Quantu1n Optical Technologies

Fírst cxam, Monday thc 3rd Novembcr 2014

Name:

There are 18 questions. Each correct answer adds 0.6 pomls. Each mcorrcct answer subtracts 0. 2 pomts.

l. A lascr gcncratcs a Continuous Wavc (CV,') singlc-modc cohcrcnt beam with mean powcr P = 50 mW. A
photodctcctor meas urc thc cncrg_v of the bcam íntcgrating thc signa) rluring T = 1 ms. Thc encrgy mcasurcd
fluct uatcs rantlomly. Thc tyµica l tlcvíatío11 (a) that charact crizcs thc distribution of cncrgy d ct cctcd in onc
millisccond is

l. ~ 172 .4 pJ
2. ~ 6.8 11.J
~ -1.3 pJ

4. ~ 98.3 nJ
For pholons in n singlc-modc rohcrent ::tate . the typieal dcviation of t hc distribulion of the fluctuations is
a = .JN. whcrc N is t hc lll('illl numbcr of photons. SinrP th<' c 11<•rgy of ll photon is 1~' = hr·/ >. W<' Jun-c:
vn,
.\' = - -
he
-➔ ..fN -c.
{qfn
--
hc

TIIC' mean l'ncrg)· in 111~ is 50 ¡,J . which corresponds to 1.3 1 x 10 1 '1 p hotons. T hc typical dedation of thc
fl u,t nat ious is thns

.:::.X= =l.lGxlO'
.
e

= ✓/rcTP G.626 ,. 10- 31 3 X 108 1 X 10- 3 50 10

' F=
..., -
y.f P>-Thr
he ..\ ..\
= X :I
= 4.3 X 10- 12 J = ,1.3pJ
532 X 10- 9

2 . A C \\' pump bcam (..\ = 400 nm) with mean powcr P = 10 m\V is uscd to gcncratc pa irs of p hotons by
mean of the nonlinear process of Spontancous P arametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) . The efficiency of the
pr0<'<'SS is 1¡ = 10- 13 • and 90% of thc times a photon gcncrat<'d is not dctcctcd duc to t hc prcscncc of loss in
tlw channcl that thc photou travcrsl's. TIH' cxpcctcd ratc uf coincidcncc dctccLions will t hus be

1. 2 pcr sccond

0w p<'r sccond

a. 200 per sC'cond

I. 2000 per scconrl

¡ 11 ¡.,1, = 10 m\·\ ' of ¡rn111p powl'l' a l ,\,, = .JO() nm thcre arC' Ap = P,,,' ,, /(hc ) = 2 x IOu; pu mp p hoton~.
TIH' dlil'i<·n<·y nf 1 lw dow n,onvPrsio n pron'ss is 1¡ = 10 l :i, so the numbC'r of photon pairs gcnernted is
,. _ 1, " ·> v 103 I> \·,r,_ OnlY 10'¼. o[ ¡>hotons ::.Ur\'Í\'C. ~o tlw vrobab11i1~· t hat él pair of photons ::.urvi\
•' po r" - l} P - ' < -- • - "t l
~ f · 'd d t·
¡,, \ ' ' Th, 1. x¡wttrd rat, o come, cucc ctcc 101t, \\ u •\'d,t -- I'v J"'" x r¡-~
·1\l '-c - 20 8
3 . ALlCE can send one of two quant um statcs. with probability 1/ 2. to BOB:

( 1)

BOB pcrforms a mcasurement on the statc rcccivcd and from thc data obtaincd , he makes an educated gucss
about what is the state that ALICE have sent to him. What is the mínimum average probability of Bob
making an error for any cxpcrimcnt that could possibly he madc?
l Pe= l - f

2 . P. = ½(l .,/r)

0 p•= ½ ( l - ()
4 . P, = ½ (1 - c2 )

\\ e ha\'<' tu cakulatc tht trace distance b1.•twre11 fl¡ ancl 11 2

D = ~J'r\p¡ - P2\
\\·,, h,tve that

~ ~ ( \ ( (1 Ü Ü \ = ( Q ~ C \

~~~- )
l'l - />2 -
(
~o~- ) ~o~ )
\\'e cakulate the eigem-aluC'-. oí p 1 - ¡>2

o
-,\ ~ \ = -,\·
1
+ t 2 .-\ = O- .-\(.-\:.i
o -,\

The eige1l\'alue-. are ,\¡ = O. ,\~ = < ancl A3 = - e T h c t race distance is

l l
D = 2Tr P1 - P2\ = 2(0 + t + t) = t
T h c mmimum ,n-c•rage prubability oí Bub making a11 error is
1 1
J>, = -(
2
l - D) = -(
2
1- e)

4. Thr rxprriment al sd1C'mC' depic-tC'd in t he fiµ;urr was nscrl hy Ilonwmc-cst<'r rt al. (Phys. Rc-v. L<'U . 82.
13-15. 1999) t o gcncratc threc-photon G IIZ statcs. lt consists oí a 50/ 50 Bca m splittcr (BS) . two polarizin g
1..>ea111 splitt,·r ( PBS) whe re ho rizo11tal phot011s (H) are tra11s111itted and verti<.:al photons (V ) are reHect ed
and onc h alf-wa\'c platc (,\/ 2) whcrc thc transformatio n

IH ) = 1/ -./2 (\H ) + \V)) IV) = 1/ -./2(\V)-\/·I ))

takcs place. Lct us co nsidcr that two pairs o f photons are gcncratcd in thc nonlincar crystal (8130) in thc
-,ame quant um st atc
\\JI}= 1/ -./2 (\ H},. \H )b + \\l)alV}b} (2)
l\ot icc that t his is not thc q uantum statc considcred in thc papcr mc ntioncd abovc.
\\'hat combination of polarizations of the photons dctcct cd IS NOT possiblc?

2
 D~

BS

1. IH }TIV}, IV}21 H h

2. lll}Tl ll )il H hlV}J

( y \H }TIV) 1I H }2jV}J , r~;

l .~ ff''-...:.
'I
2-
fj) \J \ .J1 +r ;v.\
-1. l2 / /}T IH ) ilvac)21H }J

Fo urfold coi ucidc u ccs: 1. I' .,.'i \J,Yí

- (¡~ \J · v l 'J 1 / l-
First pair: 01w // photo11 should go through path <L to n•ach t lw targct detector (T ) Thcrrfore an horizontal
photo11 should follows path b. \ \'e h an· two options now : the /1 photon gocs to detector DJ, or it gocs to
dctcrtor D 1. lt cannot rcach detector D2 sine<' only \·ert ical photons can bC' reílP<'IPd 111 t he PBS.
Option 1: // in D 3: From thc sccond pair. only t hc \·crtical photons can provide four-fold coincidcnrcs.
sincc an hurizo11tal photon would rcach again the triggcr detector making impos,ible a four photon coinci-
dcncc. The n-rt ical photon in a should be reflected i11 the BS. and therefore is agai11 reflected in the PBS.
,o m ' ha\'l' u \'ertical photon in D2 The Yc rtical photon in a is retlet:ted, lransforn1ed to /1-\ 1 • ,lile! rpflectcd
in th1• PHS. so \l' C ha vc 11 in D¡ . With t his option, \I'<' haYe a slate 111 • V¡ Vi //3.

Opt ion 2 : /1 in D 1 : From the sccond pair. only the YCrtical photons can proYidc four-fold coincidcnc<'s.
~iu(·e a n hori1.ontal photon would rcach again the t.riggcr detector muking impossiblc a four photon coinc1-
J c11cc. Tlw vertical photon i11 u s hould be trnnsmittcd in llw BS. ~o we havc a \'Crlical photon in DJ. Thc
wrtical photon in n is rdlccted, tiausfonncd tu 1/-V . and transmitted in t hc PBS. ~o wc havc II in D 2 .
\\'ith this op t ion . wc ha\·c a slatt• 1/, , H1 \ 2 1'., .
A d e tector regis tcr n o photon:
\\'l' can lrnvi• t \1·0 photons in the triggrr detector. that will be nrccssarily horizontal photons. Thc rcmmning
1wo photuns shuukl be a lso lwrizontal. Onr photon can br tran~mittcd in th<' hcnm splitter (//J) an<l the
ntlw r rcfk, tNI nnd tran~mitt<d in thr P BS (//¡). \\'it h this option. \l'C han• a state 2H, . H 1 . 113.

3
5. Two photons cntcr a 50/ 50 beam splittcr (input ports: 1 and 2: output ports: 3 and 4). Thc photon in
input pon l is in thc quantum statc cos <,?JH )¡ + sin ¡,,JV) 1. whilc thc photon in t hc input port 2 is in thc
quantum statc IVh (please see the figure). \\'e designate as P (H ,, Vi) thc probability to mcasurc a horizontal
photon in output port i and a vertical photon in output port J. and P (2H , ) as thc probability to mcasurc
two horizontal photons in output port i. Similarly for othcr possiblc combinat ions. W hich of t hc following
probabilitics IS l\OT corrcct?

SPC~t @

1
cos9IH)1 +sm9 V)1
i
□
- 8S
8)
SPC.\I

r
IV),

l. P (//3. \ j) = 0.25 cos2 ,:

2. P (i 3. \ ~)= O

{_yP( \ '3 . \ 3) = 0 .25sin2 ,;

-1 . P (//3. \ :,)= 0.25cos2 .,;

\Ye nuk(• u~1· of t lw t ran~fonnanon~

-1
Tbt'rrfon·

Th<' prohabiliti<'s ar<'

2 o
= -co~1-i,;
2
cos· ,'
P(Ih V1) P ( H.1. V.¡) -= - - P(ll 1 . \1l . ) =4~
.¡
. 2
P(2\'3) = Sll1 ',?
/>(1:i , \ '.a)=- O
2
\\'e havc ma<l<' u~1• of

(a t.1 )2
j2F3 ) = - -- jvac-}
,/2

6 . A half-wavc platc (ll'NP) pcrforms thc trnnsformaticm

j /-/} ==> cos 2,.?jl/} + si n2<,ojV}

j\/} ==> sin 2<;,jH } - cos 2<,ojV}
(3}

To choosc thc thicknt•ss (d) of t he 11 \\' P. onc has to ta kc into account the operating wa vele ngth (A) and
the birefringe nce t:l.11 = n .. - lly of t h<' material that m akcs tlw IIWP. Wc clesig n a H\'i1P for the opera ting
wavclength A¡ = 1500 11111 , ll' lum,• t::.11 = 0.012. If wc want thc H\.VP to pcrform thc same transformation at
A2 = 1620 mn. the hircfringencc a t lhc ncw wavelcng th should be

l. /::;.11 = 0.01 i
2. = 0.015
Ó.11

{;!)t:i.n = 0.013
4. ~11 = 0.011

Thl' p hasc change al the 11\\'P shou lcl be t he ~ame al both wavclcng hts:

2r. 2rr A2
<l> = - d 6.n 1 = -
~ 1 A2
d ~ n2 = 11' - t ~ n 2 = -A¡ ~ 111 = -1620
_- 0.012 =
lo00
0.01 3

7. A single photon is gcne rated in thc quantum slatc

where e l = J dw f (w) a!, (w ) describes a photo n with horizontal p olarization in a modc that is ,t cohcrcnt
supcrpositio n of frcqucncies / ,

f (w) =
l
(11'fl?)1 / 4 cxp -
[ (/ -
2Bf
/i)2]
5
and d1 = J dwg(.,,¡)a\.(.,,¡) rcµrrsenls a phol u11 wit h VC'rtic-al polariwl io11 i11 a lll()(I<• ll11ll is 11 diffPr!'11l l'Uht'n•111
su¡wrµusilion uf frl'qucnci<'s f.
g(w)
1
= (11 13~) 1/ ·1 ('XP l-
f (f
2H~
¡1)21
Hcrl' H1 = B2 = 500 G Hz is t hr bandwidth uf t hl' supcrpositiun (th<' s111111• for hoth 111ocies) a n<l !1 = 2()(Ui
T Hz and Í2 == 200.3 T Hz are l hl' co1-rcsponding n•nlral frcquc nr ics . l f Wl' eonsidcr tl H' qu1111t u rn st11l<' i11
polarizntion. its purit~· P is

l. p == \

2 . P == 0.9

0P == 0.8

-1. P = 0.5

• You might nl'cd lo ma kc us1• of t his integral: Jd:r cxp (-m· 2 + b.r ) = /f;. rxp ( .~ : ) (•l)

Tlw rrducl'd dcrn;ity mntrix in polnriznl1on, nftl'I trating out Llll' frcq11cnry degn•c of írredom , is

wlwn'
'Y = fdwf(1..1)9' (w)=
1
( -,r fl f)I /2
f c1wi•xp(- (f 213fi)2
2 2J32
2
_ (J / 1) ] (G)
wlwrc H1 = Bi = JJ This int egral can be rewrit lcn >ts

(7)

so that
'\ = cxp fU1 + hl21 l ' XJ>
l .1132 [-fr 111 +
2u2
== cxp (-(Ji - J.)21
.1132 (8)

f¡ h == 0.5 Tllz = 500 G llz. and U = 500 G llz. Thc purity oí thc ~t ate is

1' == l ( l+hl·º) = 1 { l +cxp ( - (/

2 2
1
-
282
h)
2
1} = l { l + exp ( -
2
11}
2 = 0.8 (!))

8. C ha rlic gencratcs a pair oí corrclatccl photons in thc quantum statc

and scllCls onc to Alicc (pho lon 2) a nd tlw othcr to IJob ( ph oton 3). Alicc alrcmly luu; n photon in t lu·
qua ntu m statc
p¡ = cos2 .,olH}t (H it + s i1i2 .PIV) 1 (Vli
Alicl' pcrforms a mctL~nrcmcnt on photons 1 and 2 with a bca111 splillcr . whcr<' cach photon cnt<•rs thc IJS
t hrough a different port. lf she measurcs tlwt there is a photon in ead1 of t he 011tp11t ports oí t hc BS, a nd
com mun ica tc this to Bob . t hc quantum statc oí Bob's photon is
2
l . p;1 = cos 2 i;IJ/ )J(J/ b + sin ,pjV)J(V b

(i
 @v, = sin~ fHh(H i, + ~ h(VL,
3. 1~1)3 =cos i,,IHb + sin i,.?JV}J
4. llj,)3 = sin i,.?111 )3 + cosy,JV):¡
ThC' global si ate of photo11s 123 i!>:

flm = [cos\,j ll)1(/l l1 .-sin2.,.,w)1(\'li] '-; [ ~l llhl l /)1(Jl l2(ll h + ~lllh1 l ')J(VJ2(l'l.i]
cos2 ..p sin 2 ~
= - 2 - IH ) i! H )2(/J J¡( ll l2 -u jll )J(Jl/3 + T JV)1J\'h(Vli (Vl2 ,;_ /V);¡{l 'h
2
cos <,? sirl <,'
+-
.)- jl /)¡J1')2( H li (\/!2::. j\1)3(\fb + --?- W)ill l)2(l'l1 (11 12 l., jl/)J(H h (JO)
- -
Usin~ t hc input -ou t pul rclationships in a lossbs BS, 11·c sel' t hat j/ 1} rJ H)2 ancl ~~~ J ,¡ ~aunot produce
comcidenc<•s between photons in differrnt 011tput. ports of t.hc BS (JIO~I pff¡,ct,) . ~ l-rrJ°XÍ,Jing two terms
can ·· con111cidcnccs Aftcr projccting into jll)J/1') 4 a nd ll')JJJ/).1 . wr obtain t hr ~amr state

p3 = si11\,j // ).1 (llh ~cos2,:,i l '):¡( l "b

. Wc gcncratc u GIIZ state of t hc forru

Lct Pxxv(+ l , - 1. +1) dcsignatc thc prohahility t hat thc photou a yiclds + J whcn t lll' basis X is chosm.
that thc photon b yickls - 1 whcn t hc bu.sis X is choscn, and thc photon e yiclds + 1 when thc basis Y is
choscn. Th is probahility is

J. Pxxv{+l , - 1, + 1) = 0

@ Pxxi, (+ I. - 1, + J) = 0. 1:.15
3 . Pxxd+I, - 1, + 1) = 0.25
-1 . Pxxd+l. - 1. +1) = 0.5

TII(• p robahili ty tu ubu11n (+ l. -1. + 1) in th<' bnsis X .\T is

_!_l(fl T 1'111 (JI

16
- \1 /b (JJ ~ ¡\ 'j, [jl/)a 11'),.JV), + IV}ul f /)1,/1/),.j /2 = j - ¡
16
+ I ¡2 = ~=
8
O. 125

10. \\'e gcncratc a GIIZ statc of thc form

1
jl!i )al,r = v'2 [I H)o/ H}bj// )c + l\/)n/\1 )1,/V)c]
Lct us n;;su111c t hat thcrc is an i11s/1-uclion code. crcatcd whcn thc p hutons wcrr gcncrntcd , tlwt indicatcs
whnt will be th<' n·sult uf any possihlc mcnsurcmcnt that can be mude of photons a. b and c. Thc instructiun
codc is
a b e
X +I -1 -1
y +I +l -1

1 1
 \Vhy i-1 1his NOT 1m 111T1•pl nhll' in slrnr lio n c-od!''!

1 lk1·1111s1· 11n·on\i11g In 1\H' rmh·. if w1· m1•11..-;1m· tlw thn·e pholom; with t h1· ha.si!> XXX . two of thl'
nul1·01111·::. will yh·hl 1. n111\ t his is not w\1111 w1· m1•11s 11n• in t lw experimc ut

0 \krnust• m-c-on\ing l o t lw c·mk . if w1' 1111•ns11n· tlw t hrt•t• photons wit h lhc hasis YXY. thc produrt of
1lw t hn·,· n ·:« 1\ts yi,·hb + 1. 1111<\ t h is is 11ot wlmt w1· m1•as urt· in t hc cxpcrimc n t.

:1 lkrn11s1• acrnnling to l lll' rncll' , if \\'(' 1111•as11n• tlw t lrn•c photons with l h c bru;is YXX . l h c pro<lurt of
t i\\' 1hn•t• rcsults yi<'hls + 1, 11ml t his is uot w\111l wt· m1•as 11n• in tlw cxp c rimcnt .

•I B1•1·a 11s1• n1·rnrcling to \ IH' rm\c , if W<' 1111•11s un· thc t hrcc pho t ons with thc lnu;is YYY . thc product of
t.lH' thr1·1• n•s11lts yil'lc\s - 1, 1md t his is not whal Wl' m ras ure in thc cxpcr i111cnt .

F in,\ n pl ion:

l
-¡1(11 + \'\.,(/1

+ l \., ,d t 1. 1. 1)

S1·,·m1<l n¡,t ion:

:\¡ , , ·(~ l. 1, 1) = 11\(H + 1\ \,.( f/ 1\ '\, [\ /1 ),.\ H )r,\ IJ ), + \\/)o \\l )&\ V),] = 1 + i X ( 1) X (-i)
1
) l\ ., 1·( + l . \ - 1) - \l

T hml o p t ion :

l
:\1 ,, ., ( t-1. 1.- 1) = -¡\( ll + i\ '\,.( ll - \ '\&( ll - \i \c l\ ll}«\ ll}h\ ll ), + \V)n\\/ )1,j\,'},I =-= l + i
-1
-~ J\ \.\( !- 1 1.- 1) = -1
8
Fo mth o p lion :

1
.\n 1•(-+-l.-+-l. 1) = \ \(ll + 1\ '\,,( /1 + i\ '\1,(// - i \l \, l\ ll ),.\ J/) 1,\ JI), + \V},. \\f) i,\\l ) c] ,.,. l :
1
' J\ n · ( d . + l. - 1) = 1::1,

11. Lct u s considc•r TWO lwo-pholon qua ntu111 slatcs in p olarizalion

( 11)

ami

( 12)

\\'l' n 111 s ay thal

1 Buth quantum stat cs a re c ntun glcd .

2 . \\Ji 1) is cntangll'd . hul ()2 is sep arable.

_J
 /

a. P2 is cntangl«•d. but IIJ!i) if; separable.

G?soth statcs are separable'.

Tlu.• firsl q11a11lu111 ~l!ttc• rn11 b<' writt,, 11 as

l lj¡ 1) = 2l ,l!) ¡j fl),¡ - 2/V)1/Vh

1 l
+ 2IH)1/Vh -
l
2/V)dll)z
l l
= 2111) 1 [I JJ ):¡ + /V)z) - 2/V )1[/ f/)2 + Whl
1 J J
= 2 lilf) 1 - /V)¡J {IJJ)z + /Vhl = h {II/)¡ - /l ')d ~ ?2 (/llh + /V )z} (13)

whidr ¡., a separabl<• ;;tal <.' For the S('rnnd sl al c. wr rnak1· 11s1• of thr focl that for a densily matrix of th<'
fon11

(1•1 )

thr: f'on curn-11cc· is

(' - 2!\lax { O, lzl - ,¡;;;¡_lt11/ ·· ~} ( 15)

IJc•tl' a = d = lzl - l / 1 ,111d /, - 1 = u· = l ¡ l. 1he concurrc•nce 1s zero. so this stal<' is a sep11rable si ate
12. Lel, us w11sider t he exper i111e11ta l scl- up show11 i11 the fig ure, used uy kim et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 86.
¡ ;¡70 , 2001) to per form a full tl'leportat ion of the quantum statc in polarization of II p hoton . l t consists of l wo
ty pe I nonlinea r crys111ls. one dichro1c mirror (Dfll). a haJf. wuve plalc (HWP) anda polarizing beam splitter
(PBS) . Jt was used to projcct an a rbitrnry two-photon sia l<' inlo the Brll states ¡,1>+)12 and j<f• ) 12. In t hi!>
set -u ¡.,. if the i11p11t st atr would be l<P+) 12 , a photon al wavelength ,\ :1 in the quant u111 state J/ ,/2(/V)J + /H )J)
wou ld he generated a nd dewcted in the Si11gle-Photon Counting i\ lodulr (SP CJ\I) l. O n the other hand , if
t lw input s tatt• would be ins1cad )<1• -)12- a photon at wavelc11gth A3 i11 tllf' quant um s tat1• 1/ J2(1V)J- IH )J)
wo uld lw gcnc-rated and dc1ected in tite Si11gle-Pltoton Counting ~lodule (SPCM) 2. What wo uld happen if
t ht• i11p11t statc would be
( JG)

J. l\o photons al 1h1 • wa ,·eleng th A3 would be generated. t hus SPC!lls 1 a nd 2 would regis ter no photons.

Q On a,·erage. half of t ite time~ a ¡,hoton would IJP detectcd in SPC!d l . a nd tite othcr half of the times
i11 SPC~l 2 .

3. Ali p hotons gencratcd at wavelc11¡,>1 h A3 would he detcctcd i11 SPCJ\J l.

.J. Ali plwto11s ge11erated at wa,·elength A3 would be detectcd in SPCM 2 .

Tlit• tr,,n~formutiorn; i11 the 110111i11car cry&tal, nrc

Fir~t er.v stul IH )1IH h(H I, (ff /2 = jV)J( l 'IJ

S<'cond cry~tal : /11)1/Vh (V/1 W/2 = /llh(Jlb
\\ e pi ojcct th,· i11ru1J1iug ~tate 111to tht• clrtCC'tor , tates. \\'e rl<'<'d to calculat<•

~ [(lh/ + W 1i} W).1 (l'b + ///)., (llb [lll3) + /t'hJ = ~

f f( !/.1 / - (Fb) /1') ¡ (l 'IJ T ,H )J (!! /J /11/J) - V).d =~

9
 \

*~H 1}+\J'1}}

SPCM 6J
Nonlincor C)ys1al l Nonhncar Cry~10\ 11 ~

, r
H 1H1-+V¡ v , v2-H1 *~H,}- IV1))
----1--1------+➔:~ .
- ~'..... A.¡ 8 :. @)
SPCl\1
IIWP PBS

>.., •A.i

13. Thc Wcrncr state is a two-photon statc that can be writtcn as

( 17)

whcrc / is t hc idcntity opcrator and \'11 ) is onc oí thc four Bcll statcs. This is a n important statc bccausc
1 1. lt is a scparnhlc stall· that violatcs thc C HSII Bcll's incquality.

2. lf an cxamplc oí mixcd statc that violatcs thc C HSH Bcll's incquality.

Qt is an cnt anglcd statc that docs not violatc thc CHSII 13cll's incquality.

4. lt is a mixcd statc thal shows maximal cntanglcmcnt.

Fu·st oplwn: For ali separable statcs, the CI lS!-1 Bell's i11cquality holds.
Scco11d oplto11: Tht' \\ 'crnN state <loes not violatc thc CIISH incqualit~·.
Th ml opt10n: Corrcct .
Fourlh option: H is a mixc-d slal1•. hut ih concurrc-ncc 1s C' = 1/4. and lhc maximum concurrencc is l. so il
,t
is not maximal cntanglcd slall•.
14. Lct us com;idcr a bipartitc purc statc,i.c .. PAB = \lit AB)(w AB\ · whcrc cach photon is dcscribcd by a
N-dimcnsional Hilbcrt spacc. For instancc, N = 2 corresponds to thc po\arization dcgrcc oí frccdom . For
pure statcs, wc can use thc cntropy of cntanglcmcnt as a rncasurc- of t hc dcgrcc of cntanglcmcnt bctwccn A
an<I B . Which oí t hc follow ing slatcmcnts C ANNOT 13E TRUE?

l. Using lG orthogonal spati,.tl modcs (N = 16) . somcbody gcncratcd a quantum statc with 3.8 cbits oí
cntanglcmcnl.

10
 2. You nccd a l JC'ast 102.J th
or ogona 1 ruod~ to gcncratc· a quantum s tal<' witlt JO <'hits of cntangJ, ·mcnt

~
\ ; /,
1
L
he maximum• cnt "., nglc-rnc11 t tha 1 _you e.a u gcncrat<• usmg
. . .
two orthogonal poJarizat ion a ud t h r.!<' or-
th0gonal spat ral modcs is 3 cbits of cntanglcmcnt.

4 · Wi t,lt onl~· polarization , thc maximum cn tanglcment that _vou can gcncratc is I c bit of cntangl<'rncn t.

The maximurn ('lllrop_v of entanglC'mrnt for n N -di111c-11sional systern ,~ E ma.r = log2 X .

Fir., t optton: Corr<'cl. \\'ith JG modcs . .V = 16 = 2 1• so th<' rnaxirnt1111 Pnt r11p,v of cntanglf'mc•ut is E mar = '1.
It is possiblc to haYc E = 3.8.
Srcond optzon: Corrcct To gcncrntc JO cbits of t•utangJcmcnt. you n<'C'd a Hilbrrt ~pace of dimcm,ion at ka~t
N = 2w = 102-1.
Third oplwn: Incorrcrl \\'ith t wo polarizution modrs and thrrl' spatial rnodcs. wc havc a Hilh1•rt l>pacc• of
dimcnsion .'V = 6. Th<' l!HL'<imum cut anglcment is L',,..,r = log2 (j < 2x = 3.
Fourlh oplzon: Corrc•rt. For polarizntio11, F:mor = log:.! 2 - 1 nbit of 1•11la11glcmeut
15. Thc quantum statc of a single photon ca11 he d1•s<:rihcd b_v a rohcrcnt supcrposition of two modcs

(18)

or a s an incohcrcnt supcrposit ion

1 1 J
p = c ivac) (vaclc + d 11vac)(vacid ( 19)
2 2
l\ lo d c e rcpr<•scnts II photo11 wilh spali11l sha pc gi\'cn by a Hcnnit c-Gauss modc IIG01 . aud modc d rcprcscnts
a p h oton with spatial sha¡l<' gi,·cn b_,. a Ilcrmitr-Gaw;s modc HG JO , whcrc both modcs rcad as
x2 + y2
IIGo1 (x , y) = Nycxp(--;¡;;;¡-)
3.'2 + y2
IIG 10 (.i: , y) = N:i·cxp ( ~ )

N is a norma liz11Lio11 constant a11d w is t hC' hcam waist of thc HG modcs If wc use a CCD camera wit h
s ing lc-photo11 st•nsilivity to dctcrmm<' thc pro babilit_v to dctcct a photo11 at cvcry spatial location (x . y) , wc
can sa_\· t hat

l. \\'(' ca1111ot disting uish if thc quantum statc is a cohcrcnl or i11cohcrcnt supcrposition measuring o nly
this probabili ty distrihution.

QI[ ,,·e· measurc a zen, probability at (.r =

w. y = - w), wc cannot ha vc thc incohcrcnt supcrposit ion.
siucc t he incohcrcnt sup<'rposit ion onl_v would y icld zcro prohahility at (x = O, y = O) .

3. T hc i11cohcrc11t s upcrpositiou will giv<' a 11011-zcro probability at (.L' = O. y = O) , whilc t hc cohcrcnt

s upcrpositio11 will givc Z<'ro probability at (.r = O, y = O).

-1. Thc modes e a nd d are orthogonal. thcrcforc 1'11 ) is cqui valc11t to a incohcrcnt supcrposition of modcs.

ThL· probabili1_,· tu d<'tcct ..i pliuton al t he spatial loratio11 (.r. y) is:

J'2 t y2
Cc,!ll'l"'D( supcrpo,it ion P(.r, y) x (.z· + y)2 exp(--,,-)
w-
.z·'.? +, 2
JncohN ,mt supcrposil ion P( :r y) 'X (.1·2 + y2) cxp(--2_J_)
u•

l1
 11
v.¡ ile 1¡11 111n1hl'rc11t !->UJHTJ)t>-
·
Clcarh [01 tlw coh<'H'lll ,11¡u·1µ,Nl\l1n ,,,. J··
1,t\< •1 •
11·n,pruhab1lit\ ÍOtr

,11011 •s z re on', i\t '/ ll . . . •. . • tniti,111. C'onsider thn·<· <i<-nsit_y matrix. p¡ Pi

16. Anv dcnsitv mal rix p ran bl' d1ago11ahzrd . "11H' ( 1t 1" Htr .
· · ..t \Vhat of tlic follow111i ~tatt•i,,eut;,
ami p2 • thal rnrrespu1HI lo <liff\'fcnt q11é111\ urn ;,t ate;, of tlll' :;a11H· :;~~ clll.
IS TR\.'E''
r.\
\ l ¡ r all <lcn;,ity matricl's (·u11111111tt'. 1 tan li11d
.
a 1ms11, 11·11c1t· a
. . ll <lcusit v matriC(•;, an· si1111ilta11l'UW,l,v
· .
<liagonal

'l. lt t hc dc11sity 111atrict·s do nul rn11111mtc, b11t ,111 l 11cy t orrc;,µun(1 (o J)lllt
. . s·t'ltcs
' · · t hen I can find a ua.~is
wlwr(' all dcnsity matrices arl' simultanco11sly diagonal.

· v matnrrs
3. lf a 11 e1cns1t · ronunute, th1s
· mra11s t 11at a 11 t 1IITl' urns1
-' : t ~· ma· t nccs ., delirrihc thc sa1lll'
· · · · r1•a\l,·

quantum statl•.

l. T wo density matrirrs rnn commut<', hut rn·1·<•r 1hr<'I' of tlwm

lf ali ck11s1t1 111a111q•~ ,umm111t· 1, an lind u ro1111111111 lia,-1~ wlwu ,il\ ,leu:,11v matrices ilI<· d i<1go11al. prub,iul)
w1th d1lfrw11' w,•il!;hts

fl¡ \~\'''¡
L-
,.¡, ) \ji
1 ¡ 1
1

l'Z )...... ,\ :2'¡ ,1, )(11•,I

/11 ¿ \:11 \jl ,)(\jl , I

(20)

lf Lht• <lt•11,1ly mallitt", d1J 111,1 n>m1111llt', th1~ i, 1101 p ussihlt- t'H'll [ur purc statc• (.w corul oplwn). If t hl'y
u Hm11ut1·. tlii~ <lut's 111,t 111t an that tite, · n ·pn-,,t·nt tht· sa111t· quanl u11 1 slute. tht·y ar!' difli•r,.111 e,ta\.c•s (Tlwd
np/wn). Fiually, t lu..-1· of m11n· matnrrs ran t·ommutc. for ínstanct·

112 1/3 () ) 2/ :J O )
¡>¡ ~ o ) fJ2 -
= ( () 1/3 (2 1)
( 11 l '.! ( O 2; :1 p3

tommutc ami currt-,.µ011tl to dllfrrc111 ,ta\ts.

17. Charlit• wa111s to distrihut<' a random key to Alicc and Boh u síng lhc maximally <'lltang lcd statc

(22)

Pho1011 " is for Alicc. an<l photon I> is fo r Bub. E•:e intcrcepts aml r<'-SCl](ls photon a aftcr 111~king it intl'ract
with h er ow11 p hoton (r). Tlw global stat c of t he t hrcc photons b

(23)

whcrc lx)c = cos .;1111 ), + sin p ilV), a nd IYi, = coe, f2 IH ), + sin .P2IV), lf Al ice ancl Bob mcas ur<' thr dcgrrt'
of cntauglemc nt (conc urrc ncc ) u f thcir photuns. u and b. thcy will obtain

O'= 1cos (.,:;1 - .,:;2)1

2. e = cos2(.,:>1 -.::2)

12
r 4. e = 1sin (¡p¡
The global state is
- .,:,2)1

et>+)= ~ (/1-1}.,ffl}b!.r), "1 IV),, l\/)1i/y),) ( 21 )

~o the reduce<! q uantum ;,tate of p hot o ns ,, and 1, i-;

1 ( ()
Pn1> = 2
o o
o o
;~ o o
() o
~)
()

1
(25 )

w hcre
(26)

Thl' p urity of ti!(' statl' 1s

J> ,, = -l ( 1 + If l l)
= 1'1¡1·oh (27)
:,?

and thc• contune11u· b

(28)

18. Somcbody H•lls us that t hc q111.111tu111 s tatc t lmt charnctcrize a two-photon s ta te in t he basis
{/f /J , 1-1\1. \111. \1\/ } can be· ,,Tittcn as

/JI =
(
()
O
()
()
o
1/ 2
- 31/ .J
o
o
31/-I
1/ 2
o n
l. 1-k is cert ninly wrong. bl'cause ueither p 1 no r P2 are valid density matrices.
01
p2 =
(
l/2
o o o
O
1/ 4
O O

O O
0 0
T)
1/ 2
(29)

2. p 1 i;; 11 \'alid densit_v mutrLx. but P2 1s 11ot

(;}1>-i is a ,·alid dens i1y m a trix . hut p 1 is not.

-l. 1:301 h dc•nsit~· matrices are nilid

13ut )¡ dem,iry 1J1at nn::, art' I-kr1111t1a11. :'\1JW \\'l' havc to check t ltat thl'y an· abo scrni-positive defiuitc \Vt•
c<1kul.itc thc egiemaluc~.

J/ 2 - ,\ 1
..\ + - 1=1 2 = o (:30)
•I
Thc eigcm·,1luc~ an•
✓l ~
1 l
,\ = 2 ± ;¡ - :J -r /z/· = 2 ± 1=/
1
= /=I < 2 I
{31)
For {)1 11c h111·e ,.:1 - :3/ 1 > 1/2. so l T IS i\OT a 1·alid dc-nsity 111atrix. For p1 we have /=/ = 1/ J < 1/2, so JT
IS .i rnhd d e nsit_,.- matrD.:.

13