of

energy i.e.

Es Is = Eplp

But practical is not true. There is always some loss of energy.

 MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY LOSSES
IN TRANFORMER

1. Copper Loss: It is a loss of energy in the form of heat in

copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joulte heating of

conducting wires.

2. Iron Loss: Iron loss in the energy loss in form of heat in iron

core of transformer. This is due to formation of eddy current

in iron core.

3. Leakage of Magnetic Flux: Leakage of magnetic flux occurs

in spite of our best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of

magnetic flux linked with each turn of SIS2 is less than the

magnetic flux linked with each turn of PIP2.

4. Hysteresis Loss: When the a.c. supply is fed to the primary

coil, iron core becomes magnetized. Let us suppose that

during positive half cycle of a.c. iron core becomes

magnetized. Now some energy loss is need to be supplied in

negative half cycle to reduce the residual magnetism to zero.

 PRECAUTIONS

1. To minimize the eddy currents, the iron core to be used is

taken in form of thin laminated sheets.

2. To avoid the leakage of magnetic flux, some ferromagnetic

substances are placed in between primary and secondary

coils.
REVERSE BIASE

DEPLECTION LAXER
 SOME TERMS RELATED TO DIODE

Intrinsic Semi Conductors: A pure semiconductors which is free

from every impurity is called Intrinsic semi conductors.

Extrinsic Semi Conductors: A doped semi conductors or a semi

conductors with suitable impurity atoms added to it is called Extrinsic

semi conductors.

1. N-type semi conductors

2. p-type semi conductors

P-N Junction: The arrangement in which p type semiconductors is

brought into a close contact with n type semi conductor is called P-

N junction.

Resistance: It is the obstruction posed by the conductors to the flow

of electric current in conductors.

Eddy Currents: The Current induced in the conductor when

magnetic flux linked with the conductor is changed.

Forward Biasing: When the positive terminal of the battery is

connected to P Junction and Negative terminal of the battery is

connected to the N Junction of the diode.

 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

DEFINITION:

It is a p-n junction made of gallium arsenide or indium

phosphide as the semiconductors, it is used in forward bias

arrangement as shown in figure:-

WORKING OF L.E.D.

Due to recombination of holes and electronic energy is released at

junction which is emitted at light. In the present case wave length

of light falls in the visible region therefore it can be observed.

D1 DIN4007

Output
Principle: Its working is based on the fact that the resistance of p-

n junction becomes low when forward biased and becomes high

when reverse biased.

Construction: A.C. to be rectified is connected to primary P1P2 of a

step down transformer S1S2 is the secondary coil of the same

transformer S1S2 connected to p & n junction respectively. Output is

taken across the load resistance.

 WORKING OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

During positive half cycle upper diode is forward biased and

thus conducts whereas lower diode is reverse biased. Hence no

current flows through it.

During negative half cycle; lower being reverses biased do not

conducts.

The output voltage is unidirectional and have ripples contents

i.e., a.c. components along with d.c. components. It can be made

d.c. filtering it by passing through a capacitor before it is put in use.

Time

Time
 APPLICATIONS

1. It is used as Battery Elevator.

2. It is used in various electrical appliances such are:

a. T.V.

b. Tape Recorder

c. Walkman

d. Computers

e. Videogames