12TH INTERNATIONAL

BRICK/BLOCK
Masonry
cON F E RENC E
Des

"PERFORMANCE AND DURABllITY TESTS

FOR PlASTERING MORTARS"

P. Dessi, A.. Fantuccil, V.GalimbertP, L.Nironi 4

IClTE / CNR5
'Architect, CNR Researcher
' Geometer, CNR Technical Specialist for Research Bodies
3Architect, Ph.D.in Building Ergotechnical Engineering, CNR Researcher
'Architect, CNR Researcher
' Central Institute for Building Industrialization and Technology (IClTE)
of The Italian Research Council (CNR)

ABSTRACT

In order to supply methods and tools for the assessment of performance and durabil-
ity of plastering mortars, a series of tests have been carried out at IClTE-CNR in 7999.
This paper shows some results both from the standard tests and the adapted tests to
hydrated lime mortars, plastered units and solid masonry samples. This experimental
research led, on the one hand to locate the mortar with best performance in terms of
masonry compatibility and ageing resistance and on the other hand to verify the
method which resulted to be valid. Several technical information were 0150 obtained
from tests to define good practice for real working under local cJimatic conditions.

Key Words: ExternaI rendering, hydrated lime, units and plastered wallettes, perfor-
mance and durability tests .

2067
 1. INTRODUCTION

Over the last decades the investments in the restoration field in Italy have re-
markably increased. The most part of building works already executed or still un-
der way have in fact concerned buildings externai envelope, façade and roofings,
very frequently regarding interventions aimed at recovering damaged plasters.
Even though the construction products industry has developed and marketed
new premixed products for the preparation of plastering mortars, the works car-
ried out in th is way not always proved to be durable over the time. The incom-
patibility between base material and mortar, the w rong stratification of plaster,
the poor knowledge of techniques for the app lication of mortar, are some of the
possible causes leading to the rapid pathological degradation of this kind of coat-
ings. In an attempt to solve these tech nical problems, an ad hoc experimental
campaign, which consisted of both characterization and durability tests on hy-
drated lime plastering mortars, has been carried out.

2. RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The different phases of the research programme were: study of the existing stan -
dards and literature; characterization of materiais; preparation of mortar speci-
mens; preparation of masonry samples covered with d ifferent types of plastering
mortar; laboratory tests on mortar specimens; laboratory tests on masonry sam-
pies; data processing and drafting of the results. The experimentation has been
carried out parallely on two types of plastering mortar, the mixes of wh ich must
be kept confidentia l for industrial reasons:

A hydrated lime mixture with weak hydraulic properties, to be used as undercoat;

hydrated lime mixture with weak hydraulic properties, to be used as middle coat;
hydrated lime m ixture with weak hydraulic properties, to be used as final coat;

B hydrated lime mixture w ith weak hydraulic properties, to be used as under-

coat; hydrated lime mixture with weak hydraulic properties, to be used as mid-
dle coat (different proportions compared with A type); hydrated lime mixture
with weak hydraulic properties, to be used as f inal coat (different proportions
compared w ith A type) .

Solid bricks bound together with hydraulic lime and serena stone blocks were
used as base materiais for both types of plastering mortars.

3. TESTS

Tests procedures have mainly been extracted from European standards or drafts
not specifically conceived for hydrated or weakly hydraulic lime binders. To eval-
uate certain performances not envisaged in the standards, ad hoc testing proce-
dures had to be implemented and new experimental equipment had to be set up,

2068
sometimes through the adaptation of procedures specifically addressed to other
materiais as well. Hereby the carried out experimental ad hoc procedures will be
specially stressed .

3.1. On plastering mortars

Before preparing the specimens, the determination of consistency of mortars us-

ing a flow table (2) and determination of service life of fresh mortar (17) tests
were carried out. Then, two sets of mortar specimens of suitable size were made.
After a 60 days curing period at 20°C temperature and 50% R.H ., the specimens
were subjected to the following tests : compressive strength (19), hydraulic shrink-
age determination (13), determination of water vapour permeability (5), deter-
mination of the evaporation curve (8), determination of water absorption by cap-
illarity (7) and determination of linear expansion due to water absorption (11).

3.2. On small masonry samples

Small masonry samples coated with the two analyzed types of plastering mortar
were made. After a 60 days curing period at 20°C temperature and 50% R.H., the
samples were subjected to the following tests: determination of adhesion of hard-
ened plastering mortar (15), determination of freeze/thaw resistance (16) (figure 1),
crystallization by total immersion (10), crystallization by partial immersion (9) and
determination of the resistance against sulphates (4). Further characterization tests
such as watertightness under pressure (14) and air permeability (3), were carried
out through the adaptation of procedures specifically addressed to other materiais.

Figure 7. A sample after the freeze/thaw

testo

2069
 3.2.1 Watertightness test (14)

One change in the standard equipment concerned the utilization ot circular met-
al bands for restraining the masonry sample (bricks bound with cement mortar).
Moreover, sample and bands were mutually fastened in order to prevent crack-
ing due to high pressure and side water dripping . Siporex and tuff samples were
also prepared to allow further comparison. Watertightness is expressed as the wa-
ter pressure value (kPa) at which samples do not show dripping and do not allow
water to pass through . The test was carried out on each sample by scaling up
pressure of 0,5 kPa every 5 mino until widespread water dripping occurred. Time
and correspondent water pressure were recorded (figure 2).

3.2.2. Air permeabi/ity test (3)

One change in the standard equipment concerned the preparation of square

masonry coated samp les (30 x 30 cm 2 ), which were particularly suitable for be-
ing put into an airtight square box and sealed to it so that they divided the
box in two parts: while the lower part could be pressurized through a volu-
metric compressor, the upper part, conveniently covered with a lid, was con-
nected to a soap bubble flowmeter through a valve. Tested samples were sub-
jected to sequential pressure increments and each step was kept for some
minutes before noticing the air flow (cm 3 /min) passed through the sample. In
order to allow further comparison, siporex and tuff samples were tested as well
(figure 5).

Figure 2. The apparatus for Figure 5. The apparatus for air permeability
watertightnesstest. testo

2 070
3.2.3. Determination of the "open time" of fresh mortar and of the thickness of
each fayer

As precise practical rules for applying hydrated lime mortars were lacking, having
the latter fallen out of use since a long time, an ad hoc experimetal campaign was
carried out with the aim of establishing the "open time" of stratification of mortar
layers. The objective was to find the usefulf time whithin which it was gained the
best adhesion between mortar layers and to determine the optimal thickness of the
layers themselves. Two materiais were chosen as base materiais: serena stone
blocks (non porous material) and solid bricks (highly porous material). Hereafter
only the experimental campaign on serena stone blocksis described. The experi-
mentai parameters which were conveniently varied were mortar thickness and the
waiting time before coating, that is to say the time when one further coat is ap-
plied on the coat previously laid . 35 serena stone blocks of 15 x 30 x 15 em ' (of 15
x 30 cm 2 plasterable surface) (figure 3) were simultaneously given the undercoat
(of 0,5 em thickness); subsequently, layers of coat of different thickness (1; 1,5; 2;
2,5; 3 em) were applied to each set of 5 blocks at prefixed time intervals, which
had been computed starting from the application of the undercoat (after 2 h, 4 h,
8 h, 24 h, 72 h, 168 h e 336 h) (table 1). Immediately after the application of the
coat, samples were inspected during the curing phase at prefixed time intervals
and ali the possible observations about the surface appearance were gathered. At

Table 7. Scheme of samples to find out "open time" to apply coat on undercoat.

Waiting time Thickness 01 the coat applied on

belore applying coaI the undercoat
on undercoat lor each set 01 5 blocks
(hours (em)
2 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
4 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
8 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
24 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
72 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
168 1 U 2 2,5 3
336 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

Figure 3. A general view of coated

blocks.

2071
 the end of the curing phase, during which samples had been exposed to appro-
priate conditioning, direct pull tensile force tests were carried out to evaluate ad-
hesion between different layers: the envisaged load was appl ied to the pu ll-head
plates previously glued with epoxy resin through a dynamometer (figure 4).

3.3. On walletts

The experimental samples consisted of solid brick wallets of 150 x 150 x 12 cm 3,

plastered on one side with either A or B type mortar and cured for at least 60 days
in an unconditioned shed where relative humidity varied between 35 and 50%
and temperature varied between 15 and 25°C.

3.3.1. Test of water penetration and leakage through masonry (21)

On both samples, each coated w ith one type of mortar, it was requ ired to mea-
sure the size of damp areas at the end of a 4 hours test which was aimed at sim-
ulating the resistance to water penetration of a wall exposed to ra in and w ind . Af-
ter the seeped water had been allowed to evaporate for a convenient time period,
both samples were subjected to adhesion tests to check the adhesion between
mortar and base (15), by applying a tensile force with a dynamometer.

3.3.2. Acid rain test (1)

Two masonry samples coated on one side were located close to one another in
order to be simultaneously subjected to artificial ageing treatment, unlike it is en-
visaged in the TNO test procedure (1). Furthermore, a third of the plastered sur-
face was protected against artificial ageing through polycarbonate panels in or-
der to allow the operator to draw, at the end ot the test, a precise comparison
with the portion subjected to the acid rain treatment (figure 6). In compliance
w ith the acid ra in test, fi rst 75 natural rain cycles (pH 5,6) and then 75 acid rain
cycles with water to which su lphuric acid had been added (pH = 3,5), were car-

Figure 4. The adhesive strength tes ts on Figure 6. The apparatus for acid-rain testo
coated blocks.

2072
ried out. Each cyele consisted of 1 hour of raining (25 I/min) and three hours of
infrared radiation at a levei of approximately 650 W/ m2. It was deemed that the
following test could be profitably carried out to check the lowering of the wallets
performances after the artificial ageing treatment (in comparison with the per-
formances of the portion not subjected to any treatment) :

- test of water absorption under low pressure (6).

- adhesion test, to check the adhesion between plaster coats and base (15).

3.3.2.7. Test of water absorption under low pressure (6)

The water absorption test, which quantifies the water absorbed owing to a col-
umn of water applied to a limited area for a certain period of time, was carried
out in order to find possible changes in the porosity of the analyzed plaster. On
each sample, water permeability was measured in three points before the ageing
treatment took place, after 75 cycles of natural rain (pH 5,6) and after the fol-
lowing 75 cyeles of acid rains (pH 3,5) (figure 7).

3.3.2.2. Direct pull tensile force tests to check the adhesion between plaster and
base (75)

The procedure envisages to cut through the mortar layer circular test areas (0 =
50 mm) to a depth of approximately 5 mm into the masonry substrate. Subse-
quently, on each test area a stainless steel pull-head plate (0 = 50 mm; thickness
= 17 mm) must be glued with epoxy resin before carryng out the test after 24

Figure 7. Water absorption test on wal/ette

sujected to acid rain test.

2073
 hours. The test was carried out on the plastered surfaces subjected to the whole
of the acid rain cycles as well as on the so-called "witness mark" surface, once the
protective panels had been removed . For each specific case, five individual values
of direct pull tensi le force were taken (figures 9-10).

Figure 9. Samples after acid rain test ready Figure 7O. Apparatus for the adhesive
for the adhesive streng th tes ts. streng th tes to

4. RESUlTS

Data risen from the experimental activity have been processed in order to assess
the two type of plastering mortars performances. Some of the most significant re-
sults are reported in the following paragraphs. The examinated products have
been evaluated by comparing the performaces of both types of mortar since, in
the majority of the cases, reference values and acceptance limits are not available
in standards.

4.1 . Plastering mortars

The mean compressive strength of the mortar, after a 28 days curing period, lies
between 9 and 12 da/N cm 2, depending on the mortar layer considered (figure
11). Low increments in the the compressive strength values were recorded after
60 days of curing. In general, at the dismantling time, strong shrinkage was ob-
served for both types of mortar cured at 50% UR: about 1,8 mm compared to the
total specimen length of 160 mm . This phenomenon, for each mortar typology,
ended in a very short period between 10 and 16 days maximum . The determi-
nation of water vapour permeabil ity (figure 14) showed similar permeabil ity val-
ues for both mortar typologies, despite the d ifferent binder percentage included

2074
Figure 7 7. Curing curve of one cooting Figure 72. Evoporation curve of 3 somples of
mortor. one cooting mortor.
10 0,3
.c
t], 8 ./
c
Ol-
~'"
t> E 6 ..,," '\
f\
.-~~ ./

--
z
Ul ro
4 i'
"'-o ./
~- 2 ~-::,.
a.
io""" 1"' .....
E
o
() o o
o 7 14 21 28 o 500 1000 1500
time (days ) time (h )

Figure 73. Curve of woter obsorption by Figure 74. Meon woter vopour permeobility
capillority of 3 mortor samples. volues of 2 mortors.

4
Cl ~ 3,5
e .r;
N 3 - - -
Q)

"'~ 0,04 :2C>

2,5 - -

.,
(.)
.!:
OI 2 I- -
o
c 1 ,5 -
1:' lU I-
OI
êOI
1 I- -
o 0,5 I - -
o..
o 10 20 30 o
time (h) A Type B Type

in the two mixture. The evaporation curves (figure 12), obtained from the mean
values of the tests results on middle coat specimens, show a similar behaviour for
each mortar typology. The crystallization tests highligted a weakness of the the
specimens against salts. On the whole ali the tests reuslts (water permeability,
capillarity, evaporation curve) show a high porosity of the two mortar typologies.

4.2, Small masonry samples

The freeze/ thaw test results, carried out in the climatic box, show the two mor-
tar typologies different behaviour considering the loss of mass after the cycles
(figure 15). The results derived from the test of the detemination of the resistance
against sulphates seemed to be negative for both mortar typologies : a clear-cut

Figure 75 . Some results fro m freeze/ thow

tes ts.

AI A2 81 82

sampJe tesled

2075
 Figure 76. Mean values from air permeability Figure 77. Mean values from watertightness
tests. tests.

95-13

c
.!II 65-13
tE
~ 35-13
lo<
o
IJ brick o siporex I!I Tufo brick sipa-ex tufo

separation between the undercoat and the coat occured after 24 hours of im-
mersion of the specimens in the salty solution. When deal ing with small samples,
it should be taken into account that samples have to be prepared following the
same technica l laying procedures used for full scale elements. In particu lar best
resu lts rose from small samples cut from large plastered surfaces.

4.2.1. Watertightness test

The results related to some samples (brick, siporex, tuff) subjected to the test are
visualized (figure 17) stressing the pressure mean value when dripping, through
materiais, occurred.

4.2.2. Air permeabiJity test

The experimental data were processed using the standard formula which allows
to determine the K coefficient, wh ich espresses the permeabi lity value of each
tested material with no links with th ickness and externai cond itions (temperature
and moisture). The K va lues of the samples made of siporex are lower than those
obta ined from samples made of brick. This phenomenon seems to be related to
the material peculiarities ("closed cells"); on the contrary the K values of the sam-
pies made of tuft, are much higher than those related to the other materiais (fig-
ure 16). This could be put down to the strong tuff porosity.

4.2.3. Open time and optimal adhesion between mortar layers

The results risen from the experimental activity consist of visual survey of the
samples during the curing period (recorded in photografic images), and of data
obtained from adhesion tests carried out after a 60 days curing period at 20°C
and 50% UR. Some ind ications came out and they can be synthetized as fol lows:

- samples prepared laying mortar fresh on fresh (the application of t he coat oc-
curred within 4 hours starting from the laying of the undercoat) showed a small

2076
 cracking between the undercoat and the base material. The bigger was the
thikness of the layer, the clearer the cracking . This phenomenon did not occur
when the application of the coat took place at least after 8 hours from the un-
dercoat application .

samples prepared laying mortar after 4 hours on from the application of the
undercoat, showed a clear separaton between the coat and the undercoat 10-
cated on the perimeter. The bigger was the thikness of the layer, the clearer the
separation.

samples prepared with thin layers thickness (up to 1,5 cm included) in compli-
ance with the envisaged waiting time for coating, except for the 4 hours case,

Table 2. Mortar adhesive strengtj values in the coated serena stone blocks.
Sample Waiting time before Mortar location of breaking Mortar location of breaking
applying 2"' coat) / adhesion: Une inside the adhesion: line inside the mortar
(n.) mortar thickness Point 1 mortar coats Point 2 coats
(hours/cm) (N/mm') (N/ mm')
1 2/ 1 0,08 Inside the undercoat Inside the coat
2 2 / 1,5 0,13 Inside the undercoat °
0,08 Inside the undercoat
3 2 /2 0,13 Inside the undercoat 0,07 Inside the undercoat
4 2 / 2,5 0,16 Inside the coat 0,20 Inside the coat
5 2 /3 0,15 The coat came of! 0,14 Inside lhe undercoat
lhe undercoal
6 4/ 1 0,10 The coat carne of! 0,15 Inside lhe undercoal
the undercoal
7 4 / 1,5 0,15 Inside lhe undercoat 0,13 The coaI carne of! lhe
undercoal
8 4/2 0,10 Inside lhe undercoal 0,13 Inside the undercoat
9 462,5 0,05 The coat carne of! 0,05 Inside lhe undercoat
the undercoal
10 4/3 0,15 Inside the undercoat 0,17 Inside lhe undercoal
11 8/ 1 0,08 Partly separation 0,11 Inside the undercoat
undercoat/coal and
partly breaking
12 8 / 1,5 0,04 Partly separalion The coaI carne of! the
undercoal/coal and
partly breaking
° undercoat

13 8 /3 Partly separation
° undercoat/base and
partly undercoall
coat
14 24 / 1 Inside the undercoat
15 24 / U °
0,19 Inside the undercoal
16 24 / 2 0,12 Inside the undercoal
17 24 1 2,5 0,10 Inside the undercoat
18 24/3 0,14 Separation 0,10 Inside the undercoat
undercoat/base
19 72 / 1 0,08
20 72 /3 Separalion
undercoal/base
21 168 / 1 0,14

2077
 showed some eraekings on the surfaee. This phenomenon did not oecur for
higher thiekness, that means starting from 2 em .

After the euring period, samples were subjeeted to the adhesion test in order to
eheek the aetual separation between the different mortar layers. The test was ear-
ried out in two points for eaeh plastered serena stone bloek. Moreover the bloeks,
plastered with the undereoat only, were subjeeted to the same adhesion test in
order to evaluate the adhesion to the stony base material. It was not possible to
obtain the mortar adhesion results for ali the bloeks: in faet, samples plastered
starting from 8 hours on showed many adhesion problems between the eoat and
the undereoat; and samples plastered starting from 72 hours on showed a clear
separation, deteetable by hand, between the eoat and the undereoat. After 168
hours this separation was mueh more evident. Some results are shown in table n.
2. In eonclusion the tests earried out eonfirmed that the mortar laying fresh on
fresh, with at least three thin layers, seemed to be optimal for non porous base
materiais. Moreover a 2 em eoat thiekness appeared to be the most suitable. Be-
low this value some eraekings and eavities eould oeeur, probably due to the
strong shrinkage aseribable to the loss of water whieh is not eontrasted by a fast
tensile strength increase. Above 2 em of thiekness adhesion problems between
layers risk to be overstressed . The present results eannot be extende to other kinds
of mortar or base material, but this speeifie experimental proeedure is deemed to
be effeetive if implemented taking the neeessary preeautions. In particular sam-
pies preparation and laying proeedures must be seriously taken into aeeount. Fur-
ther tests on plastered masonry walls essentially eonfirmed the results obtained
on small samples.

Figure 8. Final coat erosion due to acid

rain tes to

2 078
4.3. On wallets

Tests carried out on wallets provided both qualitative indications, supported by

photografic images, and quantitative data based on instrumental measure-
ments.

4.3.1. Determination of water penetrotion and leakage through masonry

Two samples were subjected to the testo At the end of the test (4 hours under
pression of 500 Pa with a water film on the sample of about 3,5 I min/mq) no
damp areas were observed on the other side of the wallets. In order to obtain fur-
ther characterization data on the analysed plastering mortar, both samples were
subjected to the water permeability under low pressure test and to the adhesion
test. Comparing the permeability results of the wallets before and after the water
penetration test, no relevant differences were found.

4.3.2. Acid roin test

As far as the surface appearance is concerned, an increasing erosion of the final

coat could be observed as the test went on. In particular at the end of the first 75
cycles, the middle coat started to become visible and some small crackings, due
to the already mentioned shrinkage phenomenon, were observed (figure 8). For
what concerns the variations of the plastering mortar porosity and the adhesion
between layers, see the following points.

4.3.2.1. Water absorption

An increase in water permeability values was recorded, for both mortar typolo-
gies, already after the first 75 cycles of the acid rain test (figure 18).

Figure 78. Wallette befare and after 75 cicie af acid rain testo

12
Ü 10
~
c 8
o
after
R 6
o
(/)
4
. -:.:: ~ .--
n __ _..: ~~ _ __ before
cu
Oi 2
ro O
3
O 20 40 60 80

time (min .)

2079
 4.3.2.2. Adhesion of the mortar to the base material

A certain degree of damage on the plastered surfaces of both samples, caused by

the acid rain test, was noticed. In particular the break deepness was halved in
consequence of the acid rain test (figure 19).

Figure 79. Some results from adhesive strength tests before

and after acid rain test on wallettes.

[J bOfldSlrtngllt:ltfrllcidramlnl (Nlmml)
obond stlllrogth b.f:lre <,cid r:110 IUI ( Nhnm'2)

5. CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of the experimental procedure implied relevant work as far

as the survey of reference standards and the frequent development of new tests
apparatus. The latter needs further research and improving anyway. Identyfing ad
hoc procedures always implies some criticai phases, such as the preparation of the
test samples: unless this passage is carried out properly and ali the necessary pre-
cautions are taken, the prepared samples may show faults which are likely to in-
terfere with the data liabelity. In particular, for what concerns small samples it
would be better if they were the outcome of the cutting of large surface sample
previously plastered as in real buildings. The ad hoc tests here described will be
soon repeted (watertightness, air permeability and determination of the coating
time), to confirm liability of procedure and to give detailed intructions for sample
preparation. Both the standard tests and the experimental procedures here pro-
posed are believed to be an useful contribution towards the definition of operat-
ing tools, suitable for the evaluation of plastering systems in terms of initial per-
formances and durability.

2080
REFERENCES

1. Acid rain test TNO/ 9502 / 2 1996.

2. Determinazione della consistenza delle malte cementizie mediantre I'impiego di tavola a

scosse UNI 7044 - 72 .

3. Determination of the permeability of concrete to oxygen by Cembureau method.

4. Determination of the resistance of wallettes against sulphates and chlorides TNO document.

5. Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars

prEN 1015 -19.

6. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: absorption d'eau sous basse pression (à la pipe) RILEM Essai n. 11 4.

7. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: coefficient d'absorption d'eau (capillarité) RILEM Essai n. 11.6.

8. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: courbe d'évaporation RILEM Essai n. 11.5.

9. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: cristallisation par immersion partiale RILEM Essai n. V.2 .

10. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: cristallisation par immersion totale RILEM Essai n. V.1 .

11. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: dilatation linéaire par absorption d'eau RILEM Essai n. 11.7.

12. Essais recommandés pour mesurer I'altération des pierres et évaluer I'efficacité des method-
es de traitement: dureté superficielle mesurée par rebondissement RILEM Essai n. IV. 3.

13. Hydraulic shrinkage determination UNI 6687 -73 .

14. Membrane per impermeabilizzazione: determinazione dei la impermeabilità all'acqua - UNI

8202/ 21.

15. Methods of test for mortar for masonry: determination of adhesion of hardened rendering
and plastering mortars pr EN 1015 - 12.

16. Methods of test for mortar for masonry: determination of freeze/ thaw resistance of clay ma-
sonry units Pr EN 1338/ 96 ali C.

17. Methods of test for mortar for masonry: determination of service life of fresh mortar prEN
1015 - 9.

18. Metodi di prova dei cementi, determinazione delle resistenze meccaniche. UNI EN 196/1
Luglio 1991 - Ente Nazionale di Unificazione.

19. Ministerial Decree. Norme per la progettazione, esecuzione, e collaudo degli edifici in mu-
ratura e per il consolidamento. D.M 20-11-87.

20. Ministerial Decree. Norme sui requisiti di accettazione e modialità di prova dei cementi. D.M
3-6-68 .

21 . Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry - ASTM E 514-
90.

2081